INTRODUCTION

ST. THÉRÈSE OF LISIEUX lived only twenty-four years, from 1873 to 1897. She was the youngest of five daughters, all of whom eventually became nuns. When Thérèse was four, her mother died. From the age of nine she had a vocation. When the Carmelite convent where she longed to make her home said they couldn’t take her until the standard age of twenty-one, she badgered her father to take her to Rome so that she could appeal, in person, to the Pope. In 1888, at the age of fifteen, she entered the cloister. Her life in the convent was unremarkable. She did not distinguish herself spiritually or in any other way with her fellow nuns. But inside her soul, a conflagration raged. Inside she was on fire with love.

Inside, she consented to wear the intolerable shirt of flame (see the passage from T.S. Eliot’s poem on page vii) that can either purify or destroy, redeem or eternally torment. Inside, she allowed her heart to be consumed—invisibly, in obscurity—by the cleansing blaze of Christ’s love. So vivid was the phrase from Eliot’s poem, so beautifully did the image evince Thérèse’s inner life, struggles, and spiritual evolution, that I chose Shirt of Flame as the title of this book.

In fact, Thérèse must have exhibited some small outward spark. For in the winter of 1894, under orders from her second-oldest sister Pauline (Mother Agnes of Jesus, at that time prioress of the convent), who in turn had been urged by Sister Marie of the Sacred Heart (Thérèse’s eldest sister Marie), Thérèse began writing a memoir of her childhood, the development of her life in Christ, and her six years of religious life. The result, Manuscript A, comprises chapters 1 through 8 of most editions of her autobiography, L’histoire d’une Âme (The Story of a Soul).

She completed the rest of the book in stages. A letter written to Sister Marie of the Sacred Heart while on retreat in September 1896 became Manuscript B, comprising chapter 9 and containing the well-known treatise My Vocation is Love. Meanwhile, Thérèse had begun coughing up blood, a harbinger of what would become a two-year, increasingly excruciating onslaught of tuberculosis. In June 1897, only three months before Thérèse’s death, Mother Marie de Gonzague, the superior of Carmel at that time, directed her to write what would become Manuscript C, comprising chapters 10 and 11 of The Story of a Soul and including, among other things, the Divine Elevator passage and an explication of Thérèse’s little way. Full of charity and good cheer to the end, she died in agony, with no pain medication, on September 30, 1897, crying: I love You!

The Story of a Soul, published posthumously and heavily edited by Pauline, became an immediate bestseller. The entire world seemed to respond to the simple, childlike nun who was nicknamed The Little Flower. In an unusual move, Pope Benedict XV waived the usual fifty-year beatification requirement. Though others had waited centuries to become saints, Thérèse was canonized a mere twenty-eight years after her death.

At first glance, her observations can seem commonplace: At each new opportunity to do battle, when my enemies come and provoke me, I conduct myself bravely [SS, p. 238]. God wouldn’t know how to inspire desires that can’t be realized [SS, p. 230]. "Now I no longer have any desire, unless it’s to love Jesus passionately" [SS, p. 201].

This deceptively simple book, and the inner journey it describes, however, continue to instruct, confound, and inspire. As writers from Father Ronald Rolheiser to Dorothy Day have noted, Thérèse was a mass of contradictions: pampered child, yet with a will of iron; possessed of a lifelong, innate, and in the end conscripted loneliness, yet able to embrace the whole world; essentially unschooled, yet one of only three women (along with St. Teresa of Avila and St. Catherine of Siena) made by papal decree a Doctor of the Church; a spiritual giant whose philosophy has come to be known as the little way.

I think we all heave a sigh of relief when we hear the little way. When we try to practice it, though, we tend to find that the way is not so little, or rather not so easy. We see that the little way is grounded in great paradox, great complexity, and great labor. Thérèse tells in The Story of a Soul, for example, of the nun who sat behind her in choir who made a supremely annoying noise, like two shells rubbing together. Thérèse trained herself, literally breaking into a sweat from the effort, to refrain from turning around and giving the woman a nasty glare. Try that next time someone jumps the line at the bank, or cuts you off as you try to merge onto the freeway, or insinuates that you’re not working hard enough! Begin to ponder the years of discipline, prayer, and the turning of the will toward God required for such a tiny taming of the instincts.

Maybe Thérèse’s point is not that little sacrifices are easy, but that little sacrifices—opportunities that present themselves hundreds of times daily—are pleasing to God. Big things, too—though what is a big thing, really? You broker peace in a war, but you can only broker peace if you’re at peace with yourself. You free the enslaved, but to free the enslaved you have to have done the long, hard, lonely work of being freed from your own inner bondage. All things, big and small, are a version of this: you allow your ego to be crucified.

To allow your ego to be crucified, you have to get very close to Christ. You have to believe with all your heart that Christ is a friend. Thérèse’s gift was to have penetrated the Gospels in such a way that she discovered a way of being with Christ that we’d never quite seen before. She wanted to marry him, to be consumed by the fire of his love, to die for him. Like most of us, however, she knew herself to be too small, too little, too unworthy, too unremarkable, too bereft of talent and glitter for so great a task. So she opened a whole new door by daring to believe that Christ would meet us where we are and lift us up to him.

She offered to be his plaything—his rubber ball that he kicked into a corner when he got tired, that he pierced, if he chose. She prayed for him, breathed for him, slept for him, ate for him: "I imagine myself at Nazareth, in the house of the Holy Family. If, for instance, I am served with salad, cold fish, wine, or milk with rum [in the infirmary], I offer it to St. Joseph, and think: Oh, how good that will be for him! To our Blessed Lady I offer hot foods and ripe fruit, and to the Infant Jesus our feast-day fare, especially broth, rice, and preserves. Lastly, when I do not like the food at all, I say cheerfully: ‘Today, my Little One, it is all for you.’"

Much as we long for such closeness, most of us are also afraid: that we’re not good enough, not clever enough, not deserving enough. But maybe the real reason is that we’ve been frightened by the wounds of childhood into closing our hearts. We’re afraid of getting hurt again. As a child, when presented with a sewing basket of ribbons and trimmings by her sister Léonie and invited to choose, Thérèse famously replied, I choose all!

I don’t know about you, but I’m more the type whose response would have been: I choose none. If you ask for all, people might think you’re selfish. If you ask for all, you might not get anything. If you keep your wants to a minimum, you don’t have to risk rejection or disappointment. If you choose nothing, you never have to suffer the pain of deterioration and loss. As the oldest of six children in a family affected by alcoholism, the delusion that if only I were good enough, accomplished enough, pretty enough, perfect enough I could save them (them being my family, the poor, the sick and suffering, the world) had been seemingly hard-wired into my psyche since practically my first sentient day. I’d come a long way, but from a very young age, my strategy for getting through the world had been to hoard and to slave. We have to want it all. We have to have the courage to open our hearts and want all that God has to give us, knowing that we may be disappointed.

Thérèse wanted all, but to her that meant she wanted all the suffering. The scandal of Christ is that to have a relationship with him means to share in his suffering. The truth is that we are going to share in his suffering, whether or not we want to, whether or not we know it as such. Christ invites us to share in his suffering consciously. He invites us to share in his suffering, not by taking on extra suffering but by joyfully participating in the mostly small but myriad instances of suffering that come to us unbidden each day. He invites us to share in his suffering and to thereby break through to new life, new wholeness, a new level of awareness.

Thérèse devoted her short but almost unimaginably intense life to coming awake in this way—a task she accomplished not by doing great things, but by doing the smallest things with utter attention and utter love, and by recognizing the glory in the smallness of others. To pick up a pin for love can convert a soul. Everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle. Nothing is sweeter than to think well of others. Nothing is sweeter and just about nothing is harder. We want to think well of ourselves, not of others. We want to judge so we’ll look better in comparison. (Here’s a simple test, offered by a priest friend, for gauging your spiritual condition: see how you react when another person is praised in your presence.)

I, too, wanted to come more awake in Christ. I, too, wanted to abandon myself: body, mind, spirit, soul. I didn’t want to be emotionally or materially stingy. I didn’t want to live in crabbed fear. I wanted to be like St. Thérèse of Lisieux saying, I choose all! I’m of a nature such that fear causes me to draw back, Thérèse noted; but with love, not only do I go forward, but I fly…. Me, too: but how to get to the love?

I wasn’t sure, but I did know that St. Thérèse was just as alive today as she had been in the late 1800s, and every bit as relevant. She didn’t speak directly to romance and finance—those two areas of perennial human struggle—but almost everything she did say bore on the subjects. From her spare, cold cell, she studied the human heart. From behind the grille, she looked out at the whole of the human condition. Within the walls of her cloistered convent, she made the perilous journey toward becoming a fully realized human being.

Why walk with a saint at all? What does it matter if a person is a saint? In one way, it doesn’t; in fact, one of my abiding obsessions is the unsung saint: the person who, unlike Thérèse, is never noticed. But here’s why saints are interesting: Saints are exceptional. Saints are extreme. As William James observed in The Varieties of Religious Experience: "There can be no