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The Geometric Properties of Curves

The document discusses the historical study of conic sections by ancient Greeks like Apollonius of Perga. Apollonius wrote extensively about conic sections like ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas, which were defined as curves formed by the intersection of a plane with an inverted right circular cone. The four basic conic sections - circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola - are formed depending on how the intersecting plane cuts or is positioned relative to the cone. In modern mathematics, conic sections can be represented by quadratic equations in two variables of the general form Ax2 + By2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0.

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43 views5 pages

The Geometric Properties of Curves

The document discusses the historical study of conic sections by ancient Greeks like Apollonius of Perga. Apollonius wrote extensively about conic sections like ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas, which were defined as curves formed by the intersection of a plane with an inverted right circular cone. The four basic conic sections - circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola - are formed depending on how the intersecting plane cuts or is positioned relative to the cone. In modern mathematics, conic sections can be represented by quadratic equations in two variables of the general form Ax2 + By2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0.

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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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The Geometric Properties of Curves

Historical Perspective The history of mathematics tells us that the conics were already studied extensively by the ancient Greeks. It was Apollonius of Perga(3rd century B.C.) who wrote an extensive treatise on these curves which he called conic sections. In fact, he was able to produce eight books and about 400 propositions or theorems on the subject. Apollonius is credited for having given names ellipse, parabola and hyperbola. The Greeks defined the conics in terms of curves of the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone and studied them in the context of geometry. A plane is made to cut two inverted right circular cones connected together at their vertices. The cones are called nappes. The four basic conics are formed in such a way that the intersecting plane does not pass through the vertex of the cones.

If the plane cuts one nappe perpendicular to the cone axis, the figure formed is a circle. If the plane cuts one nappe at an angle with the cone axis, the resulting figure is an ellipse. If the plane cuts one nappe parallel to the side of a cone, the figure formed is a parabola. If the plane intersects both nappes and is parallel to the cone axis, the figure is a hyperbola.

If the cutting plane passes through the vertex perpendicular to the cone axis, we get a point. This is known as a degenerate ellipse. If the plane cuts through a side of the cones through the vertex, we have a single line. This known as a degenerate parabola. If the cutting plane passes through the cone axis containing the vertex and two sides of the cone, we obtain two intersecting lines. This is known as a degenerate hyperbola.

In the coordinate plane, the conics can be described by quadratic equations of the general form Ax + By + Cxy + Dx +Ey +F = 0 Where A and B are not both zero. For each type of conics, two forms of equations are presented: a. The standard form where geometric properties like radius, focus, and vertex can be obtained; and b. the general form.

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