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    Hollywood: The Oral History
    Hollywood: The Oral History
    Hollywood: The Oral History
    Ebook999 pages18 hours

    Hollywood: The Oral History

    By Jeanine Basinger and Sam Wasson

    4/5

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    • Film Industry

    • Hollywood

    • Studio System

    • Film History

    • Hollywood History

    • Behind the Scenes

    • Fish Out of Water

    • Rags to Riches

    • Clash of Cultures

    • Hollywood Dreams

    • Art Vs. Commerce

    • Struggle for Artistic Freedom

    • Forbidden Love

    • Coming of Age

    • Chosen One

    • Collaboration

    • Film Production

    • Power Dynamics

    • Independent Filmmaking

    • Actors & Actresses

    About this ebook

    The real story of Hollywood as told by such luminaries as Steven Spielberg, Frank Capra, Katharine Hepburn, Meryl Streep, Harold Lloyd, and nearly four hundred others, assembled from the American Film Institute’s treasure trove of interviews, reveals a fresh history of the American movie industry from its beginnings to today. 

    From the archives of the American Film Institute comes a unique picture of what it was like to work in Hollywood from its beginnings to its present day. Gleaned from nearly three thousand interviews, involving four hundred voices from the industry, Hollywood: The Oral History, lets a reader “listen in” on candid remarks from the biggest names in front of the camera—Bette Davis, Meryl Streep, Tom Hanks, Harold Lloyd—to the biggest behind it—Frank Capra, Steven Spielberg, Alfred Hitchcock, Jordan Peele, as well as the lesser known individuals that shaped what was heard and seen on screen: musicians, costumers, art directors, cinematographers, writers, sound men, editors, make-up artists, and even script timers, messengers, and publicists. The result is like a conversation among the gods and goddesses of film: lively, funny, insightful, historically accurate and, for the first time, authentically honest in its portrait of Hollywood. It’s the insider’s story. 

     Legendary film scholar Jeanine Basinger and New York Times bestselling author Sam Wasson, both acclaimed storytellers in their own right, have undertaken the monumental task of digesting these tens of thousands of hours of talk and weaving it into a definitive portrait of workaday Hollywood.   

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherHarperCollins
    Release dateNov 8, 2022
    ISBN9780063056961
    Author

    Jeanine Basinger

    Jeanine Basinger is the Corwin-Fuller Professor of Film Studies, founder and curator of the Wesleyan Cinema Archives, founding Chair of the Film Studies Department, and a recipient of Wesleyan’s Binswanger Prize for Excellence in Teaching. She is the author of Silent Stars, which won the National Board of Review’s William K. Everson Prize, and The Star Machine, which won the Theatre Library Association Award. She is a trustee of the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute, a member of Warner Brothers Theatre Advisory Committee at the Smithsonian Institute, and a former member of the Board of Advisors of the Association of Independent Video and Filmmakers. She also served as advisor to Martin Scorsese’s film foundation project, The Story of Movies. She lives in Middletown, Connecticut.

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    Reviews for Hollywood

    4/5

    21 ratings5 reviews

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    • 5/5
      Thank You This Is Very Good, Maybe This Can Help You ----- Download Full Ebook Very Detail Here ---- https://amzn.to/3XOf46C ---- - You Can See Full Book/ebook Offline Any Time - You Can Read All Important Knowledge Here - You Can Become A Master In Your Business
    • 3/5
      The authors have reviewed many interviews from people in the industry, extracted paragraphs of interest, then organized these by topic (e.g. Comedy, Silent Directors, Sound!). Reading a chapter is pretty easy in this format, but reading the book through was more difficult. There is a lot of great stuff here and I enjoyed it a lot, but I have three complaints.
      1. This must have been a big undertaking. How hard would it be to add mini-biographies? I recognized many of these people, the stars, the directors, and people like Edith Head, but some I did not know, and I had to guess at their identity from what they were talking about.
      2. If mini-biographies were done, there should be figures of these people, especially in a book about the movie industry, unless there are plans to redo this in an illustrated edition.
      3. Somewhere in the book there should be a list of the source interviews and the date they were made.
    • 4/5
      Hollywood: An Oral History by Jeanine Basinger/Sam Wasson is a 2022 Harper publication.

      Oral history is a hit or miss with me, but if a book is going to cover old Hollywood at all, I can’t seem to resist. While the page count for this book appears daunting, it’s actually very easy to read. There’s no dense text or history. It is exactly what it says- an oral history. (Though some might beg to differ)

      The quotes are quite interesting and give the reader a lay of the land during various periods in Hollywood over the years. It also gives one a look at the Hollywood system from the beginning through to the digital age. It does not cover the streaming era, though. Still, it might enlighten those who want to blow off actors’ current complaints, by educating one on how things normally work for them, and it is not at all like what you might expect.

      Some of the more surprising passages were those about Marilyn Monroe and Judy Garland- two women who were undoubtedly a victim of the Hollywood system- but were not remembered fondly by some people who had to deal with them in moment.

      I did not read this book from start to finish like a novel, but browsed through it here and there until I finished it. I will not lie and say I digested every single portion the same way. The authors cover nearly every single aspect of the movie making business- producers, directors, writers, music, actors, and all points in between. Some of these areas were not as interesting as others, and I seldom recognized the names of the people working some of the behind the scenes jobs- so I confess to having skimmed some sections.

      Overall, though, this is a well-organized look at the Hollywood system from every angle, told through the eyes, ears and mouths of those who experienced it firsthand.

      It’s an interesting book, and it is obvious the authors put a great deal of effort into it. I think it is important to know two things going in- there is no big, long index, no biographies or photographs. It’s strictly interview snippets that apply to the time period- from silents, to talkies, to the studio system, to the 1970s, the big blockbusters, and finally the digital age.

      This is what you should expect and nothing- more- or less. It’s comprehensive and so I can’t imagine why it wouldn't be enough for those interested, but of course the lack of bios and index might be frustrating to some readers. Personally, I didn't feel either of those were necessary.

      The book is fun, informative, and should appeal to pop culture enthusiasts, historians, and movie lovers of all ages and stripes.

      4 stars
    • 5/5
      Apart from the author’s intro and outro, this is a wonderful compilation of quotes from big names and the ‘unknown’ behind-the-scenes people. Added together, it makes for a fascinating narrative.

      The bulk of material is from the early days through to the 1950s. I found this to be the most entertaining. I watch films from all eras, so I knew many of the old stars who are featured, like comedy genius Harold Lloyd and the wonderful Mary Pickford.

      Having mentioned that, Mary is only referred to, not quoted. She’s among several big names who aren’t quoted, plus many others don’t get any mention. Clara Bow, for example, is referred to only once.

      This isn’t a case of the author deciding certain stars are unworthy to be remembered. Rather, it’s down to the material she had at her disposal. She mentions at the end how she wishes she had more stars to include, and regrets having to cut many hours’ worth of material. What we have, though, is excellent.

      Beforehand, I didn’t think I’d be too interested in the cameramen and other behind-the-scenes people, yet they all add to the fascination of early Hollywood.

      My fascination downgrades to interest when we leave the Golden Years and venture into the 1960s. From the 1970s onwards, much of the sparkle has gone, but that’s not to say it’s boring. It does become patchy, though.

      In the main, however, this is a superb read.
    • 5/5
      The “authors”, really editors who add occasional continuity passages, beautifully patch together quotes from Hollywood actors, directors, screenwriters, producers to create a gripping narrative history of the Hollywood film industry from its beginning. What the authors achieve which makes this book remarkable is that the story is able to maintain real drive and that the story is told by those who were there.

      Many of the people involved at the start of Hollywood were only names to me, but this history helped to explain their significance and their contribution to the film industry.
      I was a child in the 1970’s and so I saw Chaplin and Laurel & Hardy on morning television during the school holidays, I saw “golden age” musicals and westerns from the 1940’s to 1960’s as television matinees on wet Sunday afternoons, and I saw 1970’s and later films at the cinema.
      The coverage feels weaker after the 1970’s, perhaps because I lived through that period, but it does try to bring the story up to 2022.
      This book provides a fascinating glimpse of that world, and although it is long, it is readable, engaging, funny and entertaining. If you are interested in Hollywood, or popular culture, then this is an excellent read.

    Book preview

    Hollywood - Jeanine Basinger

    Dedication

    To George Stevens, Jr., Jean Firstenberg, and Bob Gazzale,

    and John Basinger—one author’s husband, one author’s friend.

    Contents

    Cover

    Title Page

    Dedication

    Introduction

    The Speakers

    Chapter 1: Beginnings

    Chapter 2: Comedy

    Chapter 3: Silent Directors

    Chapter 4: Silent Actors

    Chapter 5: Sound!

    Chapter 6: Studio Heads

    Chapter 7: Studio Style

    Chapter 8: The Studio Workforce

    Cameramen

    Writers

    Editors

    Costume

    Makeup

    Music

    Art Direction

    Studio Personnel

    Directors

    Stars

    Chapter 9: The Product

    Chapter 10: The End of the System

    Chapter 11: Identity Crisis

    Chapter 12: New Hollywood

    Chapter 13: The Creep Up

    Chapter 14: The Deal

    Chapter 15: Packaging

    Chapter 16: Everybody’s Business

    Chapter 17: Monsters

    Afterword

    Acknowledgments

    About the Authors

    Also by the Authors

    Copyright

    About the Publisher

    Introduction

    In 1969, the American Film Institute held the first of what would be an ongoing series of intimate conversations between Hollywood professionals and AFI conservatory students. These became the Harold Lloyd Master Seminars, named in honor of their very first guest.

    As Hollywood’s day-to-day working insiders, the men and women who have participated in the seminars represent the complete life of Hollywood throughout its history. All are experts in their fields. They are the artists, the craftspeople, the producers, the salesmen. Some are famous, others obscure. They speak with the attitudes of their own time, but they speak with authority.

    There have been many attempts to tell the story of Hollywood, but there is simply no other spoken accounting of Hollywood as extensive as AFI’s. There never will be.

    We were granted total and unprecedented access to the AFI’s Harold Lloyd seminars, oral histories, and complete archives, which feature more than three thousand guest speakers and total nearly ten thousand hours of conversation. To our knowledge this represents the only comprehensive firsthand history of Hollywood, which is to say, the true story of Hollywood, told not by outsiders, academics, historians, revisionists, or fantasists prone to legend, but by those who are singularly qualified to understand it, the filmmakers themselves.

    The Speakers

    JJ Abrams, director, producer, writer

    Ken Adam, art director

    Robert Aldrich, director, producer

    Scott Alexander, writer, producer

    Dede Allen, editor

    Robert Altman, director, producer, writer

    Preston Ames, art director

    Paul Thomas Anderson, director, producer, writer

    Julie Andrews, actress

    David Ansen, critic

    Sam Arkoff, producer

    Hal Ashby, director, editor

    Gertrude Astor, actress

    Sean Baker, director, producer, writer, editor

    Lucille Ball, actress

    Nira Barab, actress, director

    Warren Beatty, actor, producer, director, writer

    William Beaudine, director

    Rudy Behlmer, film historian

    Lawrence Bender, producer

    Ben Benjamin, agent

    Jack Benny, actor

    Pandro Berman, producer, studio executive

    Elmer Bernstein, composer

    Bernardo Bertolucci, director, writer, producer

    Kathryn Bigelow, director, producer, writer

    Henry Blanke, producer

    Jason Blum, producer

    Budd Boetticher, director, writer

    Peter Bogdanovich, director, writer, producer, film historian

    Margaret Booth, editor

    Robert Boyle, art director

    John Brahm, director

    Mel Brooks, director, producer, writer

    Richard Brooks, director, producer, writer

    David Brown, producer

    Jerry Bruckheimer, producer

    Charles Burnett, director, producer, writer

    Michael Caine, actor

    Ridgeway Callow, assistant director

    Donn Cambern, editor

    James Cameron, director, producer, writer

    Dyan Cannon, actress

    Marie Cantin, executive producer

    Mark Canton, producer, studio executive

    Frank Capra, director, producer, writer

    Teete Carle, publicist

    Leslie Caron, actress

    Diahann Carroll, actress

    John Cassavetes, director, producer, writer, actor

    Charles Champlin, journalist, critic

    David Chasman, studio executive

    David Chierichetti, costume designer, film historian

    Caldecot Chubb, producer

    Michael Cimino, director, producer, writer

    Shirley Clarke, director

    George Clooney, director, actor, producer, writer

    Anne V. Coates, editor

    Merian C. Cooper, producer, director

    Roger Corman, producer, director, writer

    Stanley Cortez, director of photography

    Sherrill Corwin, exhibitor

    Joel Cox, editor

    John Cromwell, director

    Floyd Crosby, director of photography

    Cameron Crowe, director, producer, writer

    George Cukor, director, producer

    Frank Darabont, director, producer, writer

    Bette Davis, actress

    Olivia de Havilland, actress

    Bruce Dern, actor

    I. A. L. Diamond, writer

    Denise Di Novi, producer

    Edward Dmytryk, director

    Stanley Donen, director, producer

    Gordon Douglas, director

    Melvyn Douglas, actor

    Philip Dunne, writer, producer

    Minta Durfee, actress

    Allan Dwan, director

    Clint Eastwood, director, actor, producer, composer

    Blake Edwards, director, producer, writer

    Harlan Ellison, writer

    Robert Evans, studio executive, producer

    Peter Falk, actor

    Jon Favreau, director, producer, writer, actor

    Paul Feig, actor, director, producer, writer

    Verna Fields, editor

    Lucy Fisher, studio executive, producer

    George Folsey, director of photography

    Henry Fonda, actor

    Jane Fonda, actress

    Carl Foreman, writer

    Sidney Franklin, director, producer

    Mike Frankovich, studio executive, producer

    Arthur Freed, producer, songwriter

    Morgan Freeman, actor

    Friz Freleng, cartoonist

    William Friedkin, director, producer, writer

    Sam Fuller, director, producer, writer

    Lee Garmes, director of photography

    Tay Garnett, director

    Bob Gazzale, American Film Institute president

    Larry Gelbart, writer

    Hoot Gibson, actor

    Lillian Gish, actress

    Richard Gladstein, producer

    Jeff Goldblum, actor

    Lawrence Gordon, producer

    Lee Grant, actress, director

    Brian Grazer, producer

    Johnny Green, composer, conductor, music director

    Peter Guber, studio executive, producer

    Conrad Hall, director of photography

    Tom Hanks, actor, producer, director, writer

    Aljean Harmetz, journalist

    Curtis Harrington, director

    Henry Hathaway, director

    Howard Hawks, director, producer

    Edith Head, costume designer

    Amy Heckerling, director, producer, writer

    Jerome Hellman, producer

    Buck Henry, writer, actor, director

    Jim Henson, director, producer, writer, puppeteer

    Katharine Hepburn, actress

    Charlton Heston, actor

    Charles Higham, film historian

    George Roy Hill, director

    Arthur Hiller, director

    Alfred Hitchcock, director, producer, writer

    Dustin Hoffman, actor

    Dennis Hopper, actor, director, writer

    Harry Horner, art director

    Ron Howard, director, actor, producer

    James Wong Howe, director of photography

    Gale Ann Hurd, producer

    John Huston, director, producer, actor, writer

    Nessa Hyams, casting director

    Rick Ingersoll, office boy, publicist

    Paul Ivano, director of photography

    James Ivory, director, writer, producer

    Honore Janney, script timer

    Nunnally Johnson, writer, producer, director

    Neil Jordan, director, producer, writer

    Stan Kamen, agent

    Fay Kanin, writer

    Bronislau Kaper, composer

    Larry Karaszewski, writer, producer

    Jeffrey Katzenberg, studio executive

    Elia Kazan, director, producer, writer, actor

    Diane Keaton, actress

    Harvey Keitel, actor

    Gene Kelly, actor, choreographer, director

    Kathleen Kennedy, producer, studio executive

    Henry King, director

    Arthur Knight, film historian

    Don Knox, film historian

    Howard W. Koch, producer, studio executive

    Arnold Kopelson, producer

    László Kovács, director of photography

    Stanley Kramer, producer, director, writer

    Milton Krasner, director of photography

    Richard LaGravenese, writer, director

    Gavin Lambert, writer, critic

    Jon Landau, producer

    John Landis, director, producer, writer

    Fritz Lang, director, producer

    Sherry Lansing, studio executive, producer

    Alex Lasker, writer

    John Lasseter, director, producer, writer, studio executive

    David Lean, director, producer, writer

    Alfred Lebovitz, camera operator

    Spike Lee, director, producer, writer, actor

    Mitchell Leisen, director, producer, costume designer

    Charles LeMaire, costume designer

    Jack Lemmon, actor

    Mervyn LeRoy, director, producer

    Joseph E. Levine, producer

    Barry Levinson, director, producer, writer

    Jerry Lewis, director, producer, writer, actor

    Lynne Littman, director

    Harold Lloyd, actor

    Norman Lloyd, actor

    Joseph Losey, director, producer, writer

    Jean Louis, costume designer

    David Lynch, director, producer, writer

    Barré Lyndon, writer

    Adrian Lyne, director

    Ranald MacDougall, writer

    Shirley MacLaine, actress

    Rouben Mamoulian, director, producer

    Abby Mann, writer

    Daniel Mann, director

    Michael Mann, director, producer, writer

    Frank Marshall, producer, director

    Garry Marshall, director, producer, writer, actor

    Penny Marshall, director, producer, writer, actress

    Mardik Martin, writer

    Sam Marx, writer

    Paul Mazursky, director, producer, writer, actor

    Leo McCarey, director, producer, writer

    John McTiernan, director, producer

    Mike Medavoy, studio executive, producer, agent

    Daniel Melnick, studio executive, producer

    Sue Mengers, agent

    Ismail Merchant, producer

    Lewis Milestone, director, producer

    Anthony Minghella, director, producer, writer

    Vincente Minnelli, director, producer

    Hal Mohr, director of photography

    A. D. Murphy, journalist

    Marcia Nasatir, studio executive, producer

    David Newman, writer

    Mike Nichols, director, producer, actor

    Jack Nicholson, actor, director, writer

    Alex North, composer

    Lynda Obst, producer

    Barrie Osborne, producer

    Michael Ovitz, agent

    Al Pacino, actor

    Alan Pakula, director, producer, writer

    Alexander Payne, director, producer, writer

    Gregory Peck, actor

    Jordan Peele, director, producer, writer, actor

    Oren Peli, producer, writer, director

    Arthur Penn, director, producer

    Eleanor Perry, writer

    Jon Peters, producer, studio executive

    Julia Phillips, producer

    Michael Phillips, producer

    David Picker, studio executive, producer

    Frank Pierson, writer, director

    Eric Pleskow, studio executive

    Walter Plunkett, costume designer

    Sidney Poitier, actor, director

    Roman Polanski, director, writer, producer, actor

    Sydney Pollack, director, producer, actor

    Tom Pollock, studio executive, lawyer

    Abraham Polonsky, director, writer

    István Poór, director

    Edward Pressman, producer

    John Ptak, agent

    David Puttnam, producer, studio executive

    Mario Puzo, writer

    Anthony Quinn, actor

    Bob Rafelson, director, producer, writer

    David Raksin, composer

    Irving Rapper, director

    Rob Reiner, director, producer, writer, actor

    Walter Reisch, writer

    Ray Rennahan, director of photography

    Thomas Rickman, writer

    Owen Roizman, director of photography

    Robert Rosen, educator, film historian

    Lee Rosenberg, film agent

    Leonard Rosenman, composer

    Hal Rosson, director of photography

    Al Ruddy, producer

    Alan Rudolph, director, producer, writer

    Richard Rush, director, producer, writer

    David O. Russell, director, producer, writer

    Ann Rutherford, actress

    Joseph Ruttenberg, director of photography

    Gary Rydstrom, rerecording mixer, sound designer

    Adela Rogers St. Johns, writer

    Waldo Salt, writer

    Andrew Sarris, critic

    Dore Schary, producer, studio executive, writer

    Maximilian Schell, actor

    Richard Schickel, critic, director, producer, film historian

    John Schlesinger, director

    Paul Schrader, director, producer, writer, critic

    Budd Schulberg, writer

    Howard Schwartz, director of photography

    Martin Scorsese, director, producer, writer, film historian

    George Seaton, director, producer, writer

    John Seitz, director of photography

    Irene Mayer Selznick, daughter of Louis B. Mayer, Broadway producer

    Joyce Selznick, casting director

    Irene Sharaff, costume designer

    Hannah Sheeld, script girl

    Sidney Sheldon, writer

    Vincent Sherman, director

    Geoffrey Shurlock, Production Code director

    Joel Silver, producer

    Don Simpson, producer

    John Singleton, director, producer, writer

    Stacey Snider, studio executive

    Steven Soderbergh, director, producer, writer, director of photography, editor

    Steven Spielberg, director, producer, writer

    Lynn Stalmaster, casting director

    Donald Ogden Stewart, writer

    Vittorio Storaro, director of photography

    Meryl Streep, actress

    Barbra Streisand, actress, director, producer, writer, composer, songwriter

    Howard Strickling, publicist

    Karl Struss, director of photography

    Gordon Stulberg, studio executive, lawyer

    H. N. Swanson, agent

    Anthea Sylbert, costume designer

    Richard Sylbert, art director

    Ned Tanen, studio executive, producer

    Quentin Tarantino, director, writer, producer

    Norman Taurog, director

    Ella Taylor, journalist

    Joan Tewkesbury, writer, director

    Richard Thorpe, director

    Emily Torchia, publicist

    Robert Towne, writer, director, producer

    François Truffaut, director, writer, producer

    Dalton Trumbo, writer

    Camille Tucker, writer

    Kenneth Turan, critic

    Larry Turman, producer

    William Tuttle, makeup artist

    Harry Ufland, agent, producer

    Jack Valenti, Motion Picture Association of America president

    Toni Vellani, producer, AFI conservatory director

    Gore Vidal, writer

    King Vidor, director, producer

    Paula Wagner, studio executive, producer, agent

    Robert Wagner, actor

    Hal Wallis, producer, studio executive

    Raoul Walsh, director, producer

    Harry Warren, songwriter

    Michael Wayne, son of John Wayne, producer

    Lawrence Weingarten, producer

    Eric Weissmann, lawyer

    Gareth Wigan, studio executive, producer, agent

    Crane Wilbur, actor, writer

    Billy Wilder, director, writer, producer

    John Williams, composer

    Irwin Winkler, producer

    Robert Wise, director, producer, editor

    Natalie Wood, actress

    Stephen Woolley, producer

    Fay Wray, actress

    William Wyler, director, producer

    Frank Yablans, studio executive, producer

    Saul Zaentz, producer

    Steven Zaillian, writer, director, producer

    Richard Zanuck, studio executive, producer

    Robert Zemeckis, director, producer, writer

    Fred Zinnemann, director, producer

    Laura Ziskin, producer, studio executive

    Chapter 1

    Beginnings

    RIDGEWAY CALLOW: This is the true story of Hollywood. The most cruel, most despicable town in the world. Ruthless. Completely heartless.

    RICHARD SCHICKEL: . . . or at least that’s the way people like to picture it . . .

    STANLEY DONEN: . . . but it’s a myth . . .

    GEORGE CUKOR: . . . there are all sorts of stories . . . usually untrue . . .

    STANLEY DONEN: . . . because it was simply a group of people who kept working there in those pictures, going from one job to another . . .

    HOWARD STRICKLING: . . . everything done carefully, thoughtfully, and in real detail. Everybody working together. We got on the same page, film by film. It was a business made up of creative, intelligent, hardworking people all united around our product. Our films. Our mutual interests.

    RAOUL WALSH: Work. That’s the true story of Hollywood. But who wants to hear it? They’re looking for something else. Who took off whose panties behind the piano while the director shot the producer in the head? People want to know stuff like that, even if it isn’t true.

    BRONISLAU KAPER: Hollywood drew envy. All that money and power. People liked to ridicule Hollywood. Oh, that’s Hollywood. Everything is typical Hollywood. Oh, he’s going Hollywood. Nobody says He’s going San Francisco. No. He’s going Hollywood, where everyone really secretly wanted to go.

    GEORGE CUKOR: Hollywood throughout the years was always a real stop on the bus. People were very interested in everything that went on in Hollywood. It was rich. It was exciting. It had all the glamorous people. Everybody wanted to come to Hollywood. But when they got here, they found these glamorous people had to get up at six in the morning and work until seven at night. From that point of view, it was a little disappointing.

    FRANK CAPRA: Hollywood! What the hell good could come out of a Hollywood? Three thousand miles west of the Hudson River, where nothing west of the Hudson was any good anyhow? A little town way out in the west, a little bit of a dusty burg called Hollywood? Ah, but here film was being made, being sold, being canned, being shipped. We invented it. We created it . . . this enormous thing that has the tremendous power to move and influence. An art form and a business. Hollywood!

    VINCENT SHERMAN: What started out as a nickel-and-dime, honky-tonk business grew to be a great industry. It gave employment to many people doing all kinds of jobs, all of which had to be coordinated and put together. Some great films were turned out during this period. A town was created as a result of the picture business: Hollywood. I would say that the films that Hollywood made stood at the forefront of the entire world. Hollywood became a legend.

    ALLAN DWAN: In the beginning, of course, it wasn’t Hollywood. Films were being made all over the country: New York City, New Jersey, Florida, Chicago, St. Louis, Arizona and New Mexico, Oregon, San Francisco, and San Diego. Everywhere. And nobody knew they were going to work in the movies because there was no such thing, really, when they were born. Everybody originally planned to do some other thing to make a living.

    HAL MOHR: You couldn’t dream about being in a business that didn’t exist yet.

    TAY GARNETT: As a matter of fact, I don’t think it ever occurred to anybody that the movies would ever be a business.

    LEO MCCAREY: I planned to be a lawyer. I even practiced. I started out very young, and they mistook me for the office boy. I was a very poor lawyer. A discouraging factor in my legal career is that I lost every case. One day a client was chasing me down the street. I saw a friend of mine who called out, What are you doing, Leo? And I said, still running, Practicing law.

    RAOUL WALSH: I was an actor. I was terrible. Just terrible. It’s a wonder I wasn’t shot.

    CHARLES LEMAIRE: I was a song plugger. I was a soda jerk. I did all kinds of things.

    GERTRUDE ASTOR: I was kind of silly when I was young. I learned to play the trombone, first on a valve trombone and then on a slide trombone. And then I was told by everyone that ladies didn’t do that. Ladies didn’t play, you know, wind instruments, or they weren’t ladies.

    FRITZ LANG: I ran away from home when I was eighteen or nineteen. Anybody who wants to be somebody should run away from home. I wanted to be a painter, so I ran to Paris. I made a little money doing a stupid comedy act in a cabaret.

    HOOT GIBSON: I never had plans to be anything. I was born August 6, 1892, in a small town called Tekamah, Nebraska, on the eastern side of the Rosebud reservation. I was raised there. I went to school there through the seventh grade. I started riding my first horse when I was two and a half years old—well, my first pony. The country around Tekamah was made up of horses, cattle, and farming. I never took to farming very well, and cattle weren’t anything to me, but I was crazy about horses. I was always with the horses. That was my life. I just planned to live with horses and ride horses.

    FRED ZINNEMANN: Actually, I’m a disappointed musician.

    HOWARD HAWKS: I studied engineering in college . . . well, I didn’t like engineering. In my vacation from school time I drove race cars and I did a lot of flying.

    EDITH HEAD: Very simply, I lived in mining camps until I was ready to go to high school. I never went to grade school. I do not know the multiplication tables. I do not know the names of the capitals of the states. I know nothing that I should know. I had to tutor to get into high school, and then I went to California at Berkeley for four years and took my Master’s at Stanford. I majored in Romance languages, French and Spanish. I planned to be a language teacher.

    FRANK CAPRA: I went to Caltech to become an engineer. That was what I planned to be. It seemed to be dream enough.

    TAY GARNETT: I was a cartoonist.

    HARRY WARREN: I was always crazy about show business. I was a candy boy in the theater. I was an usher. I always wanted to be in show business. I don’t know why. Show business meant the theater, of course, not movies.

    ALLAN DWAN: I planned to be an electrical engineer. I’d studied for it, and graduated from the university and was busy at it long before I thought of moving pictures.

    HAL MOHR: You may wonder how I got into the picture business. Or how anyone got into the picture business. Well, there was no way of getting in. There was no American Film Institute or university courses or anything of that nature . . . even any literature of any kind that had information in it. It was a case of finding the business. Stumbling into it if you weren’t looking to be in it. Forcing your way in if you did. That was it.

    HENRY HATHAWAY: To think about being in movies, first you had to see a movie. My mother sang for illustrated slides in Sid Grauman’s first theater in San Francisco. If they had slides with river scenes and riverboats, for instance, she’d sing Down upon the Swanee River. Sometimes she went out on the road, and once she was in San Diego with some company and they went broke and she was on her own with no way to get home. That was in about 1908. She looked in the want ads and saw an ad for a motion picture company that was forming. She applied for the job and got it. It was working with Broncho Billy [Anderson] . . . he was making those westerns, so my mother was suddenly in the movies, and the first motion picture that I ever saw was down on what they called the Promenade in Long Beach. They had two theaters there. There was a concession on that you paid a nickel or a dime to go into, and there was a little platform that resembled the observation car on a train. And it had a fence, and you’re sitting on the chairs like on the rear end of a train . . . you know, on the back end they had an observation car where you could sit and look at the scenery. There were eight chairs, and you went into the little theater and sat in those chairs. You were facing a screen in front of you, about eight feet across. You kind of sat up close to it. From behind you they projected on the screen a train trip. So you’re sitting there on the observation train, and you’re seeing a shot they took of going through woods and going through trees and going through gullies and going through gaps. You’re sitting on the train watching what’s going away from you as you pass by. And they had the sound of clickety-clack. I don’t know how they got it, ’cause they didn’t have sound in those days, of course. That was the first motion picture I ever saw.

    HAL MOHR: The first movie I ever saw was a shot of a railroad train coming towards the camera and passing the camera. Now, I was twelve years old, and I’d had magic lanterns and all that sort of thing, and I was an inquisitive kid. I wanted to know how everything worked. So when I saw this magic lantern on the screen and saw the train actually coming by with smoke coming out of the smokestack and everything, that was a miracle to me. I had no idea how it was done. So that became the aim of my life, to find out how that picture was made to move. It’s been the aim of my life ever since. . . .

    So I got a part-time job, and the first man I ever worked for in San Francisco was [producer] Sol Lesser. Sol had a little junk film exchange, and I went to work for him. I wanted to find out what made these pictures move, so it was a natural course to go to the source. I got a job as a film inspector. When the film would come back from the theaters, we would rewind the reels by hand on rewinds and run the film through our fingers, feeling the sprocket holes on the edges, and if there was a crack in the sprocket hole, we’d stop and cement a little piece of celluloid on the sprocket hole so the film wouldn’t tear. I would go through fifty or sixty reels of film in the course of a day, winding this through my fingers and making splices.

    I worked as an editor—we called them film cutters. I did that for about a year, and I was still just a kid. I did a lot of photography whenever I could. I started learning all aspects of filmmaking. When a guy I worked for came down here to Los Angeles and went to work for Universal, I wandered down here, too. It was just about that time that the company was moving from Gower Street in Hollywood out to what is now Universal City. Universal became my home studio for many, many years. I was here for the opening of Universal Studios, which was in the winter of 1914–1915. No, maybe 1915–1916. No, it was 1914–1915.

    LEO MCCAREY: A friend of mine was an actor in pictures early on. I’d met him playing golf. I asked him how you could break into the movies. I’d take any kind of a job, I told him. So he got me a job keeping the script. I was a script girl and didn’t even know it! At the end of the picture, they were measuring me for jodhpurs!

    MARGARET BOOTH: Well, my brother was an actor on the Broadway stage, and he came out here to be in pictures and he was only here three months when he was killed. My mother and I were left alone. I was just sixteen years old. They said at the studio that they would help us out during the summer by giving me a job in their lab. I went there to work because I had to. It was Griffith Studio on Sunset and Franklin. [D. W.] Griffith worked there, Mary Pickford worked there, Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., worked there. I was learning to cut negative, and I used to look out and see all these people. I loved it so much that I never wanted to go to college or anything.

    RAOUL WALSH: I was trying to make a living as an actor. I dropped into an agency one time run by a fellow by the name of Bill Gregory. He wasn’t there, but his secretary was, and she said, rather hesitant, Mr. Walsh, would you consider a job in moving pictures? You see, in those days, stage actors never went near moving pictures. They wanted no part of it. But I had nothing else going on, so I said yes. Can you ride a horse? she asked. I said, That’s my middle name.

    GERTRUDE ASTOR: I was from Ohio. That was my home. I came out here because of sort of a bad left lung. I was sent here to get well, and it was so wonderful, so warm and nice out here all the time, you know, that I got slowly better and beat all that and everything, and then I didn’t want to go back. I wanted to stay here. In those days, Los Angeles—the whole area—was so beautiful, like a garden. So somebody took me for the first time to a picture studio, and it was in an old barn off Vine Street there in Hollywood. It was Universal. And it just looked like an old horse shed or something. The way you opened the door—there was a piece of old rope hanging there, and you pulled on that rope and stepped into the place, and then you went down into where they were shooting. They were making silent pictures, but boy, was it noisy in there! I thought it looked like a great lot of fun. I just figured the thing for me to do was stay here and do that myself, you know? Have all that fun. I didn’t know if there was a future in it or anything, but I was young enough that I could handle myself and do what I had to do. I got in with people who knew the works already, and I started to work extra. I worked with Griffith’s group in The Scarlet Letter. . . . I worked a day on that, and I got five dollars. Gee, for five dollars you could live swell out here then.

    PANDRO BERMAN: My father was sent to Kansas City, Missouri, as the branch manager of the old Metro Film Corporation long before MGM was ever heard of. I used to go around with my father to visit small neighborhood theaters at night when he used to sell film. Then he went to work for the World Film Corporation in 1916 as manager of the New York office, but before very long he was promoted to be general manager of sales for the entire United States, and that was when his career actually got underway.

    I remember quite clearly that my father organized and conducted the first junket that I think ever happened in the film business. He brought the censors from the various film-censoring departments of the various states, which at the time were numerous, to California at the expense of Universal to see one of those Erich von Stroheim pictures, which was considered at that time to be slightly dangerous censorwise. Somehow or other, he got them, as the result of this junket, to be more lenient in their attitude in the various states. He was a great salesman—a quality, incidentally, which I inherited none of. All of my relatives in the business used to sing the same song to me: "Never become a film salesman. If you ever want to work in this business, learn to make pictures, because that is the only place you will ever get any money." So naturally I had my eyes set on that. I immediately persuaded my father to forgo any college plans that he had for me, which included the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, and permit me to come to California at the age of eighteen in 1923, where he arranged for me to get a job at $25 a week as a flunky or third assistant director. And the first job I ever had, I worked for a director called Mal St. Clair.

    LEWIS MILESTONE: It was the war—World War I, that is—that brought me into the army, and I worked with the Signal Corps, and we had a motion picture lab there, and that’s where I started, really. By accident. That’s where I was introduced to films. Because we were making all sorts of pictures, you know, for the soldiers. On how to keep your teeth clean and all that business that the army gives you. . . . I assisted a great cameraman by the name of Lucien Andriot. Everybody in our outfit was from California. . . . I came out of the war in 1919 and went to California, and I got into this business. . . . It was a new business: the motion picture industry.

    FRANK CAPRA: I fulfilled my dream and graduated from Caltech as a chemical engineer, but when I came back to California after World War I, I couldn’t get a job in my field. I just couldn’t get a job anyplace, but I needed to work, so I got a job in show business as a gagman. For three years I had to write funny stuff for stand-up comics. A gag was something you had to think up, and in many cases you had to think up stuff to pantomime. That was harder than being funny with words, you see, because you didn’t have the words to help you. So I was thinking in humorous ways before I got to silent films. I was saving the money they paid me because I had in mind going back to Caltech and getting my doctorate in physics. Then I was offered an opportunity in the movies, and the money was better, and I thought, Well, if they wanted to pay me for those silly little things I was going to do . . . well, fine. I said to myself, This is crazy. A graduate of Caltech who’s never seen the inside of a studio, who’s never been backstage, is making films for people? That’s crazy. It doesn’t make sense. Science, yes. But films? It was one of the reasons I got what I wanted, because I could be arrogant. This wasn’t to be my career. I didn’t have to kiss anybody’s ass. I didn’t care. If they wanted to pay me for the crap I was doing, they must be nuts, but I didn’t care.

    GEORGE FOLSEY: Like most people in those days, I got into the picture business quite by accident. I was an office boy in a magazine company housed in the Flatiron Building in New York . . . 23rd Street and Fifth Avenue. There was a number of boys there who had jobs similar to mine, and I looked around and figured that I didn’t have the education to compete with them and I didn’t know how I was going to get it. I thought I’d better get out of there, because I had to get a better job. So I quit and went to an agency that sent me up to a place called the Famous Players Film Company. I had no idea what it was. The man said I could go to work, but I had to start that afternoon. Being a kid, I had wanted the afternoon off, but I said I’d stay. I worked until six o’clock and then went home. The next morning I got to work at a quarter to eight. The office, which had been absolutely devoid of people yesterday, was now getting rapidly filled with lots of people. In among them came Mary Pickford, Marguerite Clark, Harold Lockwood, Pauline Frederick, Hazel Dawn. These were all people I recognized, and I was enthralled. I always remember Justine Johnstone. She was a Follies girl and is now a biochemist . . . which is a hell of a switch.

    After a while, I started looking around to see which way I might be able to make steps. At that time, there were no assistant cameramen, at least not in New York. Ed Porter, who photographed The Great Train Robbery, was there. He was also part owner of the Famous Players Film Company, and he was a pretty busy guy. He had to load his own magazines, and he’d have to cut the film and sometimes develop it, and that plus all his administrative duties . . . he needed help to load the magazines and bring them out to him and unload the other ones and put them in cans. I saw a great opportunity in that.

    WALTER PLUNKETT: After I graduated from the University of California at Berkeley and I had told my dad being a lawyer was not for me, he nicely gave me a ticket to New York and sent me there. During college I was part of a little theater group. I acted, but I wasn’t a very good actor. In New York, I played a couple of small parts. In college, I had an interest in artwork, so I had become the art director for my little theater group, doing scenery and costumes. So I eked out a living by doing some costume designs for dancers and singers that I had met. Since things weren’t working out in New York, I came back to Hollywood in 1925. I worked extra in quite a few pictures, and I again added to that by doing some commercial art, little brochures and things for shops that were around in Hollywood, and a few costumes again for dancers and whoever might want something.

    Then in 1926, a designer I knew socially called me and said they had asked him to come over and possibly to organize a wardrobe department at the FBO [the film booking and distribution company that was acquired by Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., in 1926], but they didn’t want to pay anything like his money. He suggested that they talk to me, so they called me and I made the appointment and went over, and they gave me the job. I think it was $75 a week, and I thought it was a tremendous amount of money at that time. It was so great to be working every day and guaranteed months ahead of time. In college, I had taken a course in the history of costume because I thought it might be of interest to me as an actor. If I should ever develop into a director or producer, it would be nice to know. So I felt I could do the job.

    PAUL IVANO: After I got gassed on the front in World War I in 1918 and I came out of the hospital, they wanted to give me an honorable discharge. I said, Why? The war isn’t over. Isn’t there something else I could do? They said, Do you know anything about photography? I said, Well, I’ve taken pictures since I was eight years old. My father was a surgeon and a doctor and a very good amateur photographer, and I used to play around with him. And so they put me in the photographic service of the American Signal Corps in Paris, where I met a lot of Hollywood people. I wound up with a guy who was supposed to be a motion picture cameraman, but he didn’t know anything about it. So I asked him, Where did you shoot pictures? And he said, Don’t tell anybody. I wasn’t a cameraman. I was a projectionist in Chicago. I said, Well, this is different. Go sit down, and I’ll shoot the stuff. I had never shot any motion pictures in my life, but I shot them. After all, it’s just photography. The next day the developing sergeant, who was in charge of the lab, said, Who shot this stuff? I told him the other guy, but he said, No, this stuff is too good. When I admitted I did it, he just said, From now on, you’re the motion picture cameraman. That’s how I started.

    HENRY BLANKE: My father was a very famous German painter, Wilhelm Blanke, and one day, Paul Davidson, the president of the UFA [the German film production company], called up our secretary and says, We want Mr. Blanke to do a poster. My mother said, My husband doesn’t do posters, but they kept on calling, calling, calling and Davidson says, I would like to come out and see Mr. Blanke. I own forty paintings by him myself. We are doing a religious subject which he would be marvelous for. So they came out. They had coffee. And my father said he would make a little poster sketch, and Davidson felt obliged to say to me, If you ever want to work in motion pictures, please come and see me. That was the end of it.

    After half a year—I was studying music and art right after the war, which Germany had lost—I went to Davidson, and I said, You told me that if I want a job, I can have it, and I got the job. Then he said, What do you want to do? I said, I only want to work with one man, Ernst Lubitsch. He says, "Lubitsch is now making The Mountain Cat in Bavaria. When he comes back, I’ll get you together. In the meantime, you can work here with So-and-So and So-and-So." So this was the very beginning. I worked myself up the ladder. I carried coffee and did everything for everybody.

    Then I read in the paper that Paul Davidson and Ernst Lubitsch had left UFA and had joined the European Film Alliance to make pictures. So I went to the EFA studio, where Lubitsch was now starting The Wife of Pharaoh, and I went to Davidson. He says, What are you doing here? You are under contract with the other studio. I said, I quit. And he took me by the arm, took me downstairs into the studio where Lubitsch was working, and he told Lubitsch the whole story. And Lubitsch says, Come with me. And I was with him there from that day on. And after a few pictures, The Wife of Pharaoh and The Flame, Lubitsch asked me, Would you like to go to America? And I said, Yes. And I had to ask my parents because I was underage, and they said, Go ahead. God bless you. And that’s how I arrived in 1922, in December, in America, when I had just turned twenty-one years old.

    HOOT GIBSON: I got a job at the Owl Drug Company. I delivered things, riding a bicycle. That is where I got the name of Hoot. It came from Owl. The boys started calling me Hoot Owl, and then it got down to Hoot, and Hoot has been with me ever since.

    I enlisted in the Tank Corps in World War I. I decided I wanted to do anything but walk, so I wanted to ride one of those iron horses. So I enlisted in the Tank Corps, and I never walked so many miles in my life. I came out of the Tank Corps as a sergeant in 1919.

    I went right out to Universal, where I had done stunt riding before the war. I got a part in a picture—a two-reeler—with Breezy Eason directing. I had a juvenile part in this picture, and it was bigger than the lead. Carl Laemmle [founder of Universal Pictures] saw the picture, and he wanted to know who that guy was. Somebody told him that I had been there with Harry Carey before and played a couple of parts that Harry Carey had given me—first man that had ever given me a part—and Laemmle said, Well, give him a lead.

    That’s the way I got started in two-reel westerns at Universal in 1919. I made over forty westerns in 1919 and part of 1920—altogether they ran about sixty westerns, and I directed and played in the lead in about thirty of them. Then I was graduated into full-length features, with Jack Ford—who is now John Ford, but we always called him Jack—as my first director. From then on I made eight pictures a year at Universal, up through and including 1930.

    HOWARD HAWKS: I got a job as a propman during the summers. I kept hanging around. I wrote titles for pictures over at Famous Players. They wanted to make forty pictures, and they asked me to find forty stories. I said, If you’ve got some money, I can find forty stories. So I bought two Zane Greys, two Rex Beaches, two Jack Londons, two Joseph Conrads. It was easy. You had the choice of everything. And I bought forty stories, and we made them, and they made more money than that company had ever made before. Then I went over to Metro, and I had charge of seventy writers. Then I got bored with that. Why work for twenty directors, each making about three pictures a year, when I could just go out and work on one for myself? So I quit. I went out to play golf, and I ran into the head of Fox and he said, What are you doing? and I said, Playing golf. He said, "No, I mean what are you doing? and I said, Playing golf. He said, Well, aren’t you working? and I said, No, and he said, Do you want to work for Fox? I said, I don’t want to do that. . . . I meant just do what I have been doing. I want to direct. So he said, Well, bring in any story you want to do." I tried a very dramatic, downbeat kind of story, Road to Glory, and made the film. He said, You showed you could direct, but for Christ’s sake make a picture people want to look at. So I did a comedy story called Fig Leaves, and it got its cost back in one theater alone. And I always remembered what he said to me . . . make a picture people want to look at.

    EDITH HEAD: Schoolteachers at that time only worked nine months a year. I answered an ad in the paper for a designer to work on a [Cecil B.] DeMille picture during the summer. And I think about twelve of us answered. And all twelve of us got hired. We sat in rows. I think the picture was called The Golden Bed with Leatrice Joy. And I know we all sat in little rows with little pads in front of us and were told to design. We were all given the same thing to do. It was like an elimination contest. All of you draw riding habits today, and the next day all of you draw something else. One by one we dropped by the wayside, and finally there were only two or three of us left.

    I had walked in with a portfolio that wasn’t any of my own. Years and years and years and years ago, to be a sketch artist you had to have a portfolio showing that you could do men, women, children, and period. And at that moment I was studying seascape. And all I could draw was oceans. I needed a portfolio, so I asked everybody in my class for a few sketches on costume designing. And I had the most fantastic assortment you’ve ever seen in your life. When you get a class of forty to give you sketches. . . . I took the sketches in and showed them, and they said, I have never seen such amazing talent in one person.

    You know, when you are very young, you have no sense of morality, I guess, or what you should do. I thought it was rather amusing to get this big portfolio. It never occurred to me it was quite dishonest. And all the students thought it was fun, too, just like a dare, to see if they could help me get the job.

    KARL STRUSS: I went into the Air Corps service in World War I, in the aerial photography division. When I got out, I came right out to California because I heard of this motion picture company that was over at Elbow Beach. So I went over there. You could get a job, I was told.

    The West Coast moviemaking had hardly started then, but in those days, they had two directors of photography. They were called cameramen. One would shoot the American negative and the other the foreign negative. You see, they had two separate negatives, so that the foreign negative was complete in itself and the American negative was complete in itself. And when the picture was cut, the two matched. Those were the two camera jobs. The cameras would be running simultaneously, set out side by side, so they needed two men, but they said to me, You haven’t made any motion pictures, so how can we put you on as a cameraman? So just to get into the business, I started with Cecil B. DeMille, shooting still pictures. Eight by tens. If the only way to get in was to shoot stills, why, I’d shoot stills. They shot stills instead of taking frame enlargements because the movie frames were so small that the enlargement to eight by ten showed considerable grain. When a scene was over, usually before they made a new set-up, the still man would come in with his camera and set his camera in approximately the same place to encompass the same view that they had in the longer shot. And then move in closer. And with Mr. DeMille, after I had set it up, before I would shoot it, he would always check it himself. He’d see the negative upside down on the ground glass. He was used to that. These stills were used for advertising purposes. And we would take hundreds of them. For each set-up, we’d take about four exposures, and there’d be variations: moving in closer, four people in the scene, then three, then two, and so on. We would photograph the high points of the scene. Since there was no dialogue, we could sort of reconstruct the movie by making it look like the movie itself. Yes, I became a still photographer so I could become a moving picture cinematographer. You could move around in jobs back then.

    MERVYN LEROY: I was a lousy entertainer in vaudeville. I was in vaudeville for a long time, but my partner’s father passed away and we had to break up the act. I was stuck in New York, and I was broke. My cousin was Jesse Lasky, so I went up and asked him for a job. He didn’t want any relatives working in his studio, so he said, Look, I’ll loan you some money. I wanted to get back to California and I had only about five dollars in my pocket, so he loaned me train fare and gave me a letter of reference. I went to the Lasky studio, and I thought I was going to be the head of it right away, you know. I walked in and gave them the letter, and they gave me a job folding wardrobe in the wardrobe department. I couldn’t stand the stink of mothballs! I was folding North and South uniforms for a picture called Secret Service with Robert Warwick, who was a big star in those days. It was a Civil War picture. A man named Hugh Ford directed it. All those uniforms from the Western Costume Company—stinking of mothballs. I got out of that and went into the laboratory. At least it didn’t stink in there. Well, it was all new. It was really something. Lots of jobs.

    HENRY HATHAWAY: I had a choice when I was young. I was kind of a good-looking kid, and I had a choice of being in front of the screen or behind the screen. Because of my knowledge of the way actors lived—including my own folks, kind of a nutty, goddamn life—I decided I’d go behind the camera. From the time I started, the ultimate goal for me was to become a director. Anybody who’s working in pictures, I don’t care whether you say it out loud or not, wants to be a director. The actors all think, When I’m washed up in this, I can be a director. The writer says, If I write a good script, I’ll direct it myself. It’s not like that so much now because the unions make it so goddamn difficult, so it’s almost impossible, but in those days you could go from being a propman to being a director. It didn’t make a goddamn bit of difference. Doors were open. It was new. Things weren’t locked down. You could just decide to be a director.

    RAOUL WALSH: I worked for a director—I can’t think of his name—and I was playing Paul Revere because I could ride a horse. Well, he set up his camera and told me to come tearing down the street. Come down the street as fast as you can. Stay in the middle there so we can see you. So I went up there and came tearing down, and after I got off the horse and looked, I had been riding between two trolley tracks. So I told him, They didn’t have any trolley tracks back then. He said, Who the hell is directing this picture, you or me? I decided right then I’d become a director . . . and I knew I could become a director. If he could do it, I could do it.

    GEORGE FOLSEY: It was a new business. Open, if you dared to try things, had confidence. One day, you haven’t got a job. Then, boom! You got a job.

    MINTA DURFEE: At Mack Sennett’s studio, we had a big sign out front: GET IN AND GET WORK. And people just flocked to work. They needed money or wanted something to do. People just walked in. You’d get in and get work. And all of a sudden, you were in the movies!

    ALLAN DWAN: This business was strange in the early days. Loose. Everybody was getting into it. It was open to anyone. It was growing fast, and money was to be made. Everyone jumped in or fell into it. All kinds of companies emerged with all kinds of names for them. You look back, you’ll see hundreds of them: The American Company. Universal. The Flying A. Essanay. Biograph. World Film Company. Zelig. And many, many others. Corporations were formed. Here’s how you became a corporation back then: you sat down at a table and you got a lawyer and you applied for a corporation and suddenly you were a corporation. So you told a reporter, We’re now incorporated. We’re called the Jazwatz Film Company. And you haven’t done anything except sit at a table and say, We’re a corporation. The same corporation could have four different names before they settled down to one. The American Film Company was started in 1910 or 1911—how can you prove which?—but they just started up, and before they were incorporated they didn’t even have a name. They had nothing, so they went over to a building and took a floor of a building where probably some other fellow had moved out because he didn’t have any money. They moved in. It was just some desks and a few offices. No laboratory. No studio. No lights. They didn’t own anything—they didn’t even own a camera. And then they had to go out and find—rent or find—a camera ’cause that was the hardest thing in the world to find. You couldn’t go into business unless you had one. Then they would hire a director from some theater stock company. They’d say, Well, he’s a director. He’s directing those things. So he can direct pictures. And they told him, Make some pictures. We want some western pictures, so go out west and make ’em. I was part of a deal like that. We went to Tucson, not California.

    The beginning of the movies is a confusing period. All sorts of things went on. Everybody made movies everywhere. People say it was the year-round sunny weather that brought the business finally to Hollywood. There’s all kinds of stories about that.

    CHARLTON HESTON: DeMille always told the story that he and his group headed west to find yearlong sunshine, heading for Arizona to make a western. When their train got to Flagstaff, it was pissing down rain. I mean, really a downpour. And DeMille got off the train, looked around, and said, This isn’t the weather they promised us. Let’s get back on the train and keep going. So according to DeMille, if it hadn’t been raining in Flagstaff, Hollywood would now be Flagstaff.

    HENRY BLANKE: Why did the film industry begin in Hollywood? Because there was eternal sun here. The lenses were slow. The film was slow. Everything was slow, and you needed sun. Sun. Plenty of it.

    ALLAN DWAN: People always say everyone came out here because of the weather, but I think it was more because of the patent wars that brought everyone as far away from the East as possible. And California was the end of the line. The patents companies made it tough for picture companies for a while during the very early years, as tough as they could. It was all complicated—big companies banding together to prevent smaller companies buying stock, restricting free trade. And they actually held certain patents on the camera. I believe the idea of prongs pulling a perforated film through a camera was a patent. But that’s just a patent within the camera. The use of the camera was not patented. You could buy the camera and use it. Kodak has a lot of patents, but you can go down to a store and buy a Kodak and use it. So it was the use of it that they tried to stop. Not the fact that the camera was a patent—they didn’t own the camera. It was ridiculous to think that the use of a camera could be patented—just like patenting an automobile and not letting anybody else drive it because you have the patent of putting your feet on the pedal. It was as stupid as that. But what we were all suffering from was their hired gangsters that were trying to put us out of business. So we had to go to war with them. The patents war. It’s almost impossible to remember it. But if you lived through it, you can recall that there was something unpleasant going on and that was it. In the end it drove filmmakers west, to California, where there was also better weather for more days of the year.

    JEANINE BASINGER: The patent wars were like a gangster movie. When the business first got going—in the late 1800s and early 1900s—nobody paid any attention to machine patents.

    SAM WASSON: They just copied any piece of machinery they came across that they could use to make some money . . .

    JEANINE BASINGER: . . . and it wasn’t just the machinery, but also the creative product itself. There were no copyright protection laws. People pirated movies, stole equipment, threatened each other. It was a mess. Pioneers of the business like DeMille, Walsh, Griffith, and Dwan were working early enough to have vivid memories of these so-called patent wars.

    SAM WASSON: Thomas Edison started serving legal writs as early as 1897, claiming he owned all the rights to the motion picture. He had private detectives going all around the country looking for people shooting films! He’d slap legal papers on them.

    JEANINE BASINGER: A movie maker had to be ready to pull up stakes and run! The patent wars are a complicated story—but very colorful. In 1908, after months of negotiations, the two biggest companies, Edison and Biograph, former enemies, got together and became The Motion Picture Patents Company. These big guys licensed successful smaller companies to legally make films: Vitagraph, Essanay, Lubin, Selig, Kalem, Kleine, and Méliès and Pathé. It was an attempt for MPPC to own it all. By 1912, this controlling and threatening company was weakening, and in 1917, it was dissolved by court order. The motion picture game was afoot! And it was anybody’s game.

    ALLAN DWAN: I started directing early. I know I directed in 1909. I know that for sure. When I say 1909, it could have been down to almost Christmastime. In California, you don’t remember—there’s no snow, so we don’t remember there’s a winter. It all rolled rather fast. Things moved quickly then.

    The first picture that I put together I did sort of with my tongue in my cheek. My attitude toward the whole thing was rather light. We kept it fluffy and never took ourselves too seriously. So I thought up a pretty good rough title—Rattlesnakes and Gunpowder—what else? I prepared to make it in San Juan Capistrano, but because of the proximity to the railroad and the convenience for those patents company men to get at us, I decided to go someplace a little more remote, where we could protect ourselves. And someone steered me to Lakeside, which is above La Mesa and where there was a pretty good hotel and lots of nice background. And I moved them all up there. It was just a matter of getting in our buggies and on the horses and going up there. So we went to Lakeside, and I finished Rattlesnakes and Gunpowder. And then I settled down to a series. We would work Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday shooting pictures and make two pictures. Then on Thursday and Friday I’d develop and cut them and take Saturday and Sunday off—go down to San Diego or down to Los Angeles for the weekend. I made pictures so fast and so many of them! I wouldn’t ship them until I had maybe six finished.

    GEORGE FOLSEY: We all worked our fannies off in those days.

    ALLAN DWAN: In the beginning, we had to do it all. We had to cut it. We had to look at it. We had to decide everything and make every move. Later on, they had so many executives around doing it that we just stepped back and did our end of it, which was to go out and direct it and turn it in. If they liked it, fine. If they didn’t, they said so, and we did it again or whatever way they wanted it.

    PANDRO BERMAN: In that period, there wasn’t too much artistic effort in too many pictures. Mostly it was a grind operation.

    GEORGE FOLSEY: One time I worked two pictures at the same time, one in the daytime and the retakes on the other at night. I worked for seven solid weeks without a day off, night and day. I don’t know how I did it except that I was very young and strong, but I want to tell you I’d never do that again. It was too much.

    HAL MOHR: In those days, when you made a picture, there was no designation of responsibilities. I mean, four or five people would get together and take the script, break it down and talk it out, have story conferences, discuss the thing and make decisions. All of us together. And women, too. Universal sent me out with Ruth Stonehouse. They sent me out with Ruth to be her cutter and to keep her straight on the filming techniques. I was sent out that way with men, too, because I had done directing, photographing, and cutting. I could help. You know, there were women directors then. Besides Ruthie, there were other women directors: Ida May Park, Lois Weber.

    ARTHUR KNIGHT: Film history has shown us that in the silent era, women wrote, directed, produced, acted, starred, did stunts, whatever. But slowly, women disappeared out of the top ranks, both in front of the camera and behind it.

    MITCHELL LEISEN: I was friends with Lois Weber, one of the great women directors of that time.

    GERTRUDE ASTOR: Lois Weber was at Universal when I was there. She was very nice, very sweet, very talented. Her husband used to kind of help her, but she pushed him aside.

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