POP

Frank Sinatra

Frank Chacksfield

Peggy Lee

Julie London

EXOTICA

Dylan Thomas

Peter Sellers

Robert Frost

The Kingston Trio

Lonnie Donegan

JAZZ

Thelonius Monk and Sonny Rollins

The Young Bloods

Ella Fitzgerald

Ella and Louis

The Jazz Messengers

Ornette Coleman

Charles Mingus

Quincy Jones

The Cecil Taylor Quartet

Kenny Burrell

ROCK ’N’ ROLL

Elvis Presley

Ray Charles

Little Richard

Johnny Otis

Gene Vincent

1950s Pop

Although the long-playing record had been introduced by Columbia in 1948, it wasn’t until the mid-1950s that the industry began to recognize the marketing possibilities of the 12-inch record that played at 33⅓ rpm. Originally the format had been thought most suitable for classical music because of the length of the pieces involved. The Pop market continued to be dominated by three-minute songs released on 78 rpm shellac singles. Bing Crosby was still the world’s most successful singer in the mid-1950s, despite Frank Sinatra having been the first teenage scream dream a decade earlier, and Crosby’s records were all singles. Columbia had been the recording home to both, but Sinatra had been let go in 1952 when he was going through a downturn in popularity. To Columbia’s and Bing’s regret, no doubt, Frank was on the verge of the greatest comeback in the history of Pop music. He was the first major artist to take advantage of the 12-inch album format, and the first to use the packaging to its fullest advantage.

Because albums until 1954 tended to be compilations of hit singles, the covers were almost universally plain: the name and picture of the singer were often the only features to be found on the front.

There were also orchestral versions of hits released in the album format in the early 1950s, however, and because there was no star to sell the album, the sleeve design had to be more inventive. Alex Steinweiss, the art director for Columbia, is usually credited with the idea of creating original artwork in order to sell records. His work drew upon classical painting, modern art and cartoons of the era, and created the look of pre-1950s Pop albums – all high-colour, fizzing graphics and angular images.

Jim Flora drew his own covers for RCA Victor in the late 1940s and early 1950s, making the lettering a part of the design. His covers were cartoonish and made the albums look fun, too. When he left RCA in 1956 he became a children’s book illustrator.

Dutch photographer Paul Huf’s pictures of women in surreal surroundings were used by designer Herry van Borssum Waalkes on light classical recordings on the then new Philips label in the mid-1950s. The covers are now regarded as classics of high camp.

In the Pop market, though, no recording artist was more involved in the process of sleeve design than Frank Sinatra. In fact it was for that, rather than his singing, that he won his very first Grammy Award. [JM]

Songs For Young Lovers / Frank Sinatra

RELEASED 1955 | CAPITOL | USA | SLEEVE DESIGN BY ROTHSCHILD | PHOTOGRAPHY BY KEN VEEDER | ART DIRECTION BY FRANK SINATRA | ALBUM PRODUCED BY VOYLE GILMORE

It wasn’t Sinatra’s first album for Capitol, the label that had given him his second stab at singing for a living, but it was the most important he had released up to that date. In 1954 Frank Sinatra was just beginning to turn his life around. After taking the best deal that Capitol (launched in 1942 by Sinatra’s friend, the singer-songwriter Johnny Mercer) could make, he declined a big advance in favour of total artistic control, including deciding how the covers would look. The first Capitol Sinatra 10-inch album had been Swing Easy, which showed not the skinny kid who made the girls scream, but a suited and hatted, smiling Frank. But for this, his first themed release, he opted for a more adult look. Alone, cool-looking with hat and cigarette, standing under a dim (if short) street lamp he watches unsmiling as happy couples walk by. It was the debut of a new, serious Sinatra, heard for the first time singing standard American songs as if they were Blues numbers. [JM]

Sings For Only The Lonely / Frank Sinatra

RELEASED 1958 | CAPITOL | USA | SLEEVE ART DIRECTED BY FRANK SINATRA | PAINTING BY NICK VOLPE | ALBUM PRODUCED BY VOYLE GILMORE

Sinatra won his first Grammy Award for this album, but not for the music: he won it for the album design. Apparently based on a painting that Frank had done of himself as a crying clown, it reflects the air of loneliness that permeates the album. As with his previous Capitol releases, Only The Lonely is a concept album, the concept being, in his words, for losers like me. He meant losers in love, having just parted from second wife Ava Gardner.

Come Fly With Me / Frank Sinatra

RELEASED 1958 | CAPITOL | USA | SLEEVE ART DIRECTED BY FRANK SINATRA | ILLUSTRATION BY UNKNOWN | ALBUM PRODUCED BY VOYLE GILMORE

Arguably the most successful album of Sinatra’s Capitol period, its striking, painted cover image evoking the new idea of Jetset living, the sleeve for Come Fly With Me was as whole a concept as the music. All the songs involved travel, with the back cover laid out with a flight log, flight plan and pilot handbook (naming Sinatra as Pilot, and arrangers Billy May and Nelson Riddle as Co-Pilots) all printed in a script font. [JM]

No One Cares / Frank Sinatra

RELEASED 1959 | CAPITOL | USA | SLEEVE ART DIRECTED BY FRANK SINATRA | ALBUM PRODUCED BY DAVE CAVANAUGH

Frank sits alone at a bar, happy couples smiling around him. He’s in his soon-to-be-trademark white mac and dark trilby, a cigarette in one hand and booze in the other. The album title sits perfectly balanced above the crowd. The red and dark blue lighting reflects the singer’s mood and Gordon Jenkins’ lush string arrangements for a bunch of Blues songs, including Stormy Weather and I Don’t Stand A Ghost Of A Chance. Frank’s not smiling. Hell, he’s not even looking at the camera. [JM]

Great covers encapsulate the music inside and so it was with Frank Sinatra’s No One Cares, with its melancholic early morning bar scene

ALAN EDWARDS, MUSIC PR

Glamorous Holiday / Frank Chacksfield

RELEASED 1958 | DECCA | UK | PHOTOGRAPHY BY HANS WILD

A classic release from the days when album buyers were mostly adults and wanted to spend their evenings listening to sophisticated continental music like this. A concept album, one side features songs headed Evening In Paris and the other, Evening In Rome. The sleeve reflects this idea literally, right down to the airliner and the title Glamorous Holiday which reassures the buyer that this is quality stuff. Are the girls stewardesses or about to go on holiday? Somehow they have managed to get hold of the queue signs and are welcoming us on board. Albums like this remind us how lucky we are that the 1950s are over.

Black Coffee / Peggy Lee

RELEASED 1956 | DECCA | USA | ALBUM PRODUCED BY MILT GABLER

Originally recorded in 1953 as a 10-inch, this was probably the most successful of Peggy Lee’s concept albums, and her own favourite. She approached it as a sultry late-night Jazz album and it was so successful that three years later Decca had her add four extra tracks to expand it to the new 12-inch format. The design reflects the original concept, literally, with a cup of black coffee along with the pot it came in. This is late-night seduction music so we also have a red rose. There are no people, and the lady has even removed her pearl necklace so it looks as if the rose worked – or maybe it was the music and the coffee.

Julie / Julie London with the Jimmy Rowles Orchestra

RELEASED 1958 | LIBERTY | USA | ALBUM PRODUCED BY BOBBY TROUP

Produced by her husband, this was one of more than 30 albums by the star of the dream sequence in The Girl Can’t Help It. Though lacking the range of Sarah Vaughan or Ella Fitzgerald, Julie London was a master of the understated torch song. Trapped in an era when female singers were automatically songbirds, broads or worse, London’s albums were fronted by a series of provocative sleeves of which, in purely design terms, Julie is one of the best. This type of cover is quintessentially of the period, right down to light green backdrop used in soft-core cheesecake shots by the newly emergent Playboy, Nugget, U and other men’s magazines. The late 1950s modern chair gives the sleeve that sophisticated edge necessary to make it acceptable for family viewing (and listening).

1950s Exotica

The 1950s saw widespread acceptance of the long-playing record and exotic new forms of stereo and hi-fidelity recording, often emblazoned across the front of the record sleeve. For years, Decca had a pair of ears on its records. With the advent of stereo came a number of records that did nothing but test your stereo set-up. People bought recordings of tennis matches, just to hear the sound of the ball being hit from one speaker to the other, and orchestral music was often recorded with bizarre degrees of separation between the lead violin on the left speaker and the kettle drum on the right. Pop artists were still largely represented by singles, and the newly emergent long-player focused largely on Broadway musicals and humour acts. Many of the latter, recorded at famous cafés or nightclubs, brought the live performance into the homes of people who may never have even visited the big city.

Also popular were spoken-word records by poets; it was regarded as amazing that you could hear Robert Frost or Dylan Thomas’s actual voice in your split-level living room. You could get actual business letters dictated at various speeds too – the field was wide open. The album designers were often the same people who had previously packaged the original albums, which consisted of 12-inch 78 rpm shellac discs housed in a sturdy book with pages of individual card sleeves for each part of the symphony or musical piece. The front covers were smartly embossed, just like a family Bible. When vinyl took over, and the same symphony could be housed on one record, the designers continued to treat the front sleeve like a book, scattering the lettering all over it. But it was soon decided that the title and artist’s name should go at the top, to be easily seen when people flipped through the racks. Then it was realized the sleeve was a strong marketing tool, being studied for hours by fans, so special photographs began to feature, such as the one of Lonnie Donegan included here.

A whole school of graphics seemingly emerged and disappeared, styled to produce amusing drawings for sleeves. Andy Warhol’s mother, Julia Warhola, was one such quirky designer, specializing in curly lettering and exotic birds. While areas such as Jazz quickly established a style, the miscellaneous end of the market, – sound-effects albums, recordings of steam trains, bird calls and poetry – had no such formula, and out of the chaos often came truly innovative design.

Under Milk Wood by Dylan Thomas / The BBC Cast

RELEASED 1954 | ARGO RECORDS | UK | SLEEVE DESIGN BY OLGA LEHMANN | ALBUM PRODUCED BY DOUGLAS CLEVERDON

Olga Lehmann decided that the only possible sleeve for such a record was an illustration of the play script. So we have blind Captain Cat looking out over a small Welsh seaside town at the morning activities of Myfanwy Price, Willy Nilly the postman, Butcher Beynon, and the husbands of Mrs Ogmore-Pritchard who Dust the china, feed the canary, sweep the drawing room floor; and before you let the sun in, mind he wipes his shoes. It is in the design tradition of book jackets rather than album sleeves, leaning in the direction of the far superior work of Eric Ravilious. As such, this is a period piece, a nervous cross between book publishing and the music business.

Songs For Swingin’ Sellers / Peter Sellers

RELEASED 1959 | PARLOPHONE | UK | PHOTOGRAPHY BY KEN PALMER | ALBUM PRODUCED BY GEORGE MARTIN

This was recorded back in the days when George Martin was best known as a producer of comedy records, while Sellers was famous for his work with the Goons and in films. It was unusual in the 1950s (and early 1960s) for EMI to spend more than £20 on an album sleeve, but here they seem to have pulled out the stops and arranged a special shoot to create a sleeve in keeping with the irreverent tone of the record. (It is a parody of Sinatra’s Songs For Swingin’ Lovers.) Mort Sahl’s brand of sick humour was then popular, which probably resulted in this slightly cruel image. The addition of the 1950s record player is a touch of genius.

Robert Frost Reads His Poetry / Robert Frost

RELEASED 1957 | CAEDMON | USA | SLEEVE DESIGN BY MATTHEW LEIBOWITZ | ALBUM PRODUCED BY UNKNOWN

Recorded in his Cambridge, Massachusetts, home, this album of Frost reading his work is cited in the sleeve notes as the definitive recording. The poet published only one major work after this (In The Clearing, 1962), and died in 1963. For the cover, Matthew Leibowitz, an award-winning advertising designer, chose a painting by the artist Ben-Zion (born Benzion Weinman in 1897 in Ukraine). The horse is reminiscent both of Picasso’s Guernica and the early work of Mark Rothko, who like Zion had been a member of the Group of Ten artists formed in 1936 in New York. It is an unusual piece for Ben-Zion, being colourful and figurative. He made his reputation painting dark, brooding works that were abstract and reflective of his Jewish roots. The sky, grass and rolling horse hint at the rural peace of Massachusetts, but are also symbolic of the darker, underlying images of death to be found in Frost’s poems.

The Kingston Trio From The Hungry I / The Kingston Trio

RELEASED 1959 | CAPITOL | USA | SLEEVE ILLUSTRATION BY FRANK PAGE | ALBUM PRODUCED BY VOYLE GILMORE

A live recording from San Francisco’s famous Hungry I nightclub featuring an all-new set-list. Anyone who was expecting to hear Tom Dooley was disappointed. Cunningly the record company did not print a track-list on the sleeve; you had to buy the album to find out what was on it, though some tracks were mentioned in the sleeve notes. The sleeve tells it all: three preppy college boys bringing folk music to the middle classes in matching shirts, socks and loafers. Frank Page’s drawing of San Francisco’s tourist sights is supposed to be hip, imitating, as it does, the work of Siné. Something went wrong in the production department, though, and the drawing shows through their legs and two of their instruments, although one guitar was successfully masked.

Lonnie / Lonnie Donegan and His Skiffle Group

RELEASED 1958 | NIXA | UK | SLEEVE DESIGN BY PETER CLAYTON | PHOTOGRAPH BY RON COHEN | PRODUCED BY ALAN FREEMAN AND MICHAEL BARCLAY

By the time Donegan’s second album (with dubious typography typical of the era) was released, skiffle was sweeping Britain. Crucial in the birth of British Rock ’n’ Roll, it inspired everyone – including The Beatles – to pick up a guitar and begin making music. Lonnie, king of skiffle, was already succumbing to the pop image makers. He doesn’t look very comfortable – his right suede Hush Puppy is tucked awkwardly behind his guitar and the high-cut slacks seem to be belted uncomfortably tight. This is the new moody Lonnie with the beginnings of a pompadour, as if he was contemplating a move into Rock ‘n’ Roll.

1950s Jazz

In the 1950s the best art to be found in people’s houses was often in their record rack. It was the most innovative period ever for modern Jazz, and equally for the sleeves that housed the music. In 1956 Reid Miles joined Blue Note Records and, over 15 years, designed almost 500 sleeves for them. The 1950s was also the era of the Beat Generation and Abstract Expressionist painters, and a new open, cool sense of design evolved, inspired by the hard-edged mobiles of Alexander Calder and Colorfield painting of Elsworth Kelly, Kenneth Noland and Frank Stella, as well as the clean contours of Bauhaus and Italian Futurism.

Modern Jazz sleeves reflected this sometimes difficult music, making it more accessible, giving it credibility from an artistic viewpoint, and making the albums desirable objects to own. Reid Miles’s designs set the tone for sleeves for a decade and more. The images were often large; there seemed to be plenty of white space (though often the whole sleeve had a tone over it); there was room to breathe. Most of all they were not fussy; the typography was bold and, crucially, part of the design itself, the shape of the letters often providing the main design element.

And Miles was not alone: notable sleeves were produced by Burt Goldblatt for Savoy and Bethlehem Records, while David Stone Martin’s sleeves for Verve were often witty and shared the energy of the music. Jim Flora’s sleeves for Columbia in the 1940s and RCA Victor in the 1950s showed a distinct influence of Joan Miro and Paul Klee, with their stick writing connected with little blobs.

Then there were designers such as Tom Hannan, whose work for Blue Note and Prestige was often worthy of framing. The work of another Prestige designer, Esmond Edwards, who was also a photographer, showed similar influences to that of Reid Miles, as well as being influenced by Miles himself. Another key designer was Paul Bacon, who notably worked for Blue Note and Riverside record labels. Bacon’s work was familiar to millions of readers through the more than 7,000 book jackets he designed, even though his name is relatively obscure. William Claxton’s Jazz sleeves were also highly regarded, though he is much better known for his superb Jazz photography. Over 50 years later, in the era of the CD, the influence of Reid Miles and such can still be seen in music packaging.

Thelonius Monk and Sonny Rollins / Thelonius Monk and Sonny Rollins

RELEASED 1954| PRESTIGE RECORDS | USA | SLEEVE DESIGN BY TOM HANNAN | ALBUM PRODUCED BY RUDY VAN GELDER

Tom Hannan designed many of Sonny Rollins’s sleeves for Prestige, including Tenor Madness (1956) and Saxophone Colossus (1956), both of which are superb. But the early Thelonius Monk and Sonny Rollins is the most redolent of the period, the black