The 16LIVES Series

JAMES CONNOLLY Lorcan Collins

MICHAEL MALLIN Brian Hughes

JOSEPH PLUNKETT Honor O Brolchain

EDWARD DALY Helen Litton

SEÁN HEUSTON John Gibney

ROGER CASEMENT Angus Mitchell

SEÁN MACDIARMADA Brian Feeney

ÉAMONN CEANNT Mary Gallagher

JOHN MACBRIDE William Henry

WILLIE PEARSE Roisín Ní Ghairbhí

THOMAS MACDONAGH T Ryle Dwyer

THOMAS CLARKE Helen Litton

THOMAS KENT Meda Ryan

CON COLBERT John O’Callaghan

MICHAEL O’HANRAHAN Conor Kostick

PATRICK PEARSE Ruán O’Donnell

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There are a number of people I would like to thank for their assistance with this biography. Lorcan Collins was open to my willingness to tackle Heuston, and both he and Ruán O’Donnell have helped to keep the project on track. Edward Madigan gave me the benefit of his expertise on a number of occasions. I would like to thank the following individuals for generously providing me with leads, sources, and suggestions: Niall Bergin, David Kilmartin, Jim Langton, Damien Lawlor, Des Long, Shane Mac Thomais, Eamon Murphy, Andrias Ó Cathasaigh, Brian Ó Conchubhair, and Jim Stephenson. I would also like to thank Pádraig Óg Ó Ruairc for permitting me to consult the late Donnchadh Ó Shea’s unpublished manuscript ‘Na Fianna Eireann, 1909-1975’. I naturally wish to thank the staff of the various archives and libraries in which I worked, especially Anne-Marie Ryan, formerly of Kilmainham Gaol; Brother Patrick Brogan of the Allen Library; and Peter Rigney of the Irish Railway Record Society Archives. At O’Brien Press Helen Carr has been an exemplary editor, and the text has benefited enormously from her scrutiny. Finally, I wish to thank my parents, Joan and Charlie, and Liza Costello for their encouragement and patience.

16LIVES Timeline

1845–51. The Great Hunger in Ireland. One million people die and over the next decades millions more emigrate.

1858, March 17. The Irish Republican Brotherhood, or Fenians, are formed with the express intention of overthrowing British rule in Ireland by whatever means necessary.

1867, February and March. Fenian Uprising.

1870, May. Home Rule movement, founded by Isaac Butt, who had previously campaigned for amnesty for Fenian prisoners

1879–81. The Land War. Violent agrarian agitation against English landlords.

1884, November 1. The Gaelic Athletic Association founded – immediately infiltrated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB).

1893, July 31. Gaelic League founded by Douglas Hyde and Eoin MacNeill. The Gaelic Revival, a period of Irish Nationalism, pride in the language, history, culture and sport.

1900, September. Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish Council) founded by Arthur Griffith.

1905–07. Cumann na nGaedheal, the Dungannon Clubs and the National Council are amalgamated to form Sinn Féin (We Ourselves).

1909, August. Countess Markievicz and Bulmer Hobson organise nationalist youths into Na Fianna Éireann (Warriors of Ireland) a kind of boy scout brigade.

1912, April. Asquith introduces the Third Home Rule Bill to the British Parliament. Passed by the Commons and rejected by the Lords, the Bill would have to become law due to the Parliament Act. Home Rule expected to be introduced for Ireland by autumn 1914.

1913, January. Sir Edward Carson and James Craig set up Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) with the intention of defending Ulster against Home Rule.

1913. Jim Larkin, founder of the Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union (ITGWU) calls for a workers’ strike for better pay and conditions.

1913, August 31. Jim Larkin speaks at a banned rally on Sackville Street; Bloody Sunday.

1913, November 23. James Connolly, Jack White and Jim Larkin establish the Irish Citizen Army (ICA) in order to protect strikers.

1913, November 25. The Irish Volunteers founded in Dublin to ‘secure the rights and liberties common to all the people of Ireland’.

1914, March 20. Resignations of British officers force British government not to use British army to enforce Home Rule, an event known as the ‘Curragh Mutiny’.

1914, April 2. In Dublin, Agnes O’Farrelly, Mary MacSwiney, Countess Markievicz and others establish Cumann na mBan as a women’s volunteer force dedicated to establishing Irish freedom and assisting the Irish Volunteers.

1914, April 24. A shipment of 35,000 rifles and five million rounds of ammunition is landed at Larne for the UVF.

1914, July 26. Irish Volunteers unload a shipment of 900 rifles and 45,000 rounds of ammunition shipped from Germany aboard Erskine Childers’ yacht, the Asgard. British troops fire on crowd on Bachelors Walk, Dublin. Three citizens are killed.

1914, August 4. Britain declares war on Germany. Home Rule for Ireland shelved for the duration of the First World War.

1914, September 9. Meeting held at Gaelic League headquarters between IRB and other extreme republicans. Initial decision made to stage an uprising while Britain is at war.

1914, September. 170,000 leave the Volunteers and form the National Volunteers or Redmondites. Only 11,000 remain as the Irish Volunteers under Eóin MacNeill.

1915, May–September. Military Council of the IRB is formed.

1915, August 1. Pearse gives fiery oration at the funeral of Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa.

1916, January 19–22. James Connolly joined the IRB Military Council, thus ensuring that the ICA shall be involved in the Rising. Rising date confirmed for Easter.

1916, April 20, 4.15pm. The Aud arrives at Tralee Bay, laden with 20,000 German rifles for the Rising. Captain Karl Spindler waits in vain for a signal from shore.

1916, April 21, 2.15am. Roger Casement and his two companions go ashore from U-19 and land on Banna Strand. Casement is arrested at McKenna’s Fort.

6.30pm. The Aud is captured by the British navy and forced to sail towards Cork Harbour.

22 April, 9.30am. The Aud is scuttled by her captain off Daunt’s Rock.

10pm. Eóin MacNeill as chief-of-staff of the Irish Volunteers issues the countermanding order in Dublin to try to stop the Rising.

1916, April 23, 9am, Easter Sunday. The Military Council meets to discuss the situation, considering MacNeill has placed an advertisement in a Sunday newspaper halting all Volunteer operations. The Rising is put on hold for twenty-four hours. Hundreds of copies of The Proclamation of the Republic are printed in Liberty Hall.

1916, April 24, 12 noon, Easter Monday. The Rising begins in Dublin.

16LIVESMAP

16LIVES - Series Introduction

This book is part of a series called 16 LIVES, conceived with the objective of recording for posterity the lives of the sixteen men who were executed after the 1916 Easter Rising. Who were these people and what drove them to commit themselves to violent revolution?

The rank and file as well as the leadership were all from diverse backgrounds. Some were privileged and some had no material wealth. Some were highly educated writers, poets or teachers and others had little formal schooling. Their common desire, to set Ireland on the road to national freedom, united them under the one banner of the army of the Irish Republic. They occupied key buildings in Dublin and around Ireland for one week before they were forced to surrender. The leaders were singled out for harsh treatment and all sixteen men were executed for their role in the Rising.

Meticulously researched yet written in an accessible fashion, the 16 LIVES biographies can be read as individual volumes but together they make a highly collectible series.

Lorcan Collins & Dr Ruán O’Donnell,

16 Lives Series Editors

CONTENTS

Title Page

Acknowledgements

16LIVESMAP

Conventions

Introduction

1 Heuston’s Dublin, 1891-1911

2 Heuston’s Ireland

3 Heuston and Na Fianna

4 Heuston’s Dublin, 1913-1916

5 The Prelude to the Rising

6 The Mendicity Institution

7 Heuston’s Fort

8 Capture and Courtmartial

9 From Sentence to Execution

10 Doomed Youth?

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Bibliography

Notes

Index

Plates

About the Author

Copyright

A note on conventions:

For the sake of clarity, I have adopted a number of conventions in the text and appendices. Differing spellings have been standardised, with the most common form preferred throughout; for example, ‘Seán’ rather than ‘Seaghán’, etc. However, as Heuston’s family usually referred to him as ‘Jack’, I have retained this usage in quotations wherever it was used by those closest to him. In quotations, I have silently modernised and standardised punctuation and grammar, and I have indicated interpolations and uncertain words in square brackets. With regards to place names, to avoid confusion I have preferred the terms currently in use, for example, ‘O’Connell Street’ rather than ‘Sackville Street’. The Mendicity Institution is often called the ‘Mendicity Institute’. This is incorrect: it was, and remains, the Mendicity Institution. The two terms are used interchangeably in quotations, and I have not standardised these, but I have opted for the term ‘institution’ in the text itself. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, all dialogue in the text has been taken verbatim from first-hand testimonies: it is reproduced as it was recorded.

Introduction

Seán Heuston wasn’t always called Seán. He was baptised ‘John Joseph’, and to his siblings he was ‘Jack’. At some point in his short life he had learnt Irish; in 1901, at the age of ten, he had been the only member of his family to claim any knowledge of the language on the census of that year and some of Heuston’s acquaintances and colleagues in later life testified to his fluency. But the reason posterity recalls him by the Irish version of his name has more to do with the fact that Heuston fought in the Easter Rising of 1916, and especially with what he told his younger brother, Michael, when he wrote to him on the night of 7 May 1916:

I suppose you have been wondering why I did not communicate with you since Easter but the explanation is simple. I have been locked up by his Brittanic Majesty’s Government. They have just intimated to me that I am to be executed in the morning.¹

Michael Heuston was, at this time, a novice in the Dominican Order, based in Tallaght Priory. His elder brother instructed him that:

If the rules of the Order allow it I want you to get permission at once and come in here to see me for the last time in this world. I feel quite prepared to go – thank God, but want you to get all the prayers you can said for me. You will probably be able to come in the motor car which takes out this note.²

Presumably he did so, because Michael Heuston, along with Fr Michael – later Cardinal – Browne, then Master of Novices at Tallaght, arrived in Kilmainham Gaol at around 9.40 pm. The guards took their names and after some confusion about Browne’s status – the guards were initially unwilling to let in any priests apart from the official chaplains – they were brought in to see the prisoner they had come to visit.³ Michael Heuston later wrote an account of his visit to Kilmainham and of his last conversation with his older brother. It was intended for their sister Mary, who was a nun in Galway, and it recorded their conversation in exceptional, verbatim detail. It is unusual to have an account like this and we are lucky to have it. Along with the details of the conversation, Michael also recorded the circumstances in which it took place.

Two soldiers – ‘with candles’ escorted the two clerics ‘down a sloping passage into a covered courtyard with the cell’ – apparently number thirteen – to his left. Michael Heuston noticed a gas burner located in a hole in the wall; it was not lit. Upon entering the dim cell, ‘Jack’ – Michael never referred to his older sibling as ‘Seán’ – ‘came forward to meet me. He had an overcoat on but no ordinary coat, and I thought an old, grey waistcoat, but Duckie’ – their sister, Teresa – ‘says he had his own brown one, though the overcoat was not his own. He had an old, dirty-looking silk-looking handkerchief tied round his neck. He had no collar. He was unshaven, drawn, and dreadfully troubled looking. There was a little blood on his left cheek.’

The cell itself was quite small and inevitably spartan,

about fifteen feet long by six feet broad at the door, widening to nine or ten feet at the end, and about ten feet high. There was a barred window some two feet square high up in the end wall. The walls were whitewashed, the floor was of boards running lengthwise. On the left of the door on entering was a place with tins for food. Then a small, new wooden table with writing materials, and a stool. On the right was a shelf about five feet from the ground, with a crust with the soft part eaten out on it. There was a grey cap on it, but it was not Jack’s own. There was nothing in the nature of a bed except a roll of blankets near the table.

The soldiers remained to guard the brothers: one stayed at the door, while the other entered the cell. ‘Jack came over to me and shook hands with me. He had his rosary in his hand. He looked at me a fair while before he spoke. He spoke draggingly and in a dazed manner.’ One of the soldiers assured the brothers that, ‘You needn’t mind us. We’ll make no use of anything you say.’ Michael was surprised to find that the soldiers did not insist on their conversation being spoken aloud, as his older brother put an arm around his neck.

‘Well, Michael, how are you? Don’t cry now,’ said Seán. ‘So I didn’t come out to you on Easter Monday. I thought we would have. We were to have a camp at Rathfarnham, but then this thing came off. Were you able to come all right? I thought it might have been against the rules. Did the motor-car go for you?’

Michael assured Seán that ‘there was no difficulty about coming, and that the brothers were saying the Rosary for him.’ Their last conversation continued in an almost everyday manner for some time.

‘What time did you get the letter?’ said Seán.

‘About nine o’clock,’ was the reply.

‘So it must have gone immediately.’

‘When did you hear?’

‘Just tonight. I got the paper – confirmed by J.G. Maxwell. I wrote to you immediately. I was afraid you might not get it in time, that you might be in bed. I have also written for Mother and Teasie and Duckie’; these latter two were his aunt and sister, both named Teresa. ‘I wrote, too, to Mary’ – their eldest sister – ‘and some others, Mr Walsh, Dalton, Tierney of Limerick.’ Seán pointed out the letters on the table to Michael.

‘I was writing while waiting for you. Did anyone come with you?’

‘Yes, Fr Browne.’

‘Where is he? Did he not come in?’

‘They would not let him in.’

‘What?’ Heuston began to remonstrate with one of his guards. ‘Would they not let Fr Browne in?’

‘Ah, now,’ said Michael, ‘Don’t mind, it’s all right I suppose they couldn’t. He’ll say mass for you in the morning and so will some of the other priests.’

At this point Browne joined the Heustons in the cell, having been delayed by the guards. But, he assured them, ‘the