SPEMC Presentation 011708
SPEMC Presentation 011708
SPEMC Presentation 011708
Done What ?
Made the Progress that We Have In Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Over the Past 60 Years ( 7000+ SPE Fracturing Papers Since 1949 )
(Bob Fast, George Howard, Floyd Farris, Joe Clark) Since then it has Turned the World GREEN with MONEY
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Hugoton, KS
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A. B. Waters, Halliburton Co., circa 1980: (Paraphrased) Fracturing has generated more profit for the petroleum industry than any other process, except for exploratory & development drilling.?? Veatch, S E I, circa 2007: (Observation) Since 1980, industry experiences in water, chemical, miscible, thermal, etc., processes have not Economically competed with Hydraulic Fracturing.
??Hydraulic
1947
The Great Race First Commercial Fracturing Treatment 1949 (Pictured) Stephens County, OK - Dwight K. Smith Halliburton Engr.
1949
Courtesy - Halliburton
Second Commercial Fracturing Treatment 1949 2 Hours Later Archer County, TX - A. B. Waters Halliburton Engr.
1950
Control Center
Blenders
From the Blenders to the Pumpers From the Pumpers To the Well
1949 1965
Year
Courtesy Schlumberger
Courtesy Halliburton
Courtesy Halliburton
Courtesy BJ Services
1980s
MMs gal MMs lbs $MMs
Relative Job Costs Frac / Total Well RC < 15% Design Strategy Bigger Smarter RC > 50%
5 5 10+ ppg
Courtesy Halliburton
Courtesy - BJ Services
Courtesy Schlumberger
Courtesy - BJ Services
Courtesy- Halliburton
Courtesy- Schlumberger
Courtesy- BJ Services
Courtesy- Schlumberger
Courtesy- BJ Services
Courtesy- Halliburton
Courtesy- Halliburton
Electronic - Computerized
Courtesy- Schlumberber
Courtesy- BJ Services
Courtesy- BJ Services
Courtesy- Halliburton
Courtesy- Schlumberger
H o r i z a l
W e l l s
The AMAZING Evolution of FRACTURE PROPAGATION GEOMETRY Our Perceptions of Fracture Propagation Geometry Were NEVER Wrong. It was the Fractures Themselves that Changed Just When We Had Them Figured Out, They Would Mutate Again and Again
Horizontal Fracs Proppant EMBEDMENT & PARTIAL Monolayers Were VERY Important In Treatment Design
FULL MONOLAYER
Then Along Came Tom - 1961 & Along Came John (Jahns) 1969, Where Fractures Maintained a Constant Height from Wellbore to Tip. And With These, Came the Table Pounding Between the PERKINIUMS and the GEERTSMACRATS Perkins is RIGHT! He is NOT, Geertsma IS! Is NOT! Is TOO! Is NOT!! Is TOO!! Is NOT!!! Is TOO!!!!
For a While: Height = Perf Span. But Later On Fracs Started to Grow
In the Late 1970s and Early 1980s, Fractures Began Misbehaving. Since Then. They Have Gotten Almost Completely Out of Control.
Multi Nodal Weird X-Sections Multiple Frac Wings
Out of Zone
Wrong Zone
They Began Curving, and Zig-Zagging About. Some Would Even Propagate Dendritically (Just Like Othar Kiel Told Us in the Late 1970s --- What Did He Know?)
They Developed:
Equipment Processes Techniques
They Built Design Tools & Computer Models to Tell The Fractures How to Behave !!!!
Some Ways to Get a Hint of Prospective FRACTURE PROPAGATION BEHAVIOR Nolte-Smith Net Pressure vs Time Curves Downhole Tools
Borehole Elongation Orientation Geoseismic Cross Wellbore Single Well Impression Packers Insitu Stress Profiles Micro-Seismic Post Frac Temperature Profiles Television Televiewers Optical, Sonic Tri-Axial Sonic
Laboratory Core
Compressional/Shear Wave Differential Strain Relaxation Point Loading Residual Stress Overcoring Strain Relaxation Thermal Expansion
Surface Mapping
Electro Potential Geo- & Micro- seismic Tiltmeters
Mineback Experiments
Example
Mesa Verde, Rifle, CO 2000 psi Stress Change Over a 100 ft Interval
Subsequent Experience
Often More a Rule Than an Exception.
Warpinski, Brannagan & Wilmer, JPT, March, 1985
The AROUND & AROUND World of Fracturing Materials: Fracturing Fluid Systems & Propping Agents Proppants
One Thing That Really Keeps Going Round & Round: Our Perpetually Repetitious Comments We Used Those Back in the ___s, and Here They Come AGAIN?.
Surfactants
Functional Additives
Antifoaming Bacteria Control Breakers (Viscosity) Buffers Clay Stabilizing Defoamers Demulsifying Dispersing Emulsifying: Flow Diverting, Blocking Fluid Loss Foaming Friction Reducing Inhibitors pH Control Scale Inhibitors Sequestering Surfactants Temperature Stabilizing Water Blockage Etc.
J. R. Cameron, 1990
Couette Rheometer
J. R. Cameron, 1990
Flow Regimes for These Fluids In the Fracture Can Change Back and Forth Dramatically Throughout the Job Depending on Time, Changing Shear Rate, Temperature, etc.
J. R. Cameron, 1990
Do Not
Describe Behavior, Some Systems Have Upper Viscosity Limits (Laser Anemometry Tests)
1990s 2000s: Life-Size Test Facilities. @ Elevated Temperature & with: Fluid Loss, Particle Tracking, etc. Consortiums & Service Companies
Fracturing Fluids A BIG Revolution 1970s -1980s POWDERS Hydroxy Propyl Guars Gel Concentrations 50 60+ gal / 1000 1990s -2000s LIQUID CONCENTRATES Improved Guars Gel Concentrations 15 30 gal / 1000
New Borates
100 300+ F
Followed by - G-Functions
1 9 8 0 s SLOT ANNULAR
FOAMS
McDaniel 1985 Harris & Penny - 1989 Gulbis - 1983 Penny, Conway & Lee 1989
Bio-Degradable
Custom-Shapes
It Took Only Six (thats 6) Years For a 30+ Member Industry Committee To Come to a Consensus Of What Constitutes an
@ Crunch Stress & Temperature, With the Fracturing Fluid, For a Long Time
Overcome Wellbore Damage Increase Well Productivity Improve Secondary Recovery Injectivity Increase Brine Disposal Rate
1970s 2000s (the Above, Plus) Increase Recoverable Reserves (MHF in Tight Formations)
Blowout Well Control (Frac from a Directional Offset) Sand Control (e.g., Frac-n-Pack) Sweep & Conformance Improvement Fire & Steam Flooding Geothermal Energy Extraction (Hot Dry Rock Circulation) Drilling Mud Disposal (Environmentally Unfriendly) Nuclear Waste Disposal Etc., Etc.
Hydraulic Fracturing WORLD WIDE A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE OF ACTIVITY 1990s & 2000s
Mid 1990s
1990s 1990s 2000s 2000s
Mid 2000s
1990s
2000s
2000s
Mid 1990s Annual Fracturing Jobs & Costs (Excl China, Russia)
Jobs Jobs Cost Cost Cost
87% 81%
2% 8% 8%
Jobs Cost
1% 4%
Jobs Cost
Jobs
Cost
1% 1%
Mid 2000s Annual Fracturing Jobs & Costs (Excl China, Russia)
Jobs Jobs Cost Cost
85% 85%
1%
2%
Jobs Cost
2% 3%
Jobs Cost
Jobs
Cost
3% 3%
FRAC ENGINEERS Face A Somewhat Daunting Challenge. They Have To Work With A System Created By Nature. One That They Cannot See, They Cannot Touch, And That They Did Not Build So Where Are We Today In The Technology?
After 60 Years of Hydraulic Fracturing Research, Technology Development & Experience We Can Safely Say That We Know
EXCEPT
How Deeply They Penetrate Their Vertical Extents Their Symmetries About the Wellbore Whether They Are Planar or Multi-stranded Their Geometries At The Perimeter Which Directions They Go What Their Conductivities Are OTHER THAN THAT WEVE GOT IT DOWN PAT
Hydraulic Fracturing
GO FOR IT !
JOIN: Fracturing Research Consortiums & The Society of Frac Dogs of America
(Carl Montgomery, Omnipotent Potentate)