Praise for Imhotep the African

"Imhotep the African is an archeological detective story. Bauval and Brophy make the case that the legendary Egyptian physician, architect, and astronomer Imhotep was not only an historical figure but that he was black. This remarkable book challenges many assumptions about life along the Nile, revealing a worldview and technology that was more sophisticated than anything previously imagined".

—Stanley Krippner, Ph.D., co-author of Personal Mythology

"Bauval and Brophy have once again brought their keen intellectual and scientific skills to bear by examining an aspect of ancient history that contemporary Egyptologists have been either too afraid or too unwilling to investigate. Imhotep the African is the perfect sequel to Black Genesis, for it presents incontrovertible truths that will either be accepted on their merits or ignored for fear of exposing a house of lies built upon foundations of historical falsehoods. It is evident to many of their colleagues that Robert Bauval and Thomas Brophy are the dynamic duo of independent Egyptologists. They are to be commended for their scholarship and their dogged determination to present an honest assessment of historical events—even if it flies in the face of conventional dogma."

—Anthony T. Browder, author and independent Egyptologist

Praise for Black Genesis

"Black Genesis offers astounding new insights as Bauval and Brophy forcefully support, with hard data, the radical idea that Egyptian civilization was the outgrowth of a sophisticated Black African culture that existed thousands of years prior to the earliest known pharaohs. Their book is a must read for anyone interested in genuinely understanding the true origins of ancient Egypt and the dynamics of how civilizations develop."

—Robert M. Schoch, Ph.D., author of

Voyages of the Pyramid Builders and Pyramid Quest

"Readers of Black Genesis will never think of ancient Egypt in the same way again. Bauval and Brophy make the case that this venerable civilization was originated by Black Africans from the Sahara Desert and that the pyramids, the statues, and the hieroglyphs were the result of their knowledge and ingenuity. The authors trace the series of errors and misjudgments that have obscured the origins of this remarkable civilization. It is time for the record to be set straight, and Black Genesis is the book that may well do it. This is an authoritative, excellent, well-written book."

—Stanley Krippner, Ph.D., professor of psychology

at Saybrook University and co-author of Personal Mythology

"In Black Genesis, Bauval and Brophy combined their investigative skills to answer an obvious but often-neglected question, ‘who were the ancient Egyptians?’ With new astroarchaeological evidence they build a strong case for ‘the African origin of the pharaohs’ and have dramatically altered our understanding of the past."

—Anthony T. Browder, author and independent Egyptologist

Extremely dense and possibly groundbreaking, Bauval and Brophy make an honest case for a ‘very different story of the origins of ancient Egypt.’ Their scholarship is meticulous.

—Publisher's Weekly, June 2011

. . . packed with revelations!

—Midwest Book Review, July 2011

The tales of the authors' 2008 expedition and of explorers in the past century add to the enticing read.

—Nexus Magazine, August 2011

Recommended.

—R. Fritze, Athens State University,

Choice Reviews Online, October 2011

Both authors are highly accredited researchers who have provided an incredibly detailed book examining the connection between the astronomy of the pharaohs and their Neolithic counterparts.

—Fate Magazine, October 2011

"Black Genesis is a captivating, thought-provoking, utterly intriguing read that traces back the origins of the high civilization of ancient Egypt into deepest prehistory. Buckle your seatbelts for a rollercoaster ride."

—Graham Hancock, author of Fingerprints of the Gods

Praise for The Egypt Code

"In The Egypt Code Robert Bauval unveils a sacred landscape, lost for thousands of years, and provides us, literally, with the key that unlocks ancient Egypt."

—Graham Hancock, author of Supernatural and Fingerprints of the Gods

Bauval's arguments are very convincing. . . . They are practical, scientific views and they explain a lot that is otherwise difficult to understand. Most of all, this book is imbued with the sense of wonder that is essential for good science, plus the intrigue of a good thriller.

—Popular Science

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Dedication

To Michele, my wife, always, for your good nature, love, and support.

ROBERT BAUVAL

To the memory of my beloved sister, Jayne Brophy, 1956–2012, and to her two surviving children, Abby and Michael,

whom she loved more than the moon and the stars.

THOMAS BROPHY

Acknowledgments

As always, our first thanks go to our respective families. Their support, love, and patience are greatly appreciated. We wish to pay special thanks and tribute to the Nile Valley Conference II, Morehouse College president Robert M. Franklin, and conference chair Charles S. Finch III for hosting us to Atlanta (September 2011), where we were honored to present at this unique conference, a twenty-seven-year follow-up to the first conference arising out of the U. S. civil rights movement.

We also thank the many friends and colleagues who, directly and indirectly, have helped us put this book together: Laura Salvucci; Tony Browder; Jean-Paul Bauval; David Rohl; Hesham El Haddad; Hoda Hakim-Taraboulsi; Ahmed Osman; Omar Buckley; Gary Baddeley; Maria Pia Tocco; Richard Fusniak; Joanne Cunningham; Mark Borda; Mayumi Hashiyama; Robert Schoch; Catherine Ulissey; Ambassador Jean-Paul Tarud-Kuborn; Amon Saba Saakana; Terre Brophy-Smith; June and Jim Brophy; Amanda-Jayne and Allison Smith; Hope Umansky; Hideki Baba; and Tamiko Voros. Many others remain unnamed, but they always know our gratitude for their friendship and love.

Contents

Preface

Chapter One: The City of the Sun

Imhotep and Heliopolis

El Massalah

The Bird of Creation and the Marking of Time

The Sothic Cycle

Zep Tepi—The First Time

The Mound of Creation

The Giza Mound

Chapter Two: Architect of the Cosmos

Notions of the Cosmos

Memphis—The White Wall

The Mokattam Quarries

Prussian Barons and Eccentric Englishmen

Netjerykhet and Djoser

The Lepsius Expedition

The Black Box of Imhotep

Seshat—Our Lady of the Stars

A Pedestal with No Statue

A Complex on the Scale of a City

Chapter Three: A Time Machine in Stone

Hallowed Ground

The Source of the Nile Flood

The Famine Stele

Astral Rebirth—Becoming an Akh

Remote Ancestors

In the Manner of Ancient Times

The Cosmic Connection

Strange Synchronicity

Chapter Four: The Star Temple of the Sahara

A Proto-Temple in the Desert

Coordinates and Directions

Alignments to Sirius and the Big Dipper

Cattle Cult

Water from the Sky

Chapter Five: Black-Skinned Ancestors

The Search for Imhotep's Tomb

The Armant Expedition

The Souls of Nekhen

Point of Contact

Nubia Today

Conclusion

Appendix I: The Origins of the Benben Stone

Appendix II: The Giza Diagonal and the Horizon of Khufu

Appendix III: The Step Pyramids and Stellar Rituals

Appendix IV: Measures and Mysteries at Nabta Playa

Bibliography

Endnotes

Preface

A few kilometers outside the modern city of Cairo, on a large, flat elevation at the edge of the Sahara overlooking the Nile, is the world's very first architectural complex. Nearly 5,000 years old, the centerpiece of this mindboggling complex is a huge stepped pyramid surrounded by strange temple-like structures, the lot contained inside a giant perimeter wall whose length is more than 1,500 meters. Aligned conspicuously toward the four cardinal directions, this strange place evokes a mood, for lack of better words, of sacred architecture—or, perhaps more aptly, sacred astronomy. No doubt something extremely potent took place here—certainly rituals of the highest order that somehow involved the cycles of the celestial bodies as seen through the eyes of a holy man or shaman. Amazingly, when one considers the extreme antiquity of this complex, Egyptologists know for sure who conceived it: Imhotep, the high priest of Heliopolis and vizier of King Netjerykhet/Djoser of the 3rd Dynasty in c. 2650 BC. And that, if the truth be told, is just about all they know with certainty. All else is educated guesses, speculation, and even fanciful thinking derived from later sources when Imhotep the man had been mythologized and even deified beyond recognition.

So who was this ancient Egyptian superstar—this pharaonic Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Galileo, and Newton all rolled into one—whose very name still commands reverence and awe? From where or from whom did he acquire his vast knowledge of astronomy and the art of stone masonry? And perhaps more intriguing still, what was the real purpose of his Step Pyramid Complex at Saqqara? Is there embedded in it an encoded message? And if so, what? And from whom?

Much has been written and said about Imhotep, from scholarly theses to bizarre novels and movie scripts of pure science fiction. But the real person—his true origins, his race, the root source of his knowledge and genius—all seem lost forever in the mist of time. How does one go about finding the truth about a man who lived 5,000 years ago? Where does one begin the search? There are no written papyri or inscriptions about Imhotep's life that are contemporary or even near contemporary to him, except for his name and his royal titles inscribed on the podium of a broken statue found in the 1920s at Saqqara. So where can one look for more clues? Which stone remains unturned that may reveal the truth of this giant of a man?

There is one aspect of Imhotep's life, perhaps the main aspect, that is often overlooked or, at best, trivialized by Egyptologists—his occupation as Chief of the Observers or Chief of the Astronomers, which, in today's terminology, would be Astronomer Royal. This important occupation of sky-watching, when combined with Imhotep's other roles as high priest of Heliopolis and vizier of the pharaoh, provides us with the means to read him, as it were, through the complex at Saqqara, which was designed to service the high occult rebirth rituals of pharaohs. Since 1984, I have argued that observational astronomy and a basic knowledge of the precession of the equinoxes should be incorporated into the science of Egyptology or, to be more specific, used to decode the sky religion and associated rituals found in the Pyramid Texts and incorporated into the religious architecture of the pyramid and temple builders of ancient Egypt. I applied this approach to the famous Giza pyramids in the 1990s with great success. I now want to do the same for Imhotep's Testimony in Stone at Saqqara.

This was the daunting task I set myself. Knowing myself—and with so many other matters to attend to—I waited for something—a new discovery, new clues—to jumpstart the quest. As is often the case with such things, this came from a totally unexpected quarter.

In early December 2007, I received a phone call from a friend whom I had not heard from in years—Mark Borda, a businessman turned desert explorer. Mark called from his home in Malta to tell me of an amazing discovery he had made a few weeks earlier in Gebel Uwainat—an uninhabited mountain region in the remote southwest of Egypt's Western Desert. Mark informed me excitedly that he had found hieroglyphic inscriptions on a boulder, which, on first analysis, showed that the ancient pyramid builders of Egypt had managed to travel to this distant place and meet with a previously unknown people—something that had so far been deemed impossible by Egyptologists due to the total aridity of the region and the distance involved. Mark's discovery changed all this. To me, however, it also meant that an important missing link had been found that could connect the ancient Egyptians to their true black-African origins. For now Mark's crucial discovery could be linked with another all-important discovery made in 1997 by American and Polish anthropologists at Nabta Playa, a prehistoric site of great antiquity located some 100 kilometers due west of the Nile, but still 500 kilometers east of Gebel Uwainat.

At Nabta Playa, a plethora of mysterious man-made megalithic structures—stone alignments, stone circles, strange tumuli, and deep burials—were found to have astronomical alignments and symbolism closely resembling, if not identical to, that of the pyramid builders of Egypt. Was it from these mysterious megalithic stargazers that Imhotep derived his advanced astronomical knowledge and stone-shaping art? The question begged the answer.

No sooner had Mark hung up than I decided, there and then, to investigate this matter further. I had to see these hieroglyphic inscriptions for myself and, hopefully, find more clues in their vicinity that could help resolve this enigma. So I contacted an American colleague and friend from San Diego, author and astrophysicist Dr. Thomas Brophy, who had already carried out extensive research at Nabta Playa, and invited him to join me on an expedition into the Egyptian Sahara. Thomas, too, had a strong hunch that the Egyptian civilization was connected to a prehistoric African people who inhabited the Sahara thousands of years before the pharaohs. In 2003, Thomas had boldly gone on a solo expedition to Nabta Playa to obtain the precise coordinates of the stone alignments and had published his findings in a book, The Origin Map, as well as in peer-reviewed articles.

In early April 2008, Thomas and I set off from Cairo with a small convoy of 4-wheel-drive vehicles. We were guided by Mahmoud Marai, a professional desert guide who had been with Mark Borda when the Gebel Uwainat inscriptions were discovered. The story of this expedition and our findings are told in our book Black Genesis (Inner Traditions, 2011). In Black Genesis, however, we refrained from discussing Imhotep and his true origins because we wanted first to establish a firm foundation for our thesis. Later in the course of 2011, I had the opportunity to visit several times and do research at the Step Pyramid Complex at Saqqara. It was then that Thomas and I reconnected to write the story of Imhotep based on our new research.

In Black Genesis, our approach was to apply our knowledge of observational astronomy and precession to decode the alignments and other design features of the Step Pyramid Complex. Slowly but surely, we began to enter the mind-set of Imhotep via his opus magnum in stone. As if immersed in a whodunit detective story, we followed the clues that took us on an exhilarating magical mystery tour that started at Saqqara and led us beyond its confines to temples in Upper Egypt—and ultimately, as we had suspected, to the stones of Nabta Playa and the black-African stargazers who had placed them there.

Throughout the rest of this book, for simplicity and ease of reading, we always use we when describing our travels, researches, and previous publications, even when the actual event involved only one or the other of us. For example, the visit to the Heliopolis area of Cairo (chapter 1) involved only myself and a small group, while the 2003 visit to Nabta Playa (chapter 4) involved only Thomas and a small group. If the actual referent is not obvious from the context, in essentially all cases it can be found in the references we cite.

Thomas and I are proud to have pooled our knowledge and experiences again in this quest for the truth of the origins of Egypt's civilization. It's a rewarding feeling that is not easy to describe. Our ultimate reward, however, will be that you enjoy reading our story as much as we enjoyed writing it.

—ROBERT BAUVAL, JANUARY 8, 2013

Why should we attempt to combine the rigors of the science of modern astronomy with the more art-like pursuits of Egyptology and biography? As synchrony would have it, I am drafting this on a very chilly American holiday—Martin Luther King Day—while President Barack Obama delivers his second inaugural address, echoing the words of MLK and offering a poetic route to an answer for that question: We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; . . .[T]o hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth. Later in his speech, Obama continued to echo MLK by articulating the many ways in which our journey is not complete until we incorporate that most evident of truths, through our actions, into our worldview. The inextricable linking of the I that is we and the re-integration of the interior arts with the exterior sciences are the two axes of the integral mission to achieve a sustainable post-postmodern worldview.

I see our attempts in this current book as a small part of that great mission. Attraction to the modern pursuit of archaeoastronomy in general fits into that context as well. Something about the mysterious monuments of deep antiquity that our ancestors have left for us speaks to a time when the inner arts and the outer sciences were more fused—yet somehow more noble, even more aware, in ways that our modern rigid segregation of the inner and the outer blocks us from embracing. And clearly, Imhotep played a key role in bringing those noble truths of awareness into the earliest embodiments of human civilization. The current integral mission to bring together all the disciplines in pursuit of a more powerful, wholistic grasp of reality is a step forward toward completing our journey to reunite with the essence of our own origins. It is in that spirit that I joined Robert Bauval on our journeys to the remotest desert—on a mission toward the reality of our deep past. And in that spirit, I hope we bring to readers of this volume some of the results of those journeys—with both fidelity and enjoyment.

—THOMAS BROPHY, JANUARY 21, 2013

Chapter One

THE CITY OF THE SUN

Heliopolis: one of the most important cult-centers of the pharaonic period and the site of the first sun-temple, dedicated to the god Ra-Horakhty ...

IAN SHAW AND PAUL NICHOLSON¹

The greatest center of magic in Egypt was probably the holy city of Heliopolis, the city of the sun, where the most ancient theology developed. Here were preserved numerous papyri, magic in the widest sense of the word, including medical, botanical, zoological and mathematical texts. Most Greek philosophers and savants travelled to Heliopolis to study some of that knowledge.

CHRISTIAN JACQ²

A lonely obelisk stands in the northeast part of the modern city of Cairo. It represents Heliopolis, the most revered center of learning of the ancient world. Most Egyptologists believe that Heliopolis existed long before the pyramids. It was known as Innu by the ancient Egyptians; later, the Hebrews called it On; much later still, the Greeks gave it the current name of Heliopolis, which means City of the Sun. Today, local inhabitants call it Ain Shams, Eye of the Sun.

Egyptologists tell us that Heliopolis was headed by a high priest—the our mau, or Chief of the Observers—whose main function was to observe the night sky and the motion of the stars. One such high priest, indeed the earliest known to us by name and the most revered, was a man called Imhotep, He Who Comes in Peace. So famous and admired was Imhotep that, during the latter part of the pharaonic civilization, he was venerated as a god. Later, the Greeks regarded him as the Father of Medicine, associating him with Asclepius and thus bestowing on him the unique position of being a historical human, not a king, who was officially deified. Imhotep even gained super-villain stardom status in Hollywood in 1932 in the original movie The Mummy starring Boris Karloff, and subsequently in the 1999 loosely remade blockbuster by Stephen Sommers starring Brendan Fraser. The latter grossed 415 million dollars and spawned several sequels—the 2001 The Mummy Returns and the 2004 Revenge of the Mummy—as well as many spinoffs like the Scorpion King and a series of novels, cartoons, and comic books. Second only to Tutenkhamun, or perhaps now even on a par with the boy-king, Imhotep holds a central place in modern pop culture, ranking in the Top 10 list of super villains thanks to Karloff and Fraser.

The truth, however, is that very little is known about Imhotep the man. Although he receives high praise from Egyptologists and historians alike and is often referred to as a genius—or the inventor of architecture, or the father of science—Imhotep's true identity is really largely the subject of guesswork and speculation. In fact, as high priest of Heliopolis during the 3rd Dynasty of Egyptian kings, Imhotep's name appears less than half a dozen times in contemporary texts. The recent academic work on the 3rd Dynasty refers to him in only seven of its 300 pages, with most of the information culled from writings long after Imhotep's time. In short, one could say that Imhotep is a Jesus of deep antiquity—highly mythologized and eventually divinized, but with little or no contemporary archaeological or textual evidence to support the myth. The main reason for this huge lacuna is that Egyptologists have generally ignored one of Imhotep's most important proficiencies: his highly advanced knowledge of astronomy.

Imhotep and Heliopolis

Imhotep's architectural masterpiece, the fabulous Step Pyramid Complex at Saqqara, has for too long been studied as only that—an architectural masterpiece. But we have come to see it as an astronomical manual in stone. The Step Pyramid Complex, as we shall see in the coming chapters, is a sort of pharaonic DaVinci Code, which, if properly understood and decoded, can take us into the mind and even the origin of the architect-astronomer genius who created it.

Model of the Step Pyramid Complex of Imhotep now in the auditorium of the Visitors' Center at Saqqara.

View of the Step Pyramid Complex at Saqqara looking northwest.

The first hint of this Saqqara code was given to us by Sir I. E. S. Edwards, one of the most eminent Egyptologists of the 20th century and widely acknowledged as the authority on Egyptian pyramids. The first time we met this affable scholar was in the summer of 1985 at his home near Oxford, where we had a long talk about pyramids. It was then, as we talked of the astronomy of the pyramids, that he referred to the new edition of his famous book The Pyramids of Egypt, the first edition of which appeared in 1947, the last in 1993. He pointed to this passage, which related specifically to Imhotep:

On the ground of internal evidence alone it has been deduced that the Pyramid Texts [dated c. 2300 BC] which refer to the stars had an independent origin from the solar spells and that eventually they were merged into the Heliopolitan doctrine. Imhotep's title Chief of the Observers, which became the regular title of the High Priests of Heliopolis, may itself suggest an occupation connected with astral, rather than solar, observation. Here therefore may be the difference between the underlying purpose of the true and step pyramid, the latter being the product of a stellar cult and intended to enable the king to reach the astral heaven.³

Later, because of the overwhelming internal evidence of observational astronomy in the Pyramid Texts, Edwards preferred to translate Chief of the Observers as Chief of the Astronomers.⁴ He died in September 1996, long before we took up this hint and began to look carefully at the astral aspect of the Step Pyramid Complex.

In 2005, I moved from England to Cairo, and set up a study base near the Giza pyramids. From the balcony of my fourth-floor apartment, I had a view of the Great Pyramid. From the rooftop, I could easily see the majestic Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the principal legacy of Imhotep. The result of my 2005–2006 Egypt study was the book The Egypt Code, in which we showed how various aspects of the Step Pyramid Complex were designed according to sacred astronomy—i.e., astronomical observations incorporated into the architecture of a sacred complex.⁵

View from the rooftop of our apartment building in Cairo, with the Step Pyramid at Saqqara in the far distance.

View of the Great Pyramid from our apartment balcony in Cairo.

We will revisit this material in chapters 3 and 4 when we probe the Step Pyramid Complex and the Saqqara code. But first, we need to understand what went on at the cult center of Heliopolis and, more specifically, why it was that Imhotep was both high priest and master architect of the Step Pyramid Complex.

El Massalah

Today, the local Arabs call the spot where the temple of Heliopolis once stood El Massalah, the Obelisk. This is because the only visible thing that remains—other than a very small part of a temple's foundation and a few pitiful broken statues—is a lonely free-standing obelisk. When the city of Fustat (medieval Cairo) was built by the Arabs starting in the late 7th century, the remains of the temples and buildings of Heliopolis were systematically ransacked and used as a quarry for building material. The few remaining artifacts are strewn outside a rickety wooden shed within a large open rectangular space known as Tel el Hisn, the Hill of the Horse, which is surrounded (besieged is a better word) quite literally by ugly apartment blocks built in the 1960s and 1970s during Nasser's socialist era. Ancient Heliopolis is now an integral part of the Matareya district, swallowed by the ever-growing city of Cairo.

The obelisk of Sesostris (Senurset) I, known locally as El Massalah, where the temple of Heliopolis once stood.

We vividly recall our first trip to Matareya, ancient Heliopolis, in March 1993. It was a time of turmoil when anti-government terrorists had set off makeshift bombs in central Cairo, one of which exploded inside a restaurant in Tahrir Square on February 26, killing two students at the nearby American University and injuring many others.

One week later, on March 5, we decided to visit the Egyptian Antiquities Museum in Tahrir Square. We reckoned that, with such low tourism, it would be an ideal opportunity