PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

(A) Main Concepts and Results

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CHAPTER 3

Two linear equations in the same two variables are said to form a pair of linear equations in two variables. The most general form of a pair of linear equations is a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0

a2 x + b 2 y + c2 = 0,

2 2 where a 1, a2, b 1, b 2, c1, c2 are real numbers, such that a1 b1

2 2 0, a2 b2 0 .

A pair of linear equations is consistent if it has a solution either a unique or infinitely many.

In case of infinitely many solutions, the pair of linear equations is also said to be

dependent. Thus, in this case, the pair of linear equations is dependent and consistent.

A pair of linear equations is inconsistent, if it has no solution.

Let a pair of linear equations in two variables be a 1 x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0. If a1 a2 b1 , then b2

(I)

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

17

(i) the pair of linear equations is consistent, (ii) the graph will be a pair of lines intersecting at a unique point, which is the solution of the pair of equations. (II) If a1 a2 b1 b2 c1 , then c2

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(i) the pair of linear equations is inconsistent, (ii) the graph will be a pair of parallel lines and so the pair of equations will have no solution. (III) If

a1 b1 a2 b2

c1 , then c2

(i) the pair of linear equations is dependent, and consistent,

(ii) the graph will be a pair of coincident lines. Each point on the lines will be a solution, and so the pair of equations will have infinitely many solutions. A pair of linear equations can be solved algebraically by any of the following methods: (i) Substitution Method (ii) Elimination Method

(iii) Cross- multiplication Method

The pair of linear equations can also be solved geometrically/graphically.

(B) Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options:

Sample Question 1 : The pair of equations 5x 15y = 8 and 3x 9y = (A) one solution (D) no solution (B) two solutions (C) infinitely many solutions

24 has 5

Solution : Answer (C)

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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

Sample Question 2 : The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. If 27 is added to it, the digits of the number get reversed. The number is (A) 25 (B) 72 (C) 63 (D) 36

Solution : Answer (D)

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Choose the correct answer from the given four options: 1. Graphically, the pair of equations 6x 3y + 10 = 0 2x y + 9 = 0 represents two lines which are (A) intersecting at exactly one point. (B) intersecting at exactly two points. (D) parallel. (C) coincident. 2. The pair of equations x + 2y + 5 = 0 and 3x 6y + 1 = 0 have (A) a unique solution (B) exactly two solutions (D) no solution (C) infinitely many solutions 3. If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines will be (A) parallel (C) intersecting or coincident (B) always coincident (D) always intersecting 4. The pair of equations y = 0 and y = 7 has (A) one solution (C) infinitely many solutions (B) two solutions (D) no solution 5. The pair of equations x = a and y = b graphically represents lines which are (A) parallel (C) coincident (B) intersecting at (b, a) (D) intersecting at (a, b) 6. For what value of k, do the equations 3x y + 8 = 0 and 6x ky = 16 represent coincident lines? (A) (B) 1 2 (C) 2 (D) 2

EXERCISE 3.1

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

19

7. If the lines given by 3x + 2ky = 2 and 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 are parallel, then the value of k is (A)

5 4

(B)

2 5

(C)

15 4

(D)

3 2

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(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 12 (D) no value 9. One equation of a pair of dependent linear equations is 5x + 7y = 2. The second equation can be (A) 10x + 14y + 4 = 0 (B) 10x 14y + 4 = 0 (D) 10x 14y = 4 (C) 10x + 14y + 4 = 0 10. A pair of linear equations which has a unique solution x = 2, y = 3 is (A) x + y = 1 2x 3y = 5 (B) 2x + 5y = 11 4x + 10y = 22 (C) 2x y = 1 3x + 2y = 0 (D) x 4y 14 = 0 5x y 13 = 0 11. If x = a, y = b is the solution of the equations x y = 2 and x + y = 4, then the values of a and b are, respectively (A) 3 and 5 (C) 3 and 1 (B) 5 and 3 (D) 1 and 3 12. Aruna has only Re 1 and Rs 2 coins with her. If the total number of coins that she has is 50 and the amount of money with her is Rs 75, then the number of Re 1 and Rs 2 coins are, respectively (A) 35 and 15 (C) 15 and 35 (B) 35 and 20 (D) 25 and 25 13. The fathers age is six times his sons age. Four years hence, the age of the father will be four times his sons age. The present ages, in years, of the son and the father are, respectively (A) 4 and 24 (C) 6 and 36 (B) 5 and 30 (D) 3 and 24

8. The value of c for which the pair of equations cx y = 2 and 6x 2y = 3 will have infinitely many solutions is

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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

(C) Short Answer Questions with Reasoning

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has a unique solution? Justify your answer. Solution : Yes. Here, a1 a2 1 b = 2, 1 1 b2 2 2 =8 1 4 As a1 a2 b1 , the pair of equations has a unique solution. b2 Sample Question 2 : Do the equations 4x + 3y 1 = 5 and 12x + 9y = 15 represent a pair of coincident lines? Justify your answer. Solution : No. We may rewrite the equations as 4x + 3y = 6 12x + 9y = 15 Here,

a1 1 b1 1 c1 = , = and a2 3 b2 3 c2

2 5

As

a1 b1 c1 = , the given equations do not represent a pair of coincident lines. a2 b2 c2

Sample Question 3 : Is the pair of equations x + 2y 3 = 0 and 6y + 3x 9 = 0 consistent? Justify your answer. Solution : Yes.

Rearranging the terms in the equations, we get x + 2y 3 = 0

3x + 6y 9 = 0

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

21

Here,

a1 a2

1 b1 , 3 b2

1 c1 , 3 c2

a 1 . As 1 a2 3

b1 b2

c1 , the pair of equations is consistent. c2

EXERCISE 3.2

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1. Do the following pair of linear equations have no solution? Justify your answer. (i) 2x + 4y = 3 (ii) x = 2y 12y + 6x = 6 y = 2x (iii) 3x + y 3 = 0 2x + 2 y=2 3 2. Do the following equations represent a pair of coincident lines? Justify your answer. (i) 3x + 1 y= 3 7 7x + 3y = 7 x 2 y 2 =0 5 (ii) 2x 3y = 1 6y + 4x = 2 (iii) 4x + 8y + 5 =0 16 3. Are the following pair of linear equations consistent? Justify your answer. (i) 3x 4y = 12 (ii) 3 1 xy= 5 2 4y + 3x = 12 1 1 x 3y = 5 6 (iii) 2ax + by = a (iv) x + 3y = 11 4ax + 2by 2a = 0; a, b 0 4. For the pair of equations 2 (2x + 6y) = 22

x + 3y = 7

2x + 6y = 14

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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

to have infinitely many solutions, the value of should be 1. Is the statement true? Give reasons. 5. For all real values of c, the pair of equations x 2y = 8

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6. The line represented by x = 7 is parallel to the xaxis. Justify whether the statement is true or not.

5x 10y = c have a unique solution. Justify whether it is true or false.

(D) Short Answer Questions

Sample Question 1 : For which values of p and q, will the following pair of linear equations have infinitely many solutions? 4x + 5y = 2

(2p + 7q) x + (p + 8q) y = 2q p + 1.

Solution :

a1 4 Here, a = 2 p + 7q 2 b1 5 = b2 p + 8q

c1 2 = c2 2q p + 1

For a pair of linear equations to have infinitely many solutions

4 5 2 = = 2 p + 7 q p + 8q 2q p +1

4 5 4 2 = and 2 p + 7 q = 2q p +1 2 p + 7 q p + 8q

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

23

i.e., i.e., i.e.,

4p + 32q = 10p + 35q and 8q 4p + 4 = 4p + 14q 6p + 3q = 0 q = 2p (1) and 8p + 6q = 4 and 4p + 3q = 2 (2)

Substituting the value of q obtained from Equation(1) in Equation(2), we get

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4p 6p = 2 p = 1 or Substituting the value of p in Equation (1), we get q=2 So, for p = 1, q = 2, the given pair of linear equations will have infinitely many solutions. Sample Question 2: Solve the following pair of linear equations: 21x + 47y = 110 47x + 21y = 162 Solution: We have 21x + 47y = 110 47x + 21y = 162 (1) (2) Multiplying Equation (1) by 47 and Equation (2) by 21, we get 987x + 2209 y = 5170 987x + 441y = 3402 (3) (4) Subtracting Equation (4) from Equation (3), we get 1768y = 1768 or y=1 Substituting the value of y in Equation (1), we get 21x + 47 = 110 or 21x = 63 or x=3 So, x = 3, y = 1 Alternative Solution: We have 21x + 47y = 110 (1)

24

EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

47x + 21y = 162 Adding Equations (1) and (2), we have 68x + 68y = 272 or x+y=4 (5)

(2)

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On adding and subtracting Equations (5) and (6), we get x = 3, y = 1 Sample Question 3 : Draw the graphs of the pair of linear equations x y + 2 = 0 and 4x y 4 = 0. Calculate the area of the triangle formed by the lines so drawn and the x-axis. Solution : For drawing the graphs of the given equations, we find two solutions of each of the equations, which are given in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 x x 0 2 0 0 1 y=x+2 2 y = 4x 4 4 0 Plot the points A (0, 2), B (2, 0), P (0, 4) and Q (1, 0) on the graph paper, and join the points to form the lines AB and PQ as shown in Fig 3.1

Subtracting Equation (1) from Equation (2), we have 26x 26y = 52 or xy=2 (6)

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

25

We observe that there is a point R (2, 4) common to both the lines AB and PQ. The triangle formed by these lines and the x- axis is BQR. The vertices of this triangle are B (2, 0), Q (1, 0) and R (2, 4). We know that;

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Area of triangle =
1 Base Altitude 2

Here, Base = BQ = BO + OQ = 2 + 1 = 3 units. Altitude = RM = Ordinate of R = 4 units.

1 So, area of BQR = 3 4 = 6 sq. units. 2

EXERCISE 3.3
have

1. For which value(s) of , do the pair of linear equations

x + y = 2 and x + y = 1

(i) no solution?

(ii) infinitely many solutions? (iii) a unique solution?

2. For which value(s) of k will the pair of equations kx + 3y = k 3 12x + ky = k

have no solution?

3. For which values of a and b, will the following pair of linear equations have infinitely many solutions? x + 2y = 1

(a b)x + (a + b)y = a + b 2

4. Find the value(s) of p in (i) to (iv) and p and q in (v) for the following pair of equations: (i) 3x y 5 = 0 and 6x 2y p = 0, if the lines represented by these equations are parallel.

26

EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

(ii) x + py = 1 and px y = 1, if the pair of equations has no solution. (iii) 3x + 5y = 7 and 2px 3y = 1, if the lines represented by these equations are intersecting at a unique point.

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(iv) 2x + 3y 5 = 0 and px 6y 8 = 0, if the pair of equations has a unique solution. (v) 2x + 3y = 7 and 2px + py = 28 qy, if the pair of equations have infinitely many solutions. 5. Two straight paths are represented by the equations x 3y = 2 and 2x + 6y = 5. Check whether the paths cross each other or not. 6. Write a pair of linear equations which has the unique solution x = 1, y =3. How many such pairs can you write? 7. If 2x + y = 23 and 4x y = 19, find the values of 5y 2x and

y 2. x

8. Find the values of x and y in the following rectangle [see Fig. 3.2].

9. Solve the following pairs of equations: (i) x + y = 3.3

(ii)

x 3

y 4 4

0.6 = 1 , 3x2y

3x 2y 0

5x y 6 8

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

27

(iii)

6 = 15 y 8 6x = 14, y 0 y 4x + 43x + 67y = 24

(iv)

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67x + 43y = 24 (vii)

(v)

(vi)

1 2x 1 x x a x a2

1 = 1 y 1 = 8, x, y 0 2y y = a+b b y = 2, a, b 0 b2

2xy x y

3 2

xy 3 = , 2 x y 10

x + y 0, 2x y 0 x 10

10. Find the solution of the pair of equations Hence, find , if y = x + 5.

y x 1 = 0 and 5 8

y = 15. 6

11. By the graphical method, find whether the following pair of equations are consistent or not. If consistent, solve them. (i) 3x + y + 4 = 0 (ii) x 2y = 6

6x 2y + 4 = 0

3x 6y = 0

(iii) x + y = 3

3x + 3y = 9

12. Draw the graph of the pair of equations 2x + y = 4 and 2x y = 4. Write the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the y-axis. Also find the area of this triangle.

13. Write an equation of a line passing through the point representing solution of the pair of linear equations x+y = 2 and 2xy = 1. How many such lines can we find?

14. If x+1 is a factor of 2x3 + ax2 + 2bx + 1, then find the values of a and b given that 2a3b = 4.

15. The angles of a triangle are x, y and 40. The difference between the two angles x and y is 30. Find x and y.

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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

16. Two years ago, Salim was thrice as old as his daughter and six years later, he will be four years older than twice her age. How old are they now? 17. The age of the father is twice the sum of the ages of his two children. After 20 years, his age will be equal to the sum of the ages of his children. Find the age of the father.

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18. Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 6. If 8 is subtracted from each of the numbers, the ratio becomes 4 : 5. Find the numbers. 19. There are some students in the two examination halls A and B. To make the number of students equal in each hall, 10 students are sent from A to B. But if 20 students are sent from B to A, the number of students in A becomes double the number of students in B. Find the number of students in the two halls. 20. A shopkeeper gives books on rent for reading. She takes a fixed charge for the first two days, and an additional charge for each day thereafter. Latika paid Rs 22 for a book kept for six days, while Anand paid Rs 16 for the book kept for four days. Find the fixed charges and the charge for each extra day. 1 mark is deducted for every wrong answer. Jayanti answered 120 questions 2 and got 90 marks. How many questions did she answer correctly? A = (6x + 10), B = (5x) 21. In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for each correct answer while 22. The angles of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD are C = (x + y), D = (3y 10) Find x and y, and hence the values of the four angles.

(E) Long Answer Questions

Sample Question 1 : Draw the graphs of the lines x = 2 and y = 3. Write the vertices of the figure formed by these lines, the x-axis and the y-axis. Also, find the area of the figure. Solution :

We know that the graph of x = 2 is a line parallel to y-axis at a distance of 2 units to the left of it. So, the line l is the graph of x = 2 [see Fig. 3.3]

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

29

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The graph of y = 3 is a line parallel to the x-axis at a distance of 3 units above it. So, the line m is the graph of y = 3. The figure enclosed by the lines x = 2, y = 3, the x-axis and the y-axis is OABC, which is a rectangle. (Why?) A is a point on the y-axis at a distance of 3 units above the x-axis. So, the coordinates of A are (0, 3); C is a point on the x-axis at a distance of 2 units to the left of y-axis. So, the coordinates of C are (2, 0) B is the solution of the pair of equations x = 2 and y = 3. So, the coordinates of B are (2, 3) So, the vertices of the rectangle OABC are O (0, 0), A (0, 3), B (2, 3), C (2, 0) The length and breadth of this rectangle are 2 units and 3 units, respectively. As the area of a rectangle = length breadth, the area of rectangle OABC = 2 3 = 6 sq. units. Sample Question 2: Determine, algebraically, the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines

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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

5x y = 5, x + 2y = 1 and 6x + y = 17. Solution: The vertex of a triangle is the common solution of the two equations forming its two sides. So, solving the given equations pairwise will give the vertices of the triangle.

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5x y = 5 and x + 2y = 1 x + 2y = 1 and and 6x + y = 17 5x y = 5 6x + y = 17 Solving the pair of equations 5x y = 5 x + 2y = 1 we get, x = 1, y = 0 So, one vertex of the triangle is (1, 0) Solving the second pair of equations x + 2y = 1 6x + y = 17 we get x = 3, y = 1 So, another vertex of the triangle is (3, 1) Solving the third pair of equations 5x y = 5 6x + y = 17, we get x = 2, y = 5. So, the third vertex of the triangle is (2, 5). So, the three vertices of the triangle are (1, 0), (3, 1) and (2, 5). Sample Question 3 : Jamila sold a table and a chair for Rs 1050, thereby making a profit of 10% on the table and 25% on the chair. If she had taken a profit of 25% on the table and 10% on the chair she would have got Rs 1065. Find the cost price of each. Solution : Let the cost price of the table be Rs x and the cost price of the chair be Rs y.

From the given equations, we will have the following three pairs of equations:

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

31

The selling price of the table, when it is sold at a profit of 10% = Rs x

10 x 100

Rs

110 x 100

The selling price of the chair when it is sold at a profit of 25%

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= Rs y

25 y 100

Rs

125 y 100

So,

110 125 x y 1050 100 100

(1)

25 125 When the table is sold at a profit of 25%, its selling price = Rs x + x = Rs x 100 100

10 110 y = Rs y When the chair is sold at a profit of 10%, its selling price = Rs y + 100 100
So, 125 110 x y 1065 100 100 (2)

From Equations (1) and (2), we get 110x + 125y = 105000

and 125x + 110y = 106500

On adding and subtracting these equations, we get 235x + 235y = 211500 15x 15y = 1500

and

i.e., and

x+y = 900

(3)

x y = 100

(4)

Solving Equations (3) and (4), we get x = 500, y = 400

So, the cost price of the table is Rs 500 and the cost price of the chair is Rs 400.

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EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

Sample Question 4: It can take 12 hours to fill a swimming pool using two pipes. If the pipe of larger diameter is used for 4 hours and the pipe of smaller diameter for 9 hours, only half the pool can be filled.How long would it take for each pipe to fill the pool separately? Solution:

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Let the time taken by the pipe of larger diameter to fill the pool be x hours and that taken by the pipe of smaller diameter pipe alone be y hours. In x hours, the pipe of larger diameter fills the pool. 1 So, in 1 hour the pipe of larger diameter fills part of the pool, and so, in 4 hours, the x 4 pipe of larger diameter fills parts of the pool. x
9 parts of the pool. y

Similarly, in 9 hours, the pipe of smaller diameter fills According to the question, 4 9 x y 1 2

(1)

Also, using both the pipes, the pool is filled in 12 hours. So, 12 12 1 x y

(2)

Let

1 1 v . Then Equations (1) and (2) become = u and y x 4u 9v 1 2

(3) (4)

12 u 12v 1

Multiplying Equation (3) by 3 and subtracting Equation (4) from it, we get

15v

1 1 or v 2 30

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO V ARIABLES

33

Substituting the value of v in Equation (4), we get u So, So, or, u

1 20

1 1 ,v 20 30
1 1 1 , 20 y 30

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x = 20, y = 30. So, the pipe of larger diameter alone can fill the pool in 20 hours and the pipe of smaller diameter alone can fill the pool in 30 hours.

EXERCISE 3.4

1.

Graphically, solve the following pair of equations: 2x + y = 6

2x y + 2 = 0

Find the ratio of the areas of the two triangles formed by the lines representing these equations with the x-axis and the lines with the y-axis.

2.

Determine, graphically, the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines y = x, 3y = x, x+y=8

3.

Draw the graphs of the equations x = 3, x = 5 and 2x y 4 = 0. Also find the area of the quadrilateral formed by the lines and the xaxis.

4.

The cost of 4 pens and 4 pencil boxes is Rs 100. Three times the cost of a pen is Rs 15 more than the cost of a pencil box. Form the pair of linear equations for the above situation. Find the cost of a pen and a pencil box. Determine, algebraically, the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines 3x y 3

5.

2x 3y 2y

2 8

Ankita travels 14 km to her home partly by rickshaw and partly by bus. She takes half an hour if she travels 2 km by rickshaw, and the remaining distance by bus.

34

EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

On the other hand, if she travels 4 km by rickshaw and the remaining distance by bus, she takes 9 minutes longer. Find the speed of the rickshaw and of the bus. 7. A person, rowing at the rate of 5 km/h in still water, takes thrice as much time in going 40 km upstream as in going 40 km downstream. Find the speed of the stream. A motor boat can travel 30 km upstream and 28 km downstream in 7 hours. It can travel 21 km upstream and return in 5 hours. Find the speed of the boat in still water and the speed of the stream.

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8. 9. A two-digit number is obtained by either multiplying the sum of the digits by 8 and then subtracting 5 or by multiplying the difference of the digits by 16 and then adding 3. Find the number. 10. A railway half ticket costs half the full fare, but the reservation charges are the same on a half ticket as on a full ticket. One reserved first class ticket from the station A to B costs Rs 2530. Also, one reserved first class ticket and one reserved first class half ticket from A to B costs Rs 3810. Find the full first class fare from station A to B, and also the reservation charges for a ticket. 11. A shopkeeper sells a saree at 8% profit and a sweater at 10% discount, thereby, getting a sum Rs 1008. If she had sold the saree at 10% profit and the sweater at 8% discount, she would have got Rs 1028. Find the cost price of the saree and the list price (price before discount) of the sweater. 12. Susan invested certain amount of money in two schemes A and B, which offer interest at the rate of 8% per annum and 9% per annum, respectively. She received Rs 1860 as annual interest. However, had she interchanged the amount of investments in the two schemes, she would have received Rs 20 more as annual interest. How much money did she invest in each scheme? 13. Vijay had some bananas, and he divided them into two lots A and B. He sold the first lot at the rate of Rs 2 for 3 bananas and the second lot at the rate of Re 1 per banana, and got a total of Rs 400. If he had sold the first lot at the rate of Re 1 per banana, and the second lot at the rate of Rs 4 for 5 bananas, his total collection would have been Rs 460. Find the total number of bananas he had.