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    Ian Talks Hacking A-Z
    Ian Talks Hacking A-Z
    Ian Talks Hacking A-Z
    Ebook371 pages4 hours

    Ian Talks Hacking A-Z

    By Ian Eress

    ()

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    About this ebook

    Unlock the mysteries of hacking with this guide to the key concepts and definitions. From hackers and exploits to cryptography and viruses, this book provides a clear and accessible reference to the field of computer security. Written for beginners, it is the perfect resource for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of this rapidly evolving field. With clear explanations, this book is your go-to reference for all things computer security.

     

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherIan Eress
    Release dateFeb 1, 2023
    ISBN9798215896389
    Ian Talks Hacking A-Z
    Author

    Ian Eress

    Born in the seventies. Average height. Black hair. Sometimes shaves. Black eyes. Nearsighted. Urban. MSc. vim > Emacs. Mac.

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      Book preview

      Ian Talks Hacking A-Z - Ian Eress

      Ian Talks Hacking A-Z

      Ian Eress

      Published by Ian Eress, 2023.

      While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

      IAN TALKS HACKING A-Z

      First edition. February 1, 2023.

      Copyright © 2023 Ian Eress.

      ISBN: 979-8215896389

      Written by Ian Eress.

      Table of Contents

      A

      B

      C

      D

      E

      F

      G

      H

      I

      J

      K

      L

      M

      N

      O

      P

      Q

      R

      S

      T

      U

      V

      W

      X

      Y

      Z

      INDEX

      For Caitlyn

      A

      Acceptable use policy: An acceptable use policy (AUP) is a set of rules and guidelines that dictate how computer systems, networks, and other resources should be used by employees, customers, or other parties. It is a document that outlines the acceptable behaviors and responsibilities of users when accessing a company's computer systems and networks. AUPs often include rules regarding the use of company resources, such as email, internet access, and software, as well as guidelines for maintaining the security and integrity of company data and systems. They also often prohibit activities such as hacking, phishing, and distributing malware. AUPs are an important part of an overall computer security strategy, as they help to ensure that users understand and comply with security policies and procedures.

      Access control: Access control is a security technique that regulates who or what is allowed to access a computer system, network or an application and the actions they can perform. This is achieved by defining and enforcing rules and policies that limit and monitor access to resources, such as data, software, and hardware.

      There are different types of access control models that can be used to secure a system:

      Discretionary Access Control (DAC) - the owner or administrator of the resource decides who can access it and what actions they are allowed to perform.

      Mandatory Access Control (MAC) - access to resources is determined by security labels assigned to the resource and the user, and is based on predefined security policies.

      Role-based Access Control (RBAC) - users are assigned roles, and access is granted based on the role and the resources they are authorized to access.

      Rule-based Access Control (RBAC) - access is granted based on predefined rules and conditions.

      Attribute-based Access Control (ABAC) - access is granted based on attributes of the user, resource, and request.

      Access control is a critical element of computer security, as it helps to prevent unauthorized access and protects sensitive information from being compromised. It also ensures that only authorized users can perform specific actions on a system, which is important for maintaining the integrity and availability of data and systems.

      Access Control Lists (ACLs): Access Control Lists (ACLs) are a type of access control mechanism used to restrict access to network resources, such as routers, switches, and servers. An ACL is a list of permissions that specify which users or groups are allowed to access a specific resource and what actions they are permitted to perform.

      ACLs can be applied to network protocols such as TCP/IP, and they use a combination of IP addresses, ports, and protocols to control access. They are typically used to filter incoming and outgoing traffic on a network, by allowing or denying access based on the source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols.

      ACLs can be applied to various types of network devices such as routers, switches, firewalls, and servers. They can be applied to the interfaces of these devices, and can be used to filter traffic based on the source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols.

      ACLs are generally managed and configured by network administrators, and they are an important part of securing a network. They can be used to secure the network by blocking unwanted traffic, and by allowing only authorized traffic to pass through. They can also be used to enforce security policies and to implement security measures such as intrusion detection and prevention.

      Access control matrix: An access control matrix (ACM) is a data structure used to define and enforce access control policies in a computer system. It is a table that lists all the subjects (users or processes) and objects (resources such as files, folders, and devices) in a system, and the permissions assigned to each subject for each object.

      Each row of the matrix represents a subject, and each column represents an object. The cells in the matrix contain the permissions (such as read, write, execute) assigned to the subject for the object.

      An access control matrix can be implemented in various ways. One common approach is to use a bit vector to represent the permissions for each subject-object pair. Another approach is to use a table that lists the subjects, objects, and permissions in rows.

      An access control matrix is a powerful tool for managing access control in a computer system, as it allows for fine-grained control over access to resources. It is also flexible, as new subjects and objects can be added to the matrix as needed, and permissions can be assigned to specific users or groups of users.

      An Access Control Matrix (ACM) is commonly used in Discretionary Access Control (DAC) and Role-based Access Control (RBAC) models. It is a simple and effective way to manage access control, but it can become complex and difficult to manage when the number of subjects and objects in the system increases.

      Access level: An access level in computer security refers to the level of privilege or permission that a user or process has to access a system, network or an application. Access levels determine the types of actions that a user or process can perform on a system, such as reading, writing, or executing certain files or commands.

      There are typically three basic levels of access:

      User level access: This is the least privileged level of access, and is typically granted to regular users of the system. Users with this level of access can perform basic tasks, such as reading and writing files and running applications.

      Administrator level access: This is a higher level of access, and is typically granted to system administrators or other privileged users. Users with this level of access can perform more advanced tasks, such as installing and configuring software, managing system settings, and monitoring system performance.

      Root level access: This is the highest level of access, and is typically granted to the superuser or root account. Users with this level of access have complete control over the system, and can perform any task, including modifying the system's kernel, creating new users, and installing new software.

      Access levels are an important aspect of computer security, as they help to prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive information from being compromised. They also ensure that only authorized users can perform specific actions on a system, which is important for maintaining the integrity and availability of data and systems.

      Access management: Access management in computer security refers to the process of controlling who can access a system, network, or application, and what actions they can perform. This includes determining who is authorized to access a system, as well as managing the permissions, roles, and access levels of users and processes.

      Access management involves a variety of tasks, such as creating and managing user accounts, setting up access controls, and monitoring for suspicious activity. It also includes processes for granting or revoking access, as well as for managing and updating access control policies.

      One of the main goals of access management is to ensure that only authorized users can access a system and perform specific actions, while preventing unauthorized access and protecting sensitive information from being compromised. This is accomplished through the use of various access control methods, such as user authentication, access control lists, and access control matrices.

      Access management is an ongoing process, as it involves continuously monitoring and updating access controls to ensure that they continue to meet the security needs of the organization. It also requires regular audits and evaluations to identify and address any vulnerabilities or weaknesses in the access controls.

      Access rights: Access rights in computer security refer to the permissions or privileges that a user or process has to access and perform certain actions on a system, network, or application. Access rights determine what a user or process is able to do, such as reading, writing, or executing certain files or commands.

      Access rights can be assigned to individual users or groups of users, and can vary depending on the specific system or application being used. For example, a user might have read-only access to a specific file or folder, while another user might have full access to edit and delete the same file or folder.

      There are generally two types of access rights:

      Discretionary access rights: These are rights that are assigned by the system administrator or other privileged user, and can be easily modified or revoked as needed. These rights are usually assigned based on a user's role or job function within the organization.

      Mandatory access rights: These are rights that are assigned by the system itself, based on predefined security policies. These rights are typically more restrictive than discretionary access rights and are not easily modified or revoked.

      Access rights play an important role in computer security, as they help to prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive information from being compromised. They also ensure that only authorized users can perform specific actions on a system, which is important for maintaining the integrity and availability of data and systems.

      Accountability: Accountability in computer security refers to the concept of being able to identify and attribute actions or events on a computer system to specific individuals or entities. This is important for maintaining the integrity and security of data and systems, as well as for identifying and addressing any security breaches or other incidents.

      Accountability in computer security is implemented through a variety of methods, such as:

      User authentication: This is the process of verifying the identity of a user before allowing them access to a system or network. Authentication methods can include using passwords, biometrics, or other forms of identification.

      Auditing and logging: This is the process of tracking and recording specific events and actions on a system, such as login attempts, file access, or system configuration changes. These logs can be used to identify any suspicious or unauthorized activity and to trace it back to the individual responsible.

      Non-repudiation: This is the concept of ensuring that an individual or entity cannot deny having performed a specific action on a system. This can be accomplished through the use of digital signatures or other forms of evidence that can be used to prove that a specific action was taken.

      Accountability is an important aspect of computer security, as it allows organizations to identify and respond to security breaches and other incidents in a timely manner. It also helps to ensure that individuals are held responsible for their actions on a computer system, which can help to deter malicious or unauthorized activities.

      Adrozek: Adrozek is a malicious browser extension that has been found to target various web browsers, including Chrome, Edge, and Firefox, by injecting rogue ads and manipulating search results. It has been reported to be distributed via malvertising campaigns and software bundling, which is the practice of distributing a software package with additional unwanted software.

      Adrozek is a form of adware, which is a type of malicious software that displays unwanted ads on a user's computer. This malware can change the default search engine and homepage of the infected browser, and redirect the user to unwanted websites. The malware also can collect information from the infected computer, such as browsing history, search queries, and login credentials.

      Once installed, Adrozek can be hard to remove and can persist even after a browser is uninstalled or reinstalled. It is recommended to use a reputable anti-malware or antivirus program to scan and remove the malware, as well as to remove the malicious browser extension manually.

      Adversarial machine learning: Adversarial machine learning (AML) is a field of study that focuses on understanding and defending against malicious attacks on machine learning (ML) models and systems.

      In AML, the attacker's goal is to manipulate the input data or the model parameters in such a way that the ML model will make incorrect predictions, while the defender's goal is to develop techniques to detect and defend against such attacks. This can include techniques such as input validation, model hardening, and adversarial training.

      Adversarial attacks on ML models can take many forms, including:

      Poisoning attacks: These involve adding malicious data to the training set in order to manipulate the model's behavior.

      Evasion attacks: These involve manipulating the input data in order to cause the model to make incorrect predictions.

      Model stealing: This type of attack is when the attacker can access the model's parameters and use it for their own purposes.

      Backdoor attacks: This type of attack is when the attacker injects a backdoor into the model that allows them to control its behavior under certain conditions.

      These attacks can have serious consequences, such as misdiagnosis in medical imaging, incorrect financial fraud detection, and so on. Adversarial machine learning is an active area of research, with new techniques and defenses being developed all the time to counter the ever-evolving threats.

      AES: AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a widely-used symmetric key encryption algorithm that is considered to be highly secure. It is a standard encryption algorithm that is specified by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and is used by government organizations, financial institutions, and businesses to secure sensitive data.

      AES uses a fixed block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It uses a complex series of transformations, including substitution, permutation, and modular arithmetic, to encrypt and decrypt data. The encryption process is iterative, with the number of iterations (or rounds) depending on the key size.

      One of the main advantages of AES is that it is considered to be highly secure, even against attacks with large amounts of computational power. It is also fast and efficient, making it well-suited for use in a wide range of applications, including wireless communication, online banking, and cloud storage.

      AES is not only a U.S standard but also adopted by several countries, organizations and companies worldwide, it's considered to be one of the most secure encryption standards available, and it is widely used in a wide range of applications, including wireless communication, online banking, and cloud storage.

      Air India data breach: In May 2021 Air India admitted to a massive data breach that compromised the personal data of about 4.5 million passengers. The breach included passport, credit card details, birth dates, name and ticket information. Air India informed its affected passengers that the hackers had accessed their login ids and passwords.

      This was not the first time that Air India's data has been compromised. In February 2021, there were reports of hackers stealing the personal information of customers from Air India's website.

      Air India has taken steps to ensure better security measures following these incidents. They have implemented best practices such as two-factor authentication and encryption of customer data.

      American Innovation and Competitiveness Act: The American Innovation and Competitiveness Act (AICA) is a U.S. law that was passed in 2016 and it aims to promote innovation and competitiveness in various fields, including computer science and cybersecurity.

      The Act contains several provisions that are designed to improve the cybersecurity of the U.S. government and its critical infrastructure, including:

      Provisions to support the development of a cybersecurity workforce.

      Provisions to improve the sharing of information between the government and private sector on cybersecurity threats and best practices.

      Provisions to support research and development in cybersecurity.

      Provisions to support the development of international cybersecurity standards.

      The AICA also includes provisions to strengthen the National Science Foundation (NSF) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) programs to support computer science and cybersecurity research and education.

      One of the key provisions of the Act is the establishment of a National Strategic Plan for Advanced Cybersecurity Research and Development, which is intended to guide the research and development of new cybersecurity technologies and techniques.

      Anomaly detection: Anomaly detection in computer security refers to the process of identifying patterns or behavior that deviate from normal, expected activity within a computer system or network. It is used to detect and alert on suspicious or malicious activity that could indicate a security incident, such as a cyber attack.

      Anomaly detection systems use various techniques to identify abnormal behavior, such as statistical analysis, machine learning, and rule-based systems. These systems analyze data from various sources, such as network traffic, system logs, and user activity, to identify patterns that deviate from normal behavior. Once an anomaly is detected, the system can raise an alert and initiate incident response procedures.

      Anomaly detection can be used to detect a wide range of security threats, including:

      Intrusion detection: identifying unauthorized access attempts

      Insider threat detection: identifying suspicious activity by privileged users

      Fraud detection: identifying suspicious financial transactions

      Denial of Service (DoS) attack detection: identifying abnormal network traffic patterns

      Anomaly detection can also be used in conjunction with other security tools and techniques, such as intrusion prevention systems, firewalls, and antivirus software, to provide a comprehensive security solution.

      Anti-cloning: Anti-cloning refers to the security measures implemented to prevent the unauthorized duplication or replication of hardware or software devices. In the context of computer security, anti-cloning measures are used to prevent the unauthorized duplication of smart cards, RFID tags, and other types of security tokens.

      Anti-cloning techniques can be implemented in both hardware and software. Hardware-based anti-cloning measures include the use of unique physical characteristics, such as micro-etching or holograms, to make it difficult to replicate a device. Software-based anti-cloning measures include the use of encryption and digital signatures to ensure that only authorized copies of a device can be used.

      Anti-cloning measures are implemented to prevent the unauthorized use of cloned devices, which can compromise the security of the system. For example, if a cloned smart card is used to gain access to a building or computer system, the security of the system is compromised.

      Anti-cloning measures are also used in the context of intellectual property protection, where they are implemented to prevent the unauthorized reproduction of software or other digital content.

      Anti-counterfeiting: Anti-counterfeiting in computer security refers to the measures taken to prevent the unauthorized duplication or imitation of digital assets, such as software, documents, and electronic currency. Counterfeiting in the digital world can be accomplished through a variety of methods, such as copying, modifying, or duplicating files, and can have serious consequences such as financial loss, damage to reputation and legal actions.

      Anti-counterfeiting measures can include the use of digital signatures and encryption to ensure the authenticity and integrity of digital assets, as well as the use of watermarks and other techniques to make it difficult to duplicate or modify files.

      Anti-counterfeiting techniques can also include the use of digital rights management (DRM) systems, which are designed to control and restrict the use of digital assets. DRM systems can be used to limit the number of copies that can be made of a file, or to prevent the unauthorized distribution of files.

      Another important aspect of anti-counterfeiting is tracking and monitoring of digital assets, such as software, to detect and prevent the distribution of counterfeit copies. This can be done using various methods such as using serial numbers, product keys, or other forms of identification that are unique to each copy of a software or document.

      Anti-debugging: Anti-debugging in computer security refers to techniques used to prevent or detect the use of debugging tools or techniques on a computer program or system. Debugging is the process of identifying and resolving errors or bugs in software, and it is an important tool for developers and system administrators. However, it can also be used by attackers to reverse-engineer or exploit a program or system, so anti-debugging techniques are used to make it more difficult for attackers to debug or analyze a program or system.

      Anti-debugging techniques can be implemented in both hardware and software. Hardware-based anti-debugging measures include the use of anti-tampering or anti-debugging hardware, such as secure enclaves or secure boot, which can detect and prevent the use of debugging tools. Software-based anti-debugging measures include the use of various code-level techniques, such as code obfuscation, to make it difficult to understand or analyze a program, and the use of anti-debugging instructions or system calls to detect and prevent the use of debugging tools.

      Anti-debugging techniques can also include the use of anti-debugging mechanisms that can detect and respond to the presence of a debugger. For example, some anti-debugging techniques can cause a program to crash or hang when it detects the presence of a debugger.

      Anti-debugging is not foolproof and attackers can use various methods to bypass anti-debugging techniques. Therefore, it is important to use anti-debugging in conjunction with other security measures, such as encryption, to provide a comprehensive security solution.

      Anti-exploitation: Anti-exploitation in computer security refers to techniques and measures used to prevent the exploitation of vulnerabilities in software or systems. Exploitation is the process of taking advantage of a vulnerability in a program or system to gain unauthorized access or control.

      Anti-exploitation techniques can include the use of exploit mitigations, such as data execution prevention (DEP) and address space layout randomization (ASLR), which make it more difficult for attackers to exploit vulnerabilities.

      Anti-exploitation can also include the use of application sandboxing, which isolates a program or process from the rest of the system, making it more difficult for an attacker to exploit a vulnerability and move laterally within a system.

      Another important aspect of anti-exploitation is the use of intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) which can detect and block known exploit attempts.

      Anti-exploitation can also include the use of security best practices such as regular software updates and patching, keeping software up to date and using firewalls or other network security solutions to restrict access to vulnerable systems.

      Anti-exploitation is a continuous effort, as new vulnerabilities are discovered regularly, so it's important to stay updated and implement new measures as they become available.

      Anti-malware: Anti-malware in computer security refers to software or tools that are designed to detect, prevent, and remove malware (malicious software) from a computer or network. Malware includes a wide range of malicious software, such as viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware, and ransomware.

      Anti-malware software typically includes a combination of different detection and removal techniques, such as signature-based detection, which uses a database of known malware signatures to identify and remove malware, and heuristic-based detection, which uses a set of rules or algorithms to identify and remove malware based on its behavior.

      Anti-malware software can also include real-time scanning and monitoring, which constantly checks for and blocks malware in real-time as it attempts to execute on a system, as well as scheduled scanning and updates.

      Anti-malware software can be installed on individual systems or on a network to provide protection for multiple systems. Additionally, anti-malware software can be integrated into firewalls, routers, or other network devices to provide additional layers of security.

      Anti-malware software alone is not enough to protect against all forms of malware and cyber-attacks. Therefore, it's recommended to use anti-malware software in conjunction with other security measures, such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, and security best practices.

      Anti-virus: Anti-virus in computer security refers to software or tools that are designed to detect, prevent, and remove computer viruses from a computer or network. A computer virus is a type of malware that is designed to replicate itself and spread to other computers, often causing damage or disruption to the infected systems.

      Anti-virus software typically includes a combination of different detection and removal techniques, such as signature-based detection, which uses a database of known virus signatures to identify and remove malware, and heuristic-based detection, which uses a set of rules or algorithms to identify and remove malware based on its behavior.

      Anti-virus software can also include real-time scanning and monitoring, which constantly checks for and blocks viruses in real-time as they attempt to execute on a system, as well as scheduled scanning and updates.

      Anti-virus software can be installed on individual systems or on a network to provide protection for multiple systems. Additionally, anti-virus software can be integrated into firewalls, routers, or other network devices to provide additional layers of security.

      Anti-virus software alone is not enough to protect against all forms of malware and cyber-attacks. Therefore, it's recommended to use anti-virus software in conjunction with other security measures, such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, and security best practices.

      Application portfolio attack surface: Application portfolio attack surface in computer security refers to the total set of potential vulnerabilities and attack vectors that exist across an organization's entire portfolio of applications. This includes all web applications, mobile apps, desktop applications, and other software systems that are

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