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    Smooth Muscle Contracts Slowly and Efficiently

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    Ghaidaa Sadeq
    Smooth muscle contracts slowly and efficiently through an oblique arrangement of sarcomeres. Gap junctions allow for coordinated contraction as a single unit, while fewer junctions allow for independent control. Contraction is regulated through calcium levels affecting myosin light chain phosphorylation and crossbridge cycling. Relaxation occurs as calcium levels decrease through calcium channels closing and calcium pumps and exchangers removing calcium, reducing myosin light chain kinase activity and increasing dephosphorylation. Smooth muscle can contract through slow wave potentials, action potentials, or hormonal activation of calcium release from intracellular stores without changes in voltage. Arteriole smooth muscle constriction is regulated by sympathetic stimulation releasing norepinephrine and angiotensin, while dilation is regulated

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    Smooth Muscle Contracts Slowly and Efficiently

    Uploaded by

    Ghaidaa Sadeq
    12 views13 pages
    Smooth muscle contracts slowly and efficiently through an oblique arrangement of sarcomeres. Gap junctions allow for coordinated contraction as a single unit, while fewer junctions allow for independent control. Contraction is regulated through calcium levels affecting myosin light chain phosphorylation and crossbridge cycling. Relaxation occurs as calcium levels decrease through calcium channels closing and calcium pumps and exchangers removing calcium, reducing myosin light chain kinase activity and increasing dephosphorylation. Smooth muscle can contract through slow wave potentials, action potentials, or hormonal activation of calcium release from intracellular stores without changes in voltage. Arteriole smooth muscle constriction is regulated by sympathetic stimulation releasing norepinephrine and angiotensin, while dilation is regulated

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    Sm-muscle

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    Smooth muscle contracts slowly and efficiently through an oblique arrangement of sarcomeres. Gap junctions allow for coordinated contraction as a single unit, while fewer junctions allow for independent control. Contraction is regulated through calcium levels affecting myosin light chain phosphorylation and crossbridge cycling. Relaxation occurs as calcium levels decrease through calcium channels closing and calcium pumps and exchangers removing calcium, reducing myosin light chain kinase activity and increasing dephosphorylation. Smooth muscle can contract through slow wave potentials, action potentials, or hormonal activation of calcium release from intracellular stores without changes in voltage. Arteriole smooth muscle constriction is regulated by sympathetic stimulation releasing norepinephrine and angiotensin, while dilation is regulated

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views13 pages

    Smooth Muscle Contracts Slowly and Efficiently

    Uploaded by

    Ghaidaa Sadeq
    Smooth muscle contracts slowly and efficiently through an oblique arrangement of sarcomeres. Gap junctions allow for coordinated contraction as a single unit, while fewer junctions allow for independent control. Contraction is regulated through calcium levels affecting myosin light chain phosphorylation and crossbridge cycling. Relaxation occurs as calcium levels decrease through calcium channels closing and calcium pumps and exchangers removing calcium, reducing myosin light chain kinase activity and increasing dephosphorylation. Smooth muscle can contract through slow wave potentials, action potentials, or hormonal activation of calcium release from intracellular stores without changes in voltage. Arteriole smooth muscle constriction is regulated by sympathetic stimulation releasing norepinephrine and angiotensin, while dilation is regulated

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Smooth muscle contracts slowly and efciently.

    Blood vessels GI tract lung airways

    Oblique arrangement of sarcomeres

    attachments to plasma membrane

    Sliding laments in sarcomeres of smooth muscle are arranged differently than skeletal and cardiac.

    Myosin slow, efcient Myosin laments differ Attachments in cytosol and at plasma membrane

    Gap junctions assure contraction as single unit.

    Fewer gap junctions assure independent contraction and more precise control.

    Myosin-regulated contraction Ca2+ entry and release from SR Ca2+-CaM-MLCK-dependent phosphorylation of myosin light chains ATP-dep. crossbridge cycling Contraction Actin-based regulation?

    Relaxation in smooth muscle


    [Ca2+] decreases Ca channels close RyR close SERCA, PMCA and Na/Ca remove Ca2+ CaM-MLCK activity decr. Phosphatase dephosphorylates MLC Relax

    Smooth muscle excitation-contraction coupling:


    i. Slow wave potentials and action potentials both open Ca2+ channels and lead to contractions. ii. Graded excitation leads to graded contractions.

    Some smooth muscle generates its own pacemaker potentials, e.g., intestinal peristalsis

    Smooth muscle can contract without change in voltage: hormones and drugs activate IP3 production and Ca2+ release from SR.

    Regulation of Arteriolar Smooth Muscle


    Constriction Sympathetic: norepinephrine released receptor 1 receptor splanchnic and skin Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin Angiotensin II

    Regulation of Arteriolar Smooth Muscle


    Dilation Sympathetic: epinephrine 2 receptor muscle, heart, liver Parasympathetic: ACh Endothelia respond by producing NO Reduce norepinephrine output EDRF - NO Histamine - mast cells Adenosine - low [O2] Lactic acid, high [K+] and metabolites?

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