a, Single-cell expression distributions for SerpinB6b (a positive marker of cluster disruption) and Lyz1 (a negative marker of cluster disruption) at each time point (marked on top) after stimulation with LPS (all cells included, see Supplementary Information). Distributions are scaled to have the same maximum height. b, Difference in mRNA expression as measured by qRT–PCR (with a Gapdh control) between Lyz1 or SerpinB6b in cells pre-sorted before stimulation on the presence or absence of CD83 expression (CD83⁺ and CD83⁻, respectively), a known cell surface marker of cluster-disrupted cells (see Supplementary Information). Pre-sorted cells were then either unstimulated (blue) or stimulated (red) with LPS for 4 h. c, Expression of cluster-disruption markers does not change with stimulation. qRT–PCR showing the difference between Gapdh (control) and Lyz1 or SerpinB6b expression in cells pre-sorted on Cd83 either in the presence or absence of simulation with LPS. d, PCA showing the separation between maturing’ (blue dots) and cluster-disrupted (red dots) cells. e, Expression of cluster disruption markers for cells stimulated with LPS on-chip. For each cell (black dot) stimulated with LPS on-chip, shown are the expression levels (x axis) of SerpinB6b (cluster disruption cell marker, left) and Lyz1 (normal maturing cell marker, right) versus its antiviral score (y axis). With one exception, the cells are clearly maturing and not cluster-disrupted. Red shading: range of expression in cluster-disrupted cells.