Buerger

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Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)

Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is a rare disease of the


arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In Buerger's disease, your blood
vessels swell and can become blocked with blood clots (thrombi).

This eventually damages or destroys skin tissues and may lead to infection
and gangrene. Buerger's disease usually first shows in the hands and feet
and may expand to affect larger areas of your arms and legs.

Buerger's disease is rare in the United States, but is more common in the
Middle East and Far East. Buerger's disease usually affects men between
ages 20 and 40, though it's becoming more common in women.

Virtually everyone diagnosed with Buerger's disease smokes cigarettes or


uses other forms of tobacco, such as chewing tobacco. Quitting all forms of
tobacco is the only way to stop Buerger's disease. For those who don't quit,
amputation of all or part of a limb may ultimately be necessary.

Buerger's disease symptoms include:

• Pain and weakness in your legs and feet or your arms and hands
• Swelling in your feet and hands
• Fingers and toes that turn pale when exposed to cold (Raynaud's
phenomenon)
• Open sores on your fingers and toes
Causes
It isn't clear what triggers Buerger's disease. The condition is caused by
swelling in the arteries and veins of the arms and legs. The cells that cause
the swelling — and eventually blood clots — form in the vessels leading to
your hands and feet and block the blood flow to those parts of your body.

Reduced blood flow means that the skin tissue in your hands and feet
doesn't get adequate oxygen and nutrients. This leads to the signs and
symptoms of Buerger's disease, beginning with pain and weakness in your
fingers and toes and spreading to other parts of your arms and legs.

Risk factors

Tobacco use

Cigarette smoking greatly increases your risk of Buerger's disease. Heavy


cigarette smokers (people who smoke one and a half packs a day or more)
are most likely to develop Buerger's disease, though it can occur in people
who use any form of tobacco, including cigars and chewing tobacco. People
who smoke hand-rolled cigarettes using raw tobacco may have the greatest
risk of Buerger's disease.

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