RUBEN YGUA

RUBEN YGUA

THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA

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THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA

All rights reserved

Ruben Ygua- 13/10/1024

Copyright ©

Contact with the author: ruben.ygua@gmail.com 2

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The content of this work, including the spelling check, is the sole responsibility of the author.

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THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA

Dedicated to my family

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Introduction

Traditional methods of studying the past have always given greater importance to nationalist, religious and moral interests, which subordinated the historical fact to the System point of view.

That’s how we have been educated.

The time has come to simplify and show respect for our ancestors, striving to know what really happened in the past, and not just what they want to inform us about.

After so many years of studying History, I came to the conclusion that the best study system is through an impartial, objective Chronology that just put each event in its exact place in time, revealing History without manipulation.

This Chronology contains not only purely political facts, such as the foundation of cities, the birth of kingdoms and empires, scientific and geographical discoveries, natural disasters and epidemics; it also includes information on the most different fields of human activity: chemistry, astronomy, geography, mathematics, and so on. In parallel, the chronology is complemented by data that do not belong to a specific date, but to an entire epoch, they are each society generalities, curiosities, customs, the religion of each civilization, inventions or discoveries that cannot be placed in an exact date, etc.

The result of all this set is one of the most complete chronologies within its reach, periodically updated with the latest archaeological and scientific discoveries, and that transforms the reader into an eyewitness of the past, understanding the relation of geographically distant facts to each other, but closely connected in time and influencing unexpected consequences. This is something that traditional history has generally ignored when it was not usable.

A work of this magnitude could not be published in a single book, so I have divided it into several collections, and the Spanish originals are being translated into French, English, Italian and Portuguese.

The chronology goes from prehistory to the present day year by year, as far as possible.

For those who prefer a deeper and more detailed study, I have prepared a second chronology, day by day, which for now covers from 1789 to 1946, divided into five collections.

Ruben Ygua

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THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA 218,000,000 years ago, the impact of a large asteroid on Wilkes Land, Antarctica, caused a crater 500 km in diameter, the collision would have produced about 8000 million megatons. At 1000 km from the impact, the fireball rose in the sky with a brightness 130 times higher than the Sun, causing winds of more than 5000 km / H with pressures of up to 32.6 bars, and earthquakes above 11 degrees on the Richter scale. Even 10,000 km from impact, the results were devastating, especially in the long term. Everything indicates that the impact caused the rupture of the earth's crust in the antipodes, causing the Siberian Trapps: the largest emission of lava in the history of the planet, which remained active for approximately one hundred thousand years and altered the global climate with its emissions of gases, dramatically affecting life throughout the planet . . begins a process of extinction of various animal and plant species. For years, the cloud of dust suspended in the atmosphere did not allow the passage of the solar rays, seriously damaging the flora and consequently the animal life.

The rock layer that was fossilized after the eruption has revealed for archeology the extinction of different forms of life, during a process that lasted 30,000 years, ninety-five percent of Life disappeared during The Great Dying.

From the bowels of the Earth sprouted the gigantic forces of Nature to form the wild and untamed geography that one day, millions of years later, would be the cradle of Mother Russia.

This is the HISTORY OF RUSSIA

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1- PREHISTORY

750,000- Reversal of the Earth's magnetic pole (Brunhes – Matuyama phenomenon). The GÜNZ-MINDEL INTERGLACIAL PERIOD begins: the ice recedes, the climate becomes more pleasant, and the thaw increases the level of the oceans. Homo Denisoviensis (Denisova Man) -

Shares common ancestral with Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon, of which it was contemporary.

Its fossils, which range in age from 700,000 to 40,000 years, were found in Siberia. He was a hunter and gatherer.

600,000- In Siberia and North America the steppe mammoth arises, direct ancestor of the woolly mammoth.

550,000- There is a new human migration from Africa, Homo Heidelbergensis colonizes in a few millennia the center and north of Germany, Scandinavia, Poland and Russia.

500,000- Poland: in Trzebnica, San river, the oldest fossils of Homo Erectus together with primitive stone tools, animal bones and fish bones.

370,000- Siberia: in Diring Yuriaj, Lena basin, Olduvayan stone tools.

250,000- The RISS ICE AGE begins: its main characteristic is the existence of very marked cold periods, with a fauna very adapted to the cold such as elephants, aurochs, deer and hairy rhinoceros. In the forests of Europe the great Cave Bear arises.

180,000- Siberia: Denisova Cave, in the Altai massif, Mousterian tools and Levallois, attributed to Neanderthals, decorative objects made of bone, mammoth prey and teeth of various animals, ostrich egg shells, and fragments of a bracelet of stone and pendants.

85,000- In the midst of the RISS-WÜRM inter-glacial period. In Radom, Poland: Micoquien-Pradnik culture, belonging to Neanderthal man: vestiges of the hunting of animals of the Glacial Mega-fauna. Site analysis in the Prądnik river valley (north of Krakow) shows that Neanderthals were skilled group hunters capable of killing large mammals characteristic of the cold Paleolithic climate and working the meat, bones and skin using specialized tools.

BERINGIA It is the territory that connected Siberia with Alaska, thanks to the decrease in the level of the ocean, during the glacial periods. We know that this land bridge existed for at least two periods: the first between 43,000 and 33,000 BC, and the second between 29,500 and 24,500 BC. Some scholars claim that there may have been an earlier period, between 80,000

and 70,000, coinciding with the Würm Ice Age. Analyzing the depth of the sea in that region, it is estimated that Beringia must have had a width of up to 1500 km. From the study of fossil remains of the vegetation it has been concluded that, surprisingly, the Beringia Bridge enjoyed a climate temperate and dry, so that it was not covered by ice, allowing its colonization by plants and animals that lived there, and that not only populated the territory, but also took advantage of it to migrate in both directions. From Asia they crossed some mammals such as the lion and the cheetah, which evolved into endemic North American species, and later became extinct. And from North America, camelids migrated to Asia, which later became extinct in their original territory. The mammoths also passed through there to America. They had left Africa about 3 million years ago via Europe and colonized Asia, almost at the same time as the ancestors of the Asian elephants. There is important evidence that human beings were able to enter American territory from there.

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THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA 80,000- The WÜRM ICE AGE begins, temperatures drop, possible first emergence of the Beringia land bridge, linking Siberia with Alaska, the sea level drops 30 meters.

71,000- Impact of an asteroid in Chukcha, Russia.

70,000- Russia, Ajshtyr Cave: Neanderthal fossil remains, animal bones, predominantly cave bear.

46,000- In Siberia, Altai Mountains: Denisova Man, a possible new species of Homo, identified through DNA analysis of skeletal remains, found in a stratum dated between 50,000

to 30,000 BC. Apparently, this hominid may have descended from the second migration from Africa in 89,000 BC, or from the early exodus of Homo erectus. On the other hand, everything seems to indicate that the Denisova species evolved independently and spread widely, since they are genetically related to the present humans of Papua New Guinea (Papuan ethnic population), Australia (Australian aborigines and islanders of the Strait of Torres) and Melanesia (Melanesians)

45,500-Russia, Irtysh River: fossil of Ust'-Ishim Man, Homo Sapiens descendant of the second migration, unrelated to Denisova or Sapiens who colonized Europe shortly after, lived by hunting and gathering, but mainly by fishing river.

43,000- Homo Sapiens groups colonize Beringia, attracted by the good living conditions and abundant hunting. The Alfontova and Dyuktai cultures develop: mammoth hunting clans.

35,500 - Russia, Ajshtyr Cave: groups of Homo sapiens occupy this ancient refuge of the Neanderthal clans.

35,000- In Siberia: the Dyuktai culture is developed in the Aldan river basin, characterized by a stone industry with bifaces, projectile points and micro-cores, discovered for the first time in the Dyuktai Cave, in Yakutia.

34,000 - In the north of the Urals, near the Polar Circle, stone tools were found, it is debated whether their authors would be Homo Sapiens or Neanderthals who took refuge in cold regions to escape the presence of Homo Sapiens, the dating of these stone objects can reach 31,000 BC.

In Georgia: in a cave in the Caucasus Mountains, the oldest known natural fibers were found, they are wild flax fibers braided and dyed to be used as clothing.

33,000- Siberia: fossilized bones of dogs confirm that it was already domesticated at this time.

29,000- In Eastern Europe, Italy, the Balkans and Russia the Gravettian culture emerged, characterized by the abundance of burins, even associated with scrapers, perforators or truncated blades. Instead there are fewer scrapers and they are generally flat. A characteristic tool is the so-called tip de la Gravette, with a rectilinear back. Leaves with lowered backs and bony assegai tips also appear. The habitation structures are numerous and often highly complex, in circular or oval pits, dug out of frozen ground, delimited by mammoth bones.

27,500 - Siberia: on the Yana River, 500 kms from the Arctic Circle, relatively close to the Bering Strait, archeology discovered a seasonal hunting camp.

25,000- Bluefish Caves, Siberia: bone and stone tools. Eskimo groups colonize the Indigirka Valley, Siberia.

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22,700- In Russia, archeology discovered numerous statuettes, such as the Venus of Voronezh, in mammoth ivory, and more than forty of Kostenki, an area along the Don River inhabited since the arrival of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. They are ivory or limestone figures associated with bone and stone tools in the 28 sites that make up this site, most of which were found houses built with mammoth bones, some large, that serve as a refuge for groups of hunters and gatherers. A communal house made up of three structures, joined together by leather strips and covered with skins, and was discovered. In front of the houses there was always a well covered with mammoth bones and skins to preserve food, and in other places there were graves, necklaces of arctic fox teeth and ivory head bands. Kostenki was a shelter from the cold, built partly underground to protect itself from the climate, which due to its latitude should not vary much with respect to the central Siberian area, near Lake Baikal, in northern Mongolia, where a manufacturing industry emerged.

Upper Paleolithic with its own features, in the Mal´ta, Bureta and Dyuktai sites (next to Irkutsk) the Dyuktai Culture. Mal’ta was an open-air camp with cabins, possibly a permanent settlement of hunters, in which a child burial was discovered, and numerous stone and bone industry. It is an important camp, with houses usually semi underground, dug to a depth of between 50 and 70 cm. That is to say that only half of its structure protrudes above ground level, sometimes in the form of small walls of stone. The roofs are a framework of posts and bones, and between these constructions there are two exceptionally large, up to 14 x 6 meters, with many chimneys. Perhaps they are shelters from the cold. Not all cabins are built like this; there are some at ground level, usually with a rectangular base, 3 x 4 meters on average and also with a stove. Outside there are garbage areas, and among the artistic manifestations the ivory objects, antlers and bones carved with representations of birds and women stand out, these with an exquisite face modeling, the ears hidden by a carefully cut hair and a very figure more stylized than the European venus. Further west, in the Altai, in central Asia, right on the modern border between Mongolia and Kazakhstan, archeology found stone and bone industry from the Upper Paleolithic, knives, scrapers, animal tooth pendants and similar bone needles o related to Mal'ta, at the sites of Dost Krasnaya and Alfontova Gora. In Bureta the houses are different, round with a narrow stone corridor on the outside, probably to stop the snow that accumulates at the entrance. Also here female figurines are made, dressed in tight-fitting leather suits, sewn from head to toe.

21,500-Ukraine: in Ambour, Venus by Von Gagarin carved in volcanic rock.

21,000- Russia: at the archaeological site of Avdeevo, numerous flint and bone implements, punches, shovels, tiaras and bracelets, many Venuses in different stages of pregnancy and zoo and anthropomorphic heads. The site is located in a steppe area, a very cold place but with abundant fauna, from enormous mammoths to hares, from horses to cave lions and countless birds, some of them large. The cabins are semi underground and have spaces for bonfires inside.

20,000- MAXIMUM LATE WÜRM ICE AGE: the ice covers a large part of the British Isles and the whole of Iceland. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the total amount of ice accumulated in the glaciers and in the continental mantles reached its highest volume. As ice accumulated on the continents, water was withdrawn from the oceans and consequently the sea level dropped.

When the accumulation of continental ice was maximum, the level of the seas was between 120

and 140 meters below the current level. In this way, vast extensions of the continental shelves, now submerged, were exposed, so that the lower courses of many rivers then followed a very different trajectory and could have an outlet very far from the one they have today. In Siberia, the ice dams the Obi and Yenisei rivers, forming a large glacial lake. The ice reaches Hungary 9

THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA and in Asia to Beijing. During this period the territory of present-day Poland remained uninhabited. The predominant terrestrial ecosystem was grass plains, meadows, and willow savannas. Steppes covered much of the sub-glacial zone in Eurasia. Climatic conditions allowed a plant diversity that supported many different species of animals that would normally inhabit different areas.

19,500- The last ice age of the Pleistocene ends, which was also the hardest; a climate change marked by an alternation of temperate and cold phases begins. These alterations allowed the extension of the forest masses in Eurasia and North America, but also caused the formation of wide steppe and / or semi-desert strips around the tropics. As a consequence of these modifications, the large mammals that had formed the basis of the diet of the Upper Paleolithic humans became extinct or migrated: the woolly mammoth and the woolly rhinoceros, among others, disappeared, and animals such as reindeer and bison migrated to the North.

16,000- In Russia: Yuliyevich Venus.

15,000- Beginning of the HOLOCENE ICE AGE: the ice continues to recede, the climate is temperate, the sea level rises due to the thaw, the Gulf marine current is reestablished and the Beringia Bridge is definitively interrupted. Maritime waters invade a large freshwater lake in northern Europe, forming the Baltic Sea.

14,500 - In Russia, south of the Urals: rock art in the Kapova Cave.

13,300- Siberia, Russia: spear made from the horn of a hairy rhinoceros. In the settlement of large mammal hunters in Mezhirich, Ukraine, there were about 50 people, and among their homes there was a circular construction of 5 meters in diameter built with 385 mammoth bones, which were covered with skins. Inside, bonfires, a pantry and a workshop area were found, where flint and bone were worked. Art was also cultivated, in the form of animal shoulder blades painted with parallel broken lines, amber beads and an unusual element, an engraved sheet that looks like a map.

12,000- On the Kamchatka Peninsula, Siberia: The Ushki site is a settlement of houses with bonfires, and its stone industry is similar to that of some deposits in Alaska.

11,000- In Siberia: Ushki site, in the Kamchatka river basin, numerous stone artifacts were discovered, such as pedunculate, ovate and also triangular bifacial projectile points, reminiscent of finds from the same time in the Americas, it was concluded that all they come from a common cultural source.

10,900- Eastern Europe: as the ice melts in the north, forests colonize these territories, and reindeer and their predators arrive with them. This is what happens in the Kola Peninsula, in which groups are forming that will lead to future cultures. The first human clans, of Finno-Ugric origin, also arrived in Estonia.

10,100- In Siberia: the Sumnagin Culture was born, originated in the middle basin of the Lena River, and apparently related to cultures of emigrants discovered in America. The shores of all the Siberian lakes that occupied the geographic depressions during the lacustrine period abound with archaeological remains dating from the Neolithic era. Countless Kurgans or burial mounds, kilns and other artifacts bear witness to a dense population.

In fact, some of the earliest artifacts found in central Asia come from Siberia and western Turkestan. During the great migration in Asia from east to west, many populations were probably driven towards the northern border of the great Central Siberian Plateau. The 10

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successive waves of immigration forced them to go even further, towards the arid lands of the north.

9700- The virgin territories of Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet are being populated by tribes of hunters and gatherers who from the southwest introduce a microlithic industry of worked edges, transformation of bone into a great variety of tools and also new forms of organization, life and exploitation of the environment, the house is in caves, but also in rocky shelters or outdoors. As for Siberia, previous cultures persist, with very little change. In Gobustan, Azerbaijan: first petroglyphs.

9100- Yekaterinburg, Urals: The 5-meter tall idol of Shigir is the oldest wooden sculpture recorded in history.

9000- In this millennium the Neolithic revolution takes place, with all its advances and discoveries, however I have not found information that reveals the form and intensity of its effects in Russia or Siberia.

8000- In the Baltic: the KUNDA CULTURE of Mesolithic hunters arises, they are the first settlers, who set up camps on river terraces, manufacture punches, daggers, serrated points, spears with flint grooves, and harpoons with a single row of teeth , they use two-meter-high arches, made of coniferous wood.

6600- In Estonia and Finland, numerous villages arise in the Kunda Valley, weapons and other utensils are made.

6450- Russia, on the Kamchatka peninsula: the great eruption of the Kurile Lake volcano is the second most powerful eruption of the Holocene.

6250- In Europe and Asia, carpentry undergoes great development, with the use of chisels and precision instruments, not only for houses but for large-scale works, such as pits, palisades or irrigation channels.

5950- Ukraine: the Mesolithic culture of Dnieper-Donetz develops.

5500- Black Sea Disaster: the collapse of the natural dike that separated the Aegean with the Bosphorus and the Black Sea inundates hundreds of kilometers of coastal lands in the region.

This flood forms the current Black Sea, displacing numerous human groups towards Europe and the Middle East, agricultural techniques spread in Germany and the coasts of the upper Danube.

5000- The world climate registers a new period of increased temperatures, with all its consequences on flora and fauna, influencing the development of human society.

4950- In Ukraine: Neolithic culture of Jvalynsk.

4500- In Ukraine: the CUCUTENI culture develops, in the Bug and Dniester valleys, up to the Dnieper: villages protected by moats and embankments, little use of metals, high-quality ceramics, the large settlements in southern Ukraine, Near the Prut, Dniester and Bug rivers, they used to be in strategic places and protected by trenches and embankments, containing between 1,200 and 1,700 structures (houses, warehouses or workshops), which would accommodate several thousand inhabitants. The buildings followed an urban plan, arranged in successive concentric circles, with radial alleys that started from the center of the town and making the most of the available space.

There are documented entire neighborhoods of specialized artisans, who had complex kilns and the potter's wheel, which would allow them to mass-produce their pottery. In Romania and Moldova, the settlements were somewhat smaller, but even so, of considerable size, such 11

THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA as Petreni, with about 500 structures that could accommodate between 2000 and 4000 people, in the lower Danube some villages next to Lake Boian are defended with a moat, its inhabitants make female figurines out of fired clay and pottery is decorated with sinuous shapes. The existence of stable fortified settlements and the appearance of unique buildings led many researchers to affirm that the most recent phases of Cucuteni-Tripilia could constitute the oldest European evidence of proto-states. At the same time, the Sredny Stog culture arises, in Ukraine