EE 494/544

Class 5
Chapter 3 (2)
Approximate Method of Analysis
Uniformly Distributed Loads
1 2 3 4
5
di di
di
di di di
dx dx
dx
dx dx
S
I
T
n
length
Let: l = length of the feeder
z = r + jx = impedance of the line in /mile
dx = length of each line section
di = load currents at each node
n = number of nodes and number of line sections
I
T
= total current into the feeder
1 2 3 4
5
di di
di
di di di
dx dx
dx
dx dx
S
I
T
n
length
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( )
( )
1
2
1 2
Re
Re 1
......
Re 1 2 1
1
1 2 3
2
1
Re
2
T
total n
total
total
I
di
n
Vdrop z dx n di
Vdrop z dx n di
Vdrop Vdrop Vdrop Vdrop
Vdrop z dx di n n n
n n
n
n n
Vdrop al z dx di
=
=
= (

= + + +
= + + + + (

+
+ + + + =

+ (

=
`
(


)
( )
1
Re
2
1 1
Re
2
1 1
Re 1
2
1
Re
2
T
T
total
total T
total T
total T
l
dx
n
I
di
n
n n
I l
Vdrop z
n n
n
Vdrop z l I
n
Vdrop Z I
n
Z z l
Vdrop Z I
=
=

+ (

=
`
(


)
+
| |
=
`
|
\ .
)

| |
= +
`
|
\ .
)
=

=
`
)
Work Uniformly Distributed
Load Example
Circuit for Voltage Drop
S
I
T
n
length
I
T
length/2
OR:
S
I
T
n
length
I
T
/2
S
I
T
n
length
I
T
length/2
2 2
3
3
2 2
loss T T
R
P I I R = =
S
I
T
n
length
I
T
/2
2
2
3
3
2 4
T
loss T
I
P R I R = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
3
3 1
3 1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 3
6
1 2 1
3
6
total
T
total
Ploss r dx n di
Ploss r dx n di
Ploss r dx di n n n
n n n
n
n n n
I l
Ploss r
n n
=
(
=

(
= + + + +
(

+ +
+ + + + =
+ + (
| |
| |
=
( | |
\ .
\ .

1 2 3 4
5
di di
di
di di di
dx
dx
dx
dx dx
S
I
T
n
length
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 1
3
6
2 3 1
3
6
1 1 1
3
3 2
6
1
3
3
total T
total T
total T
total T
n n
Ploss R I
n
n n
Ploss R I
n
Ploss R I
n
n
R r l
Ploss R I
+ + (
=
(

(
+ +
=
(

(

(
= + +
(

=
(
=
(

Circuit for Power Loss
S
I
T
n
length
length/3
I
T
OR:
S
I
T
n
length
I
T
/3
Desired Exact Model for
Uniformly Distributed Loads
S
I
T
n
T
I
x
l k
l
(1-k) l
c I
S
I
T
n
T
I
x
l k
l
(1-k) l
c I
( )
( )
1
Re Re 1
2
1
1
2
0.5
1
total T T T
Vdrop Z I k Z I k Z c I
k k c
c
k
c
(
( = = +
(

(
( = +
(

S
I
T
n
T
I
l k
l
(1-k) l
c I
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
total T T T
Ploss R I k R I k R c I
k k c
k c k c k c c
(
(
= = +
(
(


(
(
= +
(
(


(
(
(
= + = +
(
(



x
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
0.5
1
1 0.5
1
3 1
1
3
1
4
total T T T
Ploss R I k R I k R c I
k k c
k c k c k c c
c
k
c
c
c c
c
c
k
(
(
= = +
(
(


(
(
= +
(
(


(
(
(
= + = +
(
(

( (
= +
( (

=
=
Exact Model
S
I
T
n
I
T
l
l
1
4
_
3
4
_
l
2
3
_
T
I
1
3
_
The Rectangle

n
.5di
.5 di
l
w
dx
m
x
i
I
T

n
.5di
.5 di
w
dx
m
x
i
I
T
D = load density in kVA/mile
2
PF = assumed lagging power factor
z = line impedance in ohms/mile
l = length of the area
w = width of area
kV = nominal LL voltage in kV
LL
( )
1
0 0
/ cos
3
1
Re( ) Re 1
Re 1
1 1
Re Re
2 2
T
LL
T
T
T T T
T
l l
drop T
drop T T
D l w
I PF
kV
I
di
l
I x
i I x di I x I
l l
x
dV z i dx z I dx
l
x
V dV z I dx
l
V z I l Z I

=
| |
= = =
|
\ .
(
| |
= =
|
(
\ .

(
| |
( = =
|
\ . (

| | (
= =
|
(
\ .
} }

n
l
w
1
2
l
I
T
I
T
m
1
Re
2
drop T
V Z I
Z z l
(
=
(

=

n
.5di
.5 di
w
dx
m
x
i
I
T
l
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0 0
2 2
3 3 1
3 1 2
3 1 2
1 1
3 3
3 3
T
T
l l
loss T
loss T T
x
dp i r dx I r dx
l
x x
dp r I dx
l
l
x x
P dp r I dx
l
l
P r l I R I
(
| |
( = =
|
\ .
(

| |
= + |
|
\ .
| |
= = + |
|
\ .
( (
= =
( (

} }
The Rectangle

n
l
w
1
2
l
I
T
I
T
m
2
1
Re
2
1
3
3
drop T
loss T
V Z I
P R I
(
=
(

(
==
(





a
b
1 mile
1 mile
f
Sub 1
Density = 6000 kVA/mile
2
Power Factor = 0.9 lagging
Lateral width = 500 ft.
z = 0.3071 + j0.5602 Ohms/mile
Nominal LL Voltage = 13.2 kV
Determine % voltage drop to point f
The Triangle
w
l
I
T
n
m
I
T
2
3
l
2
2
Re
3
8
3
15
drop T T
loss T
V Z I
P R I
(
=
(

(
=
(

1.5 mil e
e
c
d
Load Density = 5000 kVA/mile
2
Power Factor = 0.9 lagging
Lateral width = 500 ft.
z = 0.3071 +j0.5602 Ohms/mile
Nominal LL Voltage = 13.2 kV
Spot Load at Node d = 2500 kVA, .8 lag
Source at e, computer % drop to d
Itri
Iload
Y
1 mile
Sub 2




a
b
1 mile
1 mile
f
1.5 mil e
e
c
d
Irect
Iload
Itri
Compute the % drop from a to e with Sub as only source
1 mile
X
Sub 1
The Trapezoid

w
x
2
w
1
i
a
c
f
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
2 2
2
2 1 2 1
2
1 2
2
Re
3
8 9 3
3
15
drop T
loss T
w w
V Z I
w w
w w w w
P R I
w w
(
| |
+
=
(
|
|
+
(
\ .


(
+ +

(
=
`
(
+


)
d l
Class 5
Homework Assignment #4
Chapter 3-6
Chapter 3-8

Class 6
Complete geometric areas
Work homework problems
Review for Exam scheduled for next class
period