TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION

It would spoil nothing to reveal that, in the epilogue of Abdelwahab Meddeb’s willfully cryptic novel Talismano, the author admits to having confided through writing, but without giving you a foothold, having strained your eyes with our arabesque of words. Though the novel’s project undoubtedly involves intentional disorientation, arabesques at both sentence and structural levels, as well as a dizzying number of obscure cultural references, there is method to Meddeb. The eponymous talisman is the book itself, at times inscrutable to the reader, as talismans are meant to be, yet instilled with the kind of magic power that makes one delight in bewilderment.

Meddeb is himself a product of the bilingual, bicultural education available to Tunisians of his generation, who knew their Arabic and French classics with equal fluency. His erudition in Islamic and European art history, architecture, and literature is on impressive display at every turn in this novel. His ideal reader would almost have to be his intellectual match, someone well versed in the Koran and the Bible, in Islamic and Christian doctrine and culture, not to mention in the politics of one-party governmental regimes and the sprawling multigenerational households of the southern Mediterranean. Readers who catch his references will experience the pleasure of recognition, but the less well-versed need not be discouraged; rather, they should surrender to the strange place-names, the riddles posed by layers of digression and flashback, the startlingly bawdy scenes of sensuality and carnal love, and the sheer proliferation of events and anecdotes mapped all over Mare Nostrum.

A native of Tunis, Tunisia, ten years old at the time of that country’s independence in 1956, the author/narrator is writing his text from his walk-up apartment in Paris, the exile of choice for so many Maghreb intellectuals disenchanted with the single-party regimes that came to power after national independence. In this case, the regime belongs to Habib Bourguiba, enlightened national hero in the Atatürk tradition, self-declared president for life. Indeed, figures of authority of all kinds—from fathers to clerics to the landowning bourgeoisie—are all targets of collective wrath in the carnivalesque, almost nightmarish popular revolt at the heart of this novel. Proud of his own genealogy (hailing from Andalusia on his father’s side, Tripolitania and Yemen on his mother’s), Meddeb nonetheless satirizes the noble families of Tunis, Fez, and other cities as they struggle with modernity and with the long-suppressed underclass.

The basic frame of Meddeb’s story involves the narrator as prodigal son, imagining his return to Tunis, particularly to the city’s old Arab core, or medina (the Arabic word for city), where he was born and raised. Unlike the new rectilinear town that sprang up around it during the French protectorate (1881–1956), the centuries-old medina is a maze of winding, narrow streets and alleys where the uninitiated are easily lost and led into seemingly endless digressions. Meddeb coins the verb médiner, to medinate, or stroll through the labyrinthine streets, medina-minded, thus setting the pattern for the novel’s plot: the narrator’s account of his aimless amble through the old neighborhoods where every place-name is a weighty signifier for any readers familiar with the city, or a spur to the imagination for those who are not.

Over the course of the book, the narrator comes upon an assortment of colorful characters, from Jewish alchemists to hirsute prophets of doom in the midst of fomenting a popular rebellion—here, more like a hybrid of festival and orgy—that culminates in the medina-dwellers’ mass exodus from the city into the backcountry, a hinterland that still retains the essence of a pre-modern, even pre-Islamic past. The narrator elsewhere qualifies his countrymen as falsely sedentary, no longer nomadic in spirit, so that this uprising amounts to a kind of return of the repressed. And here is one of Meddeb’s central themes about contemporary Arab-Muslim culture: the combined paralyzing effects of undemocratic political regimes and a narrow, legalistic interpretation of Islam have stifled the people’s creative energies, rendering them both helpless and resentful. On the other hand, Meddeb’s many nods to S fi Islam, defined as the more inner, mystical aspect of the religion, clearly indicate where his own religious sympathies lie. The great S fi mystics Ibn ’Arab , Hall j, and Suhrawardi, to name only three, provide subjects of reflection throughout the narrator’s many digressions.

Though this basic frame spreads over roughly twenty-four hours (not unlike Joyce’s Ulysses), time gets amplified many times over, as events move backward and forward in countless discursive asides and set pieces on the part of the narrator, whose memory is triggered by the sights, sounds, and smells of his familiar childhood surroundings. And what he unfailingly remembers are other walks in other cities, whether in Europe, the Maghreb, the Middle East, or all around the rim of the Mediterranean—Fez, Cairo, Venice, Rome—cities that the narrator captures via a chance encounter, an architectural detail, or a literary reference that, more often than not, gives way to yet another aside, all of which eventually find their way back to our narrator’s medina madness, in the company of his intrepid companion, F tima, who will prove the more resourceful of the pair.

Writing with his feet, then, the peripatetic narrator also frequently strays into self-referential commentary not only upon the act of walking but the act of writing itself. He muses upon the difference between Arabic and Latin scripts, on the frustrations of the manual typewriter, on the calligrapher’s art, and of course, on the writing of talismans, which in his part of the world once consisted of esoteric inscriptions and pictograms on a paper to be folded up and kept on one’s person to ward off the evil eye or other imagined threats. The wearer of the talisman need not understand the inscription for it to have an effect. Reader, take heed and take heart! Indeed, a reproduction of a talisman is included in the book, a little past the midpoint of the novel, one written by the narrator himself on the banks of the Nile, at the request of a local café owner attempting to rid his café of evil spirits. The narrator claims to have received the message to be inscribed one star-studded night in a single burst of revelation, without fully comprehending its meaning—a potentially blasphemous play on revealed religions in general. That parts of this novel might escape the reader’s grasp is therefore a recursive feature, not a flaw.

Nevertheless, readers should be armed with some basic distinctions regarding the traditional North African, or Maghrebi, city, notably the difference between a mosque (mesjid, in Arabic) and a z wiya, or shrine, two religious landmarks where much of the novel’s central action takes place. The mosque, in this case primarily the great mosque of Tunis, called the Zit na (eighth century AD), is the official house of worship where practicing Muslims come to pray, particularly on Fridays when prayer is led by the im m, who also delivers the weekly sermon. The Zit na, along with Cairo’s Al-Azhar mosque and Morocco’s Al-Qaraw n, was a very early center of learning, comparable to the universities of medieval Europe. Meddeb is descended from a line of theologians who taught there.

Mosques are found everywhere in the Islamic world. The z wiya, by contrast, is typically North and West African, and is a site of more popular, less officially sanctioned forms of religious expression, notably of S fi mysticism. Z wiyas are often shrines to the founder of a religious brotherhood. In the case of the z wiya Sidi Mahrez, whose shrine features prominently in the novel, the shrine celebrates the patron saint of the city of Tunis. The z wiya is often the site of ecstatic dancing and singing, ritual sacrifice, and praying for the intercession of the saint in some personal matter or collective need, such as for rain or a good harvest. They are often pilgrimage destinations, more steeped in superstition and folklore than official Islam recognizes, and depending on the size of the z wiya complex, they can provide overnight accommodation. Meddeb violates this distinction between mosque and z wiya by camping throngs of boisterous and bawdy townsfolk in the otherwise solemn house of prayer that the Zit na represents, turning it into a hotbed of popular dissent and worldly pleasures.

The novel’s most iconoclastic, even shocking violation involves one of its more gruesome and memorable scenes, the assembling or re-membering of body parts from disinterred cadavers to create an idol temporarily installed in the great mosque. For not only does Islam condemn idolatry, but most adamantly outlaws any desecration of human remains. This act of pure imagination on the part of the author—nowhere in Islam does anything even remotely similar ever take place—is carried out by a sorceress and her crew. The desecration involves unearthing and dismembering bodies, then stitching together assorted parts that are then mummified, paraded through the medina, and finally incinerated, marking a politically inflected ending to all forms of idol worship. The point is to eliminate the saints, but divide up the spoils of sainthood: that each shall wear around his head a ray of the halo that one saint alone used to monopolize. But this is only the most outrageous rite in a night of erring and error, where all taboos are temporarily lifted and all hierarchies leveled.

A second distinction worth addressing is that of the two languages at work within the original text. Meddeb wrote his novel in French, but a French inflected by his native Arabic, which is itself a double language: classical standard Arabic combined with Tunisian dialect, the latter being a delicious mixture of Arabic, Berber, Italian, and French. The narrator takes pains to remind us that he is describing in a language not [his] the insanity of a city. In addition to the countless transliterated Arabic terms with French equivalents in apposition ("…our lord Sidna, the bend r drumbeat, barzakh, isthmus," etc.), an equal number of terms leave the reader guessing. This estranging effect takes place not only at the lexical level, but at the sentence level as well.

Like many of his generation of Tunisian, Algerian, and Moroccan writers utilizing French, Meddeb refashions the language in a way that allows his native tongues to show through. Prepositions and articles disappear, subject/verb phrases get collapsed into a gerund or an infinitive, and strings of long noun phrases stand in for sentences, lending the text a randomness that suits the narrative forward motion of the haphazard stroll through the city. His language is French on LSD, as one of my brave literature students once said, struggling through the novel as part of an assignment. Many of these stylistic features are too peculiar to French to be translatable, but all efforts have been made to conserve in English the strangeness of what Maghreb literary scholar Abdelkebir Khatibi calls bi-langue, texts written somehow in two languages at once in an ongoing mutual translation. Another Meddeb scholar, Ronnie Scharfman, has called this effect nomadic writing, and calls upon readers to read nomadically in turn, and not be too concerned by disorientation or ambiguity.

Geography is not always destiny, but Tunisia’s peculiar cultural plurality that has emerged from the Berber, Punic, Roman, Byzantine, Arab-Islamic, Andalusian, Turkish, and French influences (to name only those) would seem to make a writer like Abdelwahab Meddeb and a novel as wildly eclectic as Talismano almost inevitable. Yet there is no one else in Tunisian letters, or in the modern Francophone canon for that matter, who quite matches Meddeb’s scope and style in this, his first and most ambitious novel. With madcap philological erudition, the lustiness of Tunisian Sheikh Nafz wi’s fifteenth-century erotic classic, The Perfumed Garden, and an insider’s glance at the plight of the post-colonial Arab-Muslim, Talismano can produce in readers a healthy derangement of the senses and an equally salutary corrective to any stereotypical notions of the literature being produced by today’s Muslim writers.

TALISMANO

PROLOGUE

Bloodshot and tear-stained, if only in these hours dying everywhere; and the idea that dawdles and wavers between shores: the idea that sometimes locks itself away and paralyzes the fingers; the idea cast off, shattered, unloaded from one vessel to the next, pulverized, a refugee in the morning dew that drips sweetness from the foliage on the outskirts of so many cities. History is nothing but words and ghosts, sex restrained or intense, in all haste, borders reconciling the myths of a fleeting self.

Scent of pearl, of oceans, of seas, sonorous vibrations, salt lakes, lagoons, abandoned cemeteries; breathlessly adrift when irrelevant scraps of meaning happen to clothe me in a flash of insight: the body a jumble of spume, a glorified fragment, tipsy, rescued from near disaster.

We have experienced the crashing silence: the dead at rest; faced with the eyes, the shopwindows of pain, insidious portals opening downward into such chaotic worlds, arranging such painful descents, a furtive instant amid the north: grazed by illness; amid the south: a feverish meridian. It breathes through our pores; tides that carry us emboldened out to sea; the fragile plateau pitching; a threadlike tightrope that pulses with ebb and flow as placid expectation ceases. Riding across memory, as if at a gallop; headwind that blows me far from the water toward the treasured immensity of the desert: again expectancy: black stone, incandescent sand; another space in the foothills of mountains and passes stretching down to the river, the Nile overflowing its banks, spewing out the secrets of cities of both worlds, projecting images and splendors back and forth, joys and morbid sensations.

It was a time apart, shared out, bringing together disparate feelings, smiles and wrath, damnation and desire, bodies in search of an identity to upend: here, elsewhere.

Here-elsewhere: with deadly violence, a mixture of countries traveled, pieces of a life torn to shreds, a body scraped off the ground, appearance peculiar and untidy, blood stains; sweat, strife, toil: incursion of rebel assegais where the mountain rises up in fortification.

It takes events of some significance for the tribes to come together and threaten the fertile and subjugated plains; eagle’s nests: impregnable regions that extend outward only to mingle with the rumblings of the desert; at first sight infinity, seat of the heathen: neither cities nor men: but beneath the lacy carpet of black scree, men, like underground insects, amass in silence the venom that serves as primordial sap to bellicose instinct, fire of female eye, mastery of the word, glittering jewel rekindled in the presence of blood.

Two worlds undivided into these dusky people and these others, white: always and everywhere half-breeds have contrived to whiten their hearts, seduced by a thirst for power, by the fascinating notion of unity, seeking to establish a center and impose authority wherever the peripheries harbor defiance and dissent.

Landscapes burned by the sun: fierceness and courage, temporary alliance that disconcerts and later offends; strife that lends the nomads their steady composure, fire that moves with the seasons: logic of such coagulated dust, intense odor, salts and resins that hold the skin in place: lands loved that stick to the body’s cells like decomposed flesh, loose soil against arid ground.

RETURN PROSTITUTION

Here I am back again, spoken, city of mazes, moved to put aside thoughts of childhood, to recover bygone flavors through this Tunis of amorous pursuit. The doors in soft blue, black-nailed, landmarks encrusted with memory’s teasing, slippery tricks. To fathom the secret of streets and alleys untraveled, if only as the former itineraries of a childhood still not make-believed into lost paradise.

Bab al ’Asal, sweet gateway to memory lane: as a child, I knew a certain carpenter there was a relative of sorts. He didn’t recognize me. But I watched him in fascination and disdain as he worked, yardstick in hand, pencil behind ear: is he truly the only manual laborer in a family that boasts theologians, wealthy merchants, feudal lords, bureaucrats, doctors, notaries, lawyers, judges, and other notables?

Slight of build, he alone among us possesses the cunning certainty of accurate movement. I never before stopped to actually observe him at work. I knew him only as presence: a useful milestone along my route, a buffer against the danger looming over any ramble through the city, be it from one floor of our villa to the next, or from the fresh morning scent of spring flowers there all the way to the acrid stench of urine so ill-suited to the street’s name—’ asal meaning honey.

Primal breach. Like an obsession, the green-red-white door to the hammam, the steam baths where my mother would take me as a child: indelible spectacle of nude bodies, corpulent women, restrained violence giving way to bickering over buckets. And blood would flow.

Burden of books on the way to school.

This homecoming will not find me retracing familiar routes: I’ve followed the wall’s meander, past crude furniture for sale, to watch the journeymen carpenters; that relative’s workshop set apart, in the main thoroughfare that cuts through the neighborhood.

Meanwhile, adjacent streets scattered with recognition: friends of my father once lived in a house whose entrance is covered in enameled mosaic: Andalusian tints, familiar patterns. To recover a few faces, often time-worn—pastry chefs, butchers, greengrocers, meat grillers; pungent odor of spices, marinated peppers, capers, pickled vegetables, preserves. Cumin.

Façade of the Halfaw ne School, once so impressive; now it looks like some ludicrous stage set. The restored mosque, lovely and spare in marble and ocher, warm stone, Italianesque residue buried in floral motifs, Ionic or composite capitals atop columns.

Children still playing that same game: marbles, a sinkhole for one’s scarce pennies, prizes varying with the seasons; only the tinny clink of the basest coins, engraving worn illegible, remains the same all year round.

Countless hammams: especially the ones that weren’t my haunts. Clamor to discover anew. Yellow purring of hookahs.

Women’s secret sweat: that oozing intimacy, effluvium of love beneath veils often draped carelessly, alluring.

Body jostled, nudged more than shoved. Fertile scent, pinches and winks revive desire, always there, almost childlike.

Blind alleys unexplored, or merely disregarded back when. A thrill to retrace footsteps, unrushed, promising. Bath towels in geometric colors hung out to dry on the terrace roof of the Qa’add n hammam, home to my induction into the company of men, into the brotherhood of the circumcised.

Reticence. Vivid scenes of bachelor intrigue. Deep down, far and wide, overwhelming oppression. The sun’s out. Past Bab Sw qa, the street leads up to the school for girls and my early passions, their slow burn. Mysterious house where a limping uncle resides with his faithful retainers, home to the tabernacle—O shades of yesteryear! O wondrous treasure!—depository of the celebrated family tree that certifies Bedouin ascendency, bloodline of the Prophet, Saharan origins, S qyat al-Hamr , all the peregrinations of our forebears. Oddly pleasant sensation to be bound forever to blood that’s congealed into a falsely sedentary existence, while an urge still propels you back to this nomadic ancestry, back to the mythic.

Faces that never left home, those Sunday-only streets you came to know, and Friday’s prayer-day lull, all these conspire to produce a series of nagging questions, for you know one false step is enough to set you off course for good.

My senses spatter the coherence of my itinerary. One street calls out for another. But I’m loath not to forge ahead, something magnetic about the very place names: Pasha, Qasba, Saad n, Tawf q. Hard to cover all the streets without turning in circles, reliving the wool dyers’ palette.

To be body afoot, shaping the distances as they scatter over all the paths that lead from home to the far-off school: the limits of my boyhood audacity.

Soon to come, with the nationalization of repression, the maze of basement torture chambers, dirty work handled by the scum of the city, thugs the puppets of fools: crimes designed to preserve the tribe of privilege.

Grazing walls and watchtowers as I go: the civil prison bloodies the eye. Shouldering my burden, always attracted to petty disobediences, always in favor of the inconsequential revolt.

Sediment of meaning: overlooking the prison is the institute that treats trachoma. To the gangrene that saps the body’s energy is added the plague that gnaws the eye bloody.

But eagles are impervious to incarceration, to tiny cells. Screeching eagles aren’t in the habit of letting themselves be plucked. The eye sees all, omnipresent, intractable, wall-piercing, ravaging those narrow windows, startling the wardens, immobile but ever-present, present in every detail, supremely lucid, never seeing things broken into fragments to be looked at and discarded in turn before moving on to another time or place, but watching with equal acuity and presence all the floating, shifting cells, projects, memories: politics of possession, an artless exuberance, climbing the steps, vigilant, free to thrust out ample wings at the moment of enlightened nocturnal ascension, in search of possible prey; the solo voyage is a necessary, a powerful motif, while claws stab at the ground in accidental bloodlust, hungry for flesh.

But in the cell, in tribute! Ahmad’s eye remains, piercing approach that preserves reality undivided in its unfocused pulverized dust: this seed, scene of a child’s sex erect, that flower fragment tattooed on Āïcha’s vagina, this second love, secret madness, that particle on the brink of breath, this gust of sand and arid temperament, this atom, lunatic brother of torture, that obsession, nothing but the maternal nucleus itself dislocated by hate and denial, that star, source of life, transmuting weariness into a pleasure that cooks the silent, patient labor of thought, accumulating, honing.

Where the eye proves all-knowing, then wings encumber, unable to spread to their full span, to beat, to help at least simulate the loss of self, endless flight, open skies. Imprisoned eagle that nothing can subject to the eye’s victorious escape.

Along ground level, still vying with the traces of the ancient city walls, in concert with other extramural institutions, the Charles Nicolle Hospital has expanded: seen beside its towering