E PYMENT OF

MECHANIZED CAVALRY
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Prepared for use in resident instruction at The Cavalry School and distributed to cavalry units with the approval of the Commanding General, Army Ground Forces.

EMPLOYMENT OF MECHANIZED CAVALRY

Prepared for use in resident instruction at The Cavalry School and distributed to cavalry units with the approval of the Commanding Generdl, Army Ground Forces.

V1

CONTENTS
Paragraph CHAPTER 1. SECTION General. I. II. III. IV. V. CHAPTER 2. SECTION Role and characteristics----------1- 2 Organization -------Missions -----------3- 6 7-10 1 4 8 10 11 Page

Command and staff __11-13 14-15 Plans and orders ----

Tactical functions. I. Reconnaissance during offensive operations------------16-24 Intelligence-----------25 Liaison-------------26-27 Signal communication------------28-34 35 Security -----------Patrolling-----------36-39

II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

15 34 34 36 41 41 49 51

Observation-----------40 41 Night reconnaissanceReconnaissance during defensive operations------------42-44 X. Reconnaissance during retrograde movements-------45-48 XI. Reconnaissance element in a seize and hold mission -49-50 XII. Reconnaissance element in a protective role----------51-52 INDEX----------------------------------57 VIII. IX.

51

52

53

55

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL SECTION I ROLE AND CHARACTERISTICS

1. ROLE OF MECHANIZED CAVALRY.-a. Mechanized cavalry units are organized, equipped, and trained to perform reconnaissance missions employing infiltration tactics, fire, and maneuver. They engage in combat only to the extent necessary to accomplish the assigned mission. b. Reconnaissance units on reconnaissance missions contribute to the security of the main force by reporting the locations of enemy forces and by giving timely warning of ground and air attacks. Information and warnings are transmitted directly to units whose security is threatened and to higher headquarters. Direct communication between cavalry and tank destroyer units is essential so that tank destroyer commanders will have early information of tank concentrations and movement. Any echelon may monitor a radio net of a lower unit to intercept information. For military terms not defined in this manual see TM 20-205.

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANIZED CAVALRY.-a. Mechanized cavalry units have excellent mobility and communications and considerable fire power. They perform distant, close, and battle reconnaissance within zones or areas, or along designated routes or axes. Units may be employed dismounted on reconnaissance missions when the use of vehicles, is impracticable. The zone assigned will vary with the size of the reconnaissance unit, the routes available to the enemy, the effect of terrain and weather on visibility and movement, the information desired by the higher commander, and the facility with which reserves can be moved within the zone. b. The frontage for a platoon reconnoitering a zone should not exceed 4 miles. A troop with one platoon in reserve initially can reconnoiter a zone 10 miles, in width, while a squadron with one reconnaissance troop and the light tank company in reserve can reconnoiter a zone 25 miles wide. For the 2-squadron group, normal frontage is approximately 40 miles. c. When performing detailed reconnaissance of a zone, reconnaissance elements can advance at the rate of 10 miles per hour over open terrain under favorable conditions. In unfavorable circumstances, or when enemy resistance is encountered which cannot be by-passed and must be removed, the reconnaissance element's rate of advance may be reduced to that of dismounted reconnaissance. When the latter situation can

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be foreseen, the higher commander must reinforce his reconnaissance elements appropriately for an operation which closely approximates that of an advance guard. d. When speed is essential, enemy opposition negligible, roads available, and details unimportant, the rate of advance may be limited only by the speed of the vehicles. e. The time interval by which reconnaissance elements precede the main force in an advance must be determined initially for each mission. All factors which may affect the rate of advance of reconnaissance must be considered before missions are assigned. f. Night reconnaissance is less effective than daylight reconnaissance and is limited ordinarily to dismounted patrolling, observation of routes, and the use of listening posts. g. Operations of mechanized cavalry and reconnaissance aviation are complementary. Aviation provides information which facilitates the execution of ground reconnaissance missions and conserves ground reconnaissance elements.

SECTION II ORGANIZATION
3. RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON (T/O & E 2-27).-The reconnaissance platoon is the basic

reconnaissance unit. It is organized to operate under troop control in a zone or along a prescribed route. The number and composition of reconnaissance teams formed within the platoon will vary. (FM 2-20.) 4. RECONNAISSANCE TROOP (T/O & E 2-2'7).--All mechanized cavalry reconnaissance troops are identical in organization except the reconnaissance troop, infantry division, which has a detachment for liaison with division headquarters and additional maintenance personnel. The troop is the smallest unit containing the personnel and equipment necessary for command, maneuver, administration, communication, maintenance, and supply. It can deliver heavy fire with mortars, antitank guns, and automatic weapons, but its strength is inadequate for sustained offensive and defensive combat. This fact must be borne in mind constantly by officers charged with the assignment of missions. (FM 2-20.) 5. RECONNAISSANCE SQUADRON (T/O & E 2-25).-a. Mechanized cavalry reconnaissance squadrons are of two types. The first type, the separate squadron, consists of a headquarters, headquarters and service troop, three reconnaissance troops, a light tank company, an assault gun troop, and a medical detachment. This squadron may be made a part of the cavalry group, mechanized. (paragraph 6.) The second type, the squadron which is organic within an armored division, differs from the first type in

that it has four reconnaissance troops and an assault gun troop consisting of four rather than three assault gun platoons. Both types are selfcontained units, having tactical and administrative functions. (FM 2-30.) b. The headquarters contains personnel, transportation, and equipment for command, staff, communication, and administration. Headquarters and service troop performs administrative duties for the headquarters, and maintenance and supply for the squadron. (T/O & E 2-26.) c. The light tank company is the support element of the squadron, containing a headquarters and three tank platoons. It provides the squadron additional combat power to overcome minor opposition. It is employed most advantageously as a unit when supported by the fire of assault guns. In difficult terrain, it may be used for reconnaissance. (T/O & E 17-17.) d. The assault gun troop is composed of a headquarters and three two-gun (75-mm howitzer) platoons. The assault gun troop in the reconnaissance squadron of the armored division has an additional platoon. (T/O & E 2-28.) 6. CAVALRY GROUP.-The cavalry group, mechanized, is organized, trained, and equipped to perform reconnaissance and protective missions for a corps or larger unit. It is formed by attaching two or more reconnaissance squadrons to a group headquarters and headquarters troop.

SEE NOTE I

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LJ T TO HIGHER HQ

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FIGURE

2.-Radio

net, headquarters

and headquarters troop, cavalry group, mechanized.

(T/O & E's 2-22 and 2-25.) The role of the group headquarters is to supervise the training of attached squadrons and command them tactically. Administrative control of attached squadrons is limited to general supervision. The radio net, headquarters and headquarters troop, cavalry group, mechanized, is shown in Figure 2.

SECTION III MISSIONS

7. GENERAL,-a. (1) The primary mission of all mechanized reconnaissance units is the collection and transmission of information. (2) Contact with the enemy is gained at the earliest moment and must never be lost. Timely warning regarding dispositions and movements of the enemy is of the greatest value to the higher commander. b. When performing a reconnaissance mission, the mechanized reconnaissance unit contributes to the security of the main force by providing timely warning of hostile air and mechanized threats. Exceptionally, a mechanized reconnaissance unit may be ordered to provide protection to the main force. The roles of reconnaissance and protection are entirely separate and are not interdependent. If it is required to perform a protective task, the mechanized cavalry unit must be

appropriately reinforced and assigned a much narrower zone than if required to perform reconnaissance. A mechanized reconnaissance unit should not be given both reconnaissance and protective missions at the same time. 8. RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS.-Mechanized cavalry units may be ordered to: a. Reconnoiter a definite area, zone, or route, either to the front or to a flank of the main force. b. Observe routes or defensive positions, either from observation posts or by patrols. 9. PROTECTIVE MISSIONS.-a. Mechanized cavalry units may be ordered to: (1) Act as part of a covering force either in front or to the flanks of the higher unit. (2) Act as part of an advance, flank, or rear guard. (3) Act as part of a counterreconnaissance screen. (4) Cover a withdrawal if appropriately reinforced. b. Before their departure on a protective mission, or when sustained combat or the crossing of obstacles is anticipated, reconnaissance units should be reinforced. Infantry, field artillery, tanks, tank destroyers, and engineers are suitable attachments.

10. OTHER MISSIONS.-Other roles _ for which the reconnaissance unit may be employed include: a. Seizing and holding a critical terrain feature for a very limited time. b. Acting as a mobile reserve of fire power for use against enemy airborne troops.

.maintain or regain contact.

c. Pursing a beaten or disorganized enemy to

SECTION IV
COMMAND AND STAFF
11. CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE UNIT COMMANDERS.-The commander of a cavalry reconnaissance unit performs staff as well as command functions. He advises the commander of the organization to which his unit is assigned or attached on reconnaissance matters. The cavalry commander must be completely in the confidence of his higher commander. He should be consulted when reconnaissance plans are being formulated or changed. He should recommend missions for his unit and methods of coordinating the efforts of all reconnaissance agencies. Intimate knowledge of the situation is essential to the cavalry commander in order that he may coordinate the action of subordinate units and prepare plans for future employment. 10

UNIT 12. CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE STAFFS.-The staffs of cavalry reconnaissance groups and squadrons are similar in organization but vary in size and in the magnitude and complexity of their functions. For a description of staff functions, see FM's 101-5 and 2-30. 13. COMMAND POSTS.-Command posts of mechanized cavalry units normally are located near the command post of the higher unit during the planning phase and until active reconnaissance operations begin. Thereafter, command posts are kept well forward. A liaison officer should be present at the command post of the higher unit at all times. Subordinate cavalry commanders establish their command posts where they can exercise tactical command most effectively.

SECTION V PLANS AND ORDERS

14. GENERAL.-a. Basic decision.-The basic decision as to the employment of the cavalry reconnaissance unit is the responsibility of the higher commander. Its missions are based on the essential elements of information which the commander announces to focus attention upon the enemy's capabilities. The cavalry commander must be prepared to submit recommendations as to the employment of the reconnaissance unit before the higher commander formulates his decision.

b. Estimate of the reconnaissance situation and requirements.-The cavalry commander can be prepared properly to submit recommendations only if he and his staff have made a continuous estimate of the situation from a reconnaissance viewpoint at the same time that the higher commander has been making his estimate of the situation. c. Phases of reconnaissance planning.-The reconnaissance plan must provide for maximum assistance to the higher commander's plan of maneuver. The successive steps in the formation of the commander's plan for the employment of the mechanized cavalry reconnaissance unit are: (1) An estimate of the situation by the cavalry reconnaissance commander and submission of recommendations prior to the higher commander's decision. (2) Formulation of the plan for the employment of the reconnaissance unit based on the higher commander's decision. (3) Preparation of the order or annex to put the plan into effect. 15. RECONNAISSANCE ORDERS.-a. General.-For a general discussion of combat orders and annexes, see FM 101-5. Forms 13A and 13B are intended to standardize reconnaissance instructions. It is the duty of the higher commander to furnish his cavalry commander all available information and intelligence pertaining

to the known and suspected areas of enemy activity. The higher commander will have received such information from various agencies and means, including air forces, the Counterintelligence Corps, radio intercept stations, field artillery flash and sound battalions, adjacent units, maps, and other sources. Orders include: (1) All pertinent information of the enemy not already known. (2) Information of friendly forces with which the reconnaissance unit may come in contact. (3) The specific information to be secured, including when and where it is to be obtained. (4) Zone boundaries (area, axis, or route). (5) Objectives or phase lines, including time each is to be reached. (6) Times and places to which reports will be sent. (7) Time and place at which the reconnaissance unit will rejoin the higher unit, or what it will do when it has accomplished its specific mission. (8) Administrative details. (9) Communication, including advanced message centers, CP's of higher units, and similar details. b. Reconnaissance subparagraph.-The reconnaissance subparagraph of the corps (division)

field order gives the commander's decision on the employment of the attached or assigned cavalry reconnaissance unit. It includes only details necessary for the information of the commanders of major echelons and for coordinating the efforts of reconnaissance agencies. c. Reconnaissance orders.-(1) After the proper mission has been selected, specific orders must be issued to carry it out. Definite orders are possible only when plans are definite. Incorporated in an intelligence annex or in reconnaissance instructions, these orders focus the attention of reconnaissance agencies upon items of information which the higher commander desires. (2) The cavalry commander's orders to his subordinate reconnaissance units follow the five paragraph form. Initially, at the start of each phase of an operation, orders are complete. They may be written or in the form of an operation map; thereafter, they usually are fragmentary, being issued orally, or in the form of messages and overlays.

CHAPTER 2

TACTICAL FUNCTIONS SECTION I

RECONNAISSANCE DURING OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
16. GENERAL.-For the general doctrine governing offensive operations, see FM 100-5. 17. BATTLE ORGANIZATION.-Prior to movement, the cavalry commander carefully considers his mission and his means for accomplishing it. He makes his initial dispositions with a view to minimizing change as the operation progresses and to insuring control without sacrificing tactical flexibility. He makes necessary attachments at this time. a. The cavalry group, mechanized, is composed of two or more squadrons. A two-squadron group may operate with both squadrons initially forward on active reconnaissance on a front of 40 miles. The group commander may choose to constitute a reserve from elements of one or both of his squadrons or specify that squadron reserves will be committed only on his order.

(1) When reinforced by corps or army troops, a group composed of two or three squadrons can perform effective reconnaissance on a proportionately wider front. (2) A four-squadron group may operate with three squadrons assigned to active reconnaissance on a 75-mile front and the fourth initially in reserve. (3) In any event the formation of a group reserve will be determined by the group mission, width of the zone to be covered, the road net, and the enemy situation. The group commander's request for attachments, based upon carefully estimated needs, will indicate specifically the type and strength of troops desired. b. The mechanized reconnaissance squadron normally operates with two (three, armored division) reinforced reconnaissance troops in advance on active reconnaissance and one reconnaissance troop and the light tank company in reserve. (FM 2-30.) The squadron commander normally attaches an assault gun platoon to each of his leading reconnaissance troops. Squadron headquarters follows with the reserve. The route is dictated by communication facilities and the terrain. c. The mechanized reconnaissance troop usually operates with two platoons initially assigned to active reconnaissance. (FM 2-20.) Assault guns with the reconnaissance troop of the mech-

anized cavalry squadron may be attached to and operate separately with reconnaissance platoons, or move in troop reserve. 18. MOVEMENT TO CONTACT.-a. General. -After the intelligence plan has been made, the mission selected, and definite orders issued, the process of obtaining information and getting it back to the higher commander in time begins. b. Initial plan.-(1) The commander of the mechanized cavalry unit normally bases his initial plan of movement on the likelihood of meeting the enemy and the average speed that he is required to maintain. Personal control and timely reports are essential. (2) The higher commander, and the mechanized cavalry commander in turn, prescribes specific axes or routes, and zones or areas. Responsibility is allocated definitely so as to prevent duplication of effort. Designation of boundaries is not intended to restrict the initiative of subordinate commanders. Maximum freedom of movement warranted by the particular situation is allowed. Governing factors are described in FM 100-5 and FM 2-30. c. Rate of advance.-The forward movement of mechanized reconnaissance elements will be as rapid as the terrain and enemy dispositions will permit. Prescribed essential elements of information having forced the attention of the commander on enemy capabilities, he will make max-

imum use of available roads until active hostile resistance or other developments make it necessary for him to continue his mission across country. The rate of advance, depending upon the terrain, the enemy situation, and the degree of detail in which the reconnaissance is to be performed, may vary from the maximum speed of vehicles to the rate of march of dismounted elements. d. Contact improbable.-When contact is improbable, reconnaissance elements will move rapidly from one phase line to the next. e. Contact probable.--When contact is expected but information in hand does not indicate where or when contact will be made, reconnaissance elements will move as rapidly as possible by bounds from one critical terrain feature to the next. f. Contact imminent.- (1) When contact is imminent and information in hand definitely indicates, where and when contact will be made, reconnaissance elements will move by relatively short bounds from one critical terrain feature to the next. If the terrain and situation indicate such action, movement will be made across country. (2) The enemy most likely will try to delay the reconnaissance elements by antitank and antipersonnel mines. He also will use artillery fire. Reconnaissance elements must not consider mines or artillery fire as contact. They must report them, by-pass or clear paths through the mine

fields, and by-pass or infiltrate through the artillery fire. (3) It must be kept in mind that the enemy may change his tactics and hold his fire, permitting the reconnaissance elements to approach, then try to destroy them by ambush. While in the imminent contact zone, reconnaissance elements must proceed with caution. The force which is on the move when contact is made is at an obvious disadvantage. 19. CONTACT.-During this phase, mechanized cavalry attempts to by-pass hostile reconnaissance and security elements. If this is impossible and the situation indicates such action, reconnaissance elements will attack the enemy and destroy him. If the strength and disposition of the enemy preclude a successful attack, reconnaissance elements keep the enemy under observation and retain the initiative by out-patrolling him day and night. 20. RECONNAISSANCE OF ENEMY'S MAIN BATTLE POSITION.-a. Action of reconnaissance platoon in front of the enemy's main battle position.-Observation posts and patrols must be pushed forward until the enemy's main battle position is reached. Once this position is reached, reconnaissance is intensified by establishment of observation posts, listening posts, and day and night patrols. Until the larger force penetrates the enemy position, all action is deliberate rather than hasty.

CONTACT

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'iu; ases of reconnaissance action.

b. Action of reconnaissance troop in front of the enemy's main battle position.-(1) Normally, the commander of the reconnaissance troop whose platoon or platoons have gained contact with the enemy's main battle position is following behind his advanced elements with his headquarters and reserve. Once the initial contact has been gained, the troop commander must decide immediately the best method of employing his reserve. At the earliest opportunity, he must move forward to the critical area and personally obtain firsthand information of the situation. It is essential that he remain in contact with his command post. His whereabouts must be known to his own headquarters in case of a radio failure. After he has made his personal reconnaissance, he should report the situation at once to his higher commander. If the situation indicates the expediency for doing so, he may commit his reserve to intensify reconnaissance. If he needs reinforcements he should ask for them. (2) Troops of reconnaissance squadrons, with assault guns attached, frequently will locate their two assault guns so that they can better support the efforts of the reconnaissance platoons. Often it will be desirable to detach them from reconnaissance platoons and employ them as a platoon under troop control. The troop commander at this time normally will order the establishment of additional observation posts and the increase of patrolling activity. He will coordinate all observation posts and patrols.

c. Action of reconnaissance squadron in front of the enemy's main battle position.-(1) Squadron headquarters and the reserve normally move behind two reinforced troops, the squadron commander having at least one reconnaissance troop and a light tank company at his disposal. When the enemy's main battle pos,ition is reached and is found to be so organized as to preclude use of vehicles, reconnaissance elements for the most part will work dismounted. This phase is timeconsuming. Action is at once stealthy and aggressive. (2) The reserve may be employed to intensify the reconnaissance, or it may be used on a flank, as a reservoir for patrols, or on other missions. (3) When no immediate opportunity exists for employing it in offensive action, the tank company is disposed so as to protect advance observation posts and other installations. (4) Exceptionally the assault guns may be grouped under the command of the assault gun troop commander so as to support all or as many as possible of the reconnaissance elements. This usually will require relocation for better control. (5) The squadron commander should move to the critical points and make a personal reconnaissance. It is essential that he remain in radio contact with his command post and keep his subordinates informed of his exact location and intentions.

21. BATTLE RECONNAISSANCE.-a. During the phase following that in which contact with the enemy's main battle position is made, mechanized cavalry units usually are called upon to perform battle reconnaissance. (1) While the infantry, armored, and artillery units close up and make their dispositions, mechanized cavalry develops the situation by intensifying reconnaissance to the front or flanks. Observation posts are established well forward and vigorous day and night patrolling is maintained. (2) Mechanized cavalry frequently will be called upon to perform reconnaissance in force, to command and control attachments made by the higher commander specifically for that purpose, or to act as part of a larger force with a similar mission. A reconnaissance in force requires meticulous coordination and planning. Early establishment and continuous operation of observation posts are important success factors in the conduct of reconnaissance in force. Observers should be located where they can make detailed visual reconnaissance of suspected enemy positions that may be disclosed. (Fig. 4). b. Other battle reconnaissance missions will include information of terrain and obstacles, and location of the enemy, his dispositions and his strength. 22. MAINTAINING CONTACT DURING BATTLE.-a. Contact once gained must be maintained. The enemy may try to disengage and

ENEMY

I'R 1. Reconnfaissance in foeis a bold, well ' nated attack executed to discover andl test the enemy's position and strength. Detailed observation from established observa tion posts prior to, during, and after the .,, attack is essential.

withdraw to his next position when such action is indicated, hoping to effect his withdrawal secretly and in an orderly manner. The enemy normally will leave a small force to fight a rear guard action and withdraw the bulk of his forces under the cover of darkness. Maintenance of contact during this phase is difficult. The enemy may be expected to lay mines extensively, to erect barriers, and employ all types of demolitions to facilitate his withdrawal. Higher commanders must use all available reconnaissance agencies to prevent the breaking of contact. All agencies complement one another in this effort. b. Ground reconnaissance elements, by vigorous probing with patrols and by establishing observation posts and listening posts deep in the enemy's position, try to prevent the enemy from withdrawing secretly. If higher headquarters provides advance warning that the enemy is attempting to withdraw, ground reconnaissance elements must push aggressively forward and check the report. c. The surest way of preventing surprise is to locate observation and listening posts by stealth deep in the hostile position, overlooking critical routes of communication. Anticipatory plans should be made so that such posts are established at the first opportunity. Personnel should be provided enough supplies to permit them to stay out for several days. They also must have a reliable means of communication with higher headquarters.

23. RECONNAISSANCE ELEMENTS DURING BREAKTHROUGH.-a. The role of the reconnaissance unit during a breakthrough follows chronologically its role during battle. The higher commander issues his order for the assault of the position and for exploitation of the breakthrough. Normally, the reconnaissance unit will be given the mission of reconnoitering routes, locating pockets of enemy resistance for the exploiting force, and providing the exploiting force timely warning of enemy counterattacks. b. Reconnaissance units should be informed early of the plan of the higher commander. Once the breakthrough assault is launched, speed is essential. The action of reconnaissance elements as they go through the gap is hasty rather than deliberate. A breakthrough can become a pursuit and the enemy's orderly withdrawal a rout if the action is vigorous and aggressive. c. Upon receipt of orders for his mission during the breakthrough, the cavalry commander will prepare his command for its role. Within the squadron, the assault guns will be attached to the reconnaissance troops; tank platoons also may be attached to the troops. Vehicles and men will be prepared for the mounted movement, ready to probe forward at the first opportunity. This phase, like the pursuit phase, is marked by boldness. 24. RECONNAISSANCE ELEMENTS DURING PURSUIT.-a. Pursuit of a withdrawing

enemy.-(1) A beaten enemy may withdraw in good order protected by demolitions and rear guards. Though his morale may be shaken, he is still likely to retain sufficient control of his forces to make an orderly withdrawal to his next prepared position. When this happens, the reconnaissance unit may be used: (a) For independent reconnaissance in front of the advance guard with particular attention to mine fields, barriers, and other types of demolitions works. (b) As an integral part of the advance guard. An advance guard that includes a reconnaissance squadron or group also may have tanks, selfpropelled artillery, tank destroyers, and engineers attached to it, constituting a force with considerable cross-country mobility and striking power. (2) The supply problems involved in a pursuit require careful consideration. Being vulnerable, supply vehicles require protection. It is essential, therefore, that the number of such vehicles be kept to the minimum. Since the decision must depend on the situation, no definite rule can be laid down; the reconnaissance element ordered to pursue must not fail because of lack of fuel, ammunition, and other supplies. b. Pursuit of a disintegrated enemy.-(1) If the enemy has suffered a defeat and his forces have disintegrated, the reconnaissance squadron

ENEMY

ENEMY

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Reconnaissance prior to breakthrough operat i0os.

or group may be given an independent pursuit mission. The reconnaissance commander may then take calculated risks which would not otherwise be justifiable. The reconnaissance element may be ordered to: (a) Follow-up quickly and regain contact. Once contact has been regained, the enemy must be pursued aggressively so that he does not have time to lay mines or carry out demolitions. (b) Outflank the enemy threaten his main forces. rear guards and

(2) During the pursuit, the reconnaissance commander will allow his subordinates maximum latitude consistent with control in exploiting local opportunities. Such orders normally will be in the form of reconnaissance instructions. (3) Even when disintegration of the enemy's main forces has begun, reconnaissance units may encounter isolated hostile elements whose fighting qualities and will to resist are great. Time should not be wasted in trying to clean out these pockets. They should be by-passed and their locations reported. The retreating enemy must be kept on the run and not permitted to reorganize. (4) Mines, cratered roads, and destroyed bridges are major obstacles to a rapid and successful pursuit. Every effort will be made to prevent the enemy from destroying vital bridges. If necessary, small detachments will be left behind to insure that bridges remain intact.

+?EEMY

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(5) If the enemy rear guards are sufficiently strong to hold up the squadron or group, the commander will swing to a flank and try to work his way around. The wider the flanking movement, the better will be the chance of getting through. The deeper into the hostile position his flanking movement takes him, the greater will be his opportunity to further the disorganization of the enemy. c. Prisoners of war and enemy materiel.(FM 30-15)-(1) When the enemy is demoralized and disorganized, the prisoner problem becomes acute. Large numbers of prisoners are burdensome. The mission of the reconnaissance element is to increase the disorganization of the enemy. It will not be diverted from this mission to round up prisoners who will, in the course of the action, be dealt with by other troops. The following prisoners, however, are of great value and, whenever practicable, should be taken: (a) Senior commanders and their staffs. (b) Individuals for identification of units in the vicinity. (2) The disposal of prisoners is a difficult problem. The guiding rules are: (a) Important prisoners must be sent back under escort. (b) All prisoners must be rendered harmless.

(c) The momentum of pursuit must not be lost. Since the speed of the pursuit must be kept up, it usually will be necessary to leave enemy materiel intact for later recovery, except when there is danger of its being recaptured. d. Local inhabitants.- (1) Disintegration of the enemy normally is the signal for a considerable movement of civilian refugees in rear areas. Extent of the movement increases as hostile resistance decreases. Refugees plus military stragglers may impede the advance seriously. Whenever practicable, reconnaissance elements should isolate civilians in areas where they will not interfere with troop movements. (2) If the population is largely hostile to the enemy, active help can be expected from local patriots. Contact should be made as soon as possible with these individuals because their cooperation may be invaluable. However, it should not be assumed that all the population is friendly. Constant watch for fifth columnists must be maintained, and though guides are valuable the offers of individuals to act in this capacity should be treated with suspicion. Officials, such as mayors of towns, usually retain some vestige of control. Wherever practicable, the cooperation of the nearest civilian official should be sought when dealing with local inhabitants.

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Reconnaissance during pursuit operations.

SECTION II INTELLIGENCE
25. RECONNAISSANCE INTELLIGENCE.In order to perform efficient reconnaissance, it is necessary that all reconnaissance elements continuously collect and disseminate information of the enemy by all available means. Frequent, and timely, intelligence reports from higher headquarters assist subordinate units in accomplishing their missions. It is essential that the reconnaissance commander disseminate pertinent intelligence down to his subordinate elements. Mechanized cavalry commanders who have been present during the planning phase and have assisted the higher commander in the coordination of reconnaissance activities should be able to function intelligently even in the absence of orders. If the plan is definite, continuous and aggressive action will produce essential information. It should be disseminated promptly, laterally as well as vertically.

SECTION III LIAISON

26. GENERAL.-Liaison is established between reconnaissance units and the higher echelon and, in many cases, between adjacent reconnais-

sance elements. Close contact makes possible the timely transmission of information and gives the reconnaissance unit the intimate knowledge of the situation which it requires for effective performance of its mission. Maintenance of liaison is a command responsibility in all echelons. 27. COMMAND LIAISON.-a. A reconnaissance unit commander uses liaison officers to establish and maintain liaison with higher headquarters and adjacent units. A liaison officer is the personal representative of his commander. It is essential that he be an outstanding individual in all respects. He must demonstrate tact and sound judgment, possess unlimited energy, and be professionally competent. b. The primary mission of a liaison officer is to advise and assist the higher commander in obtaining desired information and to keep his reconnaissance commander informed of the plans, operations, and disposition of the higher unit. c. He must be able to inform the higher commander of the capabilities of his reconnaissance unit and to transmit promptly to his headquarters any orders, plans, or other pertinent data. d. It is the duty of the higher commander, through his staff, to keep liaison officers from mechanized cavalry reconnaissance units informed of the locations of friendly and hostile forces, the contemplated scheme of maneuver, and the immediate requirements for information.

SECTION IV

SIGNAL COMMUNICATION
28. REFERENCES.-For principles and procedures relating to signal communication, see FM's 24-5, 24-18, and 24-20. Technical manuals provide technical information on signal equipment. For details of signal communication in mechanized cavalry units, see FM's 2-20, 2-30, and FM 7-24. 29. GENERAL.-The commander of each reconnaissance unit is responsible for the establishment and maintainence of signal communication within his own and attached units. 30. AXIS OF SIGNAL COMMUNICATION.The axis of signal communication for a reconnaissance unit is designated by higher headquarters. When higher headquarters cannot designate an axis of communication, the commander of the reconnaissance unit should designate his own axis of communication and inform higher and subordinate commanders of locations and times when command posts will open and close within the reconnaissance zone. 31. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.-Means of communication employed by cavalry reconnaissance units are radio (telephone and telegraph), wire (telephone and telegraph) when supplied by higher headquarters on request,

messengers (mounted, dismounted), visual, and sound. No single means of communication is infallible. Alternate means must be provided. a. Radio.-(1) Radio is the principal means of communication between elements of a unit and between units. In general, each headquarters maintains a station in the net of the next higher headquarters. Special purpose nets are organized as required. Type radio nets for the cavalry reconnaissance squadron, mechanized, and for each of its components are contained in FM 2-30. For additional nets for the mechanized cavalry reconnaissance troop, infantry division, see FM 7-24. (2) In developing an SOP covering radio transmission within his unit, the mechanized cavalry reconnaissance commander should prescribe (a) Several tactical nettings. (b) Situations in which messenger communication will be used. (c) Elements to operate visual communication. (d) System of relief for operators to insure that sets are maintained in continuous operation. (e) Brevity codes, map coordinate codes, and prearranged message codes to reduce transmitting time and coordinate with higher headquarters.

(f) Sequence in which radio frequencies are to be employed in avoiding or minimizing hostile interference. (g) Permissible repairs to various types of equipment. (h) Method of transporting spare parts and operating equipment. (3) The principal means of air-ground communication is radio, either radiotelephone or radiotelegraph. The most important supplemental means is the CCBP-8 panel code. Other means involve transmission of prearranged signals by panels, colored smokes, pyrotechnics, and signal lamps. For the physical transmission of maps, overlays, and written messages between air and ground, the drop and pick-up method may be used. (FM 24-5.) b. Wire.-Wire communication is established by higher headquarters down to the reconnaissance unit and sometimes to subordinate reconnaissance elements when the situation makes such action expedient. Time available and future needs for wire are governing factors. If installed, the wire system may include command posts, observation and listening posts, and sometimes dismounted patrol check points. c. Messengers.-Messengers are used when the time distance between units makes messengers the fastest means of communication; to send maps, overlays, or field orders; when radio com-

munication is interrupted for any reason; and for delivery of administrative reports on scheduled messenger service. d. Sound power on EE8 telephone.-When the situation is stabilized temporarily, sound power telephones will be supplied by higher headquarters upon request. At such times, observation posts, listening posts, and dismounted patrols will constitute the primary means of gathering information. e. Visual.-Visual communication is suitable for prearranged signals, such as those used for battle formations and for short code groups. Maximum use should be made of visual signals for internal control of reconnaissance platoons. Such practice will reduce the volume of radio traffic and insure sets being free to transmit essential reconnaissance information. f. Sound.-Voice is used between elements within voice range of each other. Sound communication is of value chiefly for alarms and for transmission of short prearranged messages. 32. SIGNAL SECURITY.-a. Since radio is non-secret, the enemy's capability of intercepting radio messages must be presupposed. b. Encoding and enciphering are accepted means of gaining secrecy in radio transmission. Discretion must be used even in the sending of messages in code or cipher. When prompt action is called for, the commander must decide

whether the urgency of sending the message in the clear outweighs the value to the enemy of the information contained therein. Radio transmission in the clear is justified when speed is essential and the urgency of the message is too great to permit encoding, or when the time available is insufficient for the enemy to exploit the information contained in the message. In a fast moving situation, with several stations in the net all vitally interested in the information being transmitted by the others (as in platoons on active reconnaissance), transmission in the clear is expeditious and enables all commanders to keep abreast of the situation. 33. MESSAGE CENTERS.-Message centers are operated at all squadron or higher command posts for the purpose of speeding message transmission. Information must be disseminated rapidly and accurately. Message center procedures must be kept simple. See FM 24-5. For further details, see FM's 101-5, 11-5, 2-20, and 2-30. 34. CODES AND CIPHERS.-Mechanized'cavalry reconnaissance units are equipped with the codes and ciphers authorized for the higher unit of which they are a part. Extensive use is made of brevity and prearranged codes.

SECTION V
SECURITY
35. GENERAL.-Security embraces all measures taken by a command to protect itself against annoyance, surprise, and observation by an enemy. Each commander is responsible for the security of his command. Regardless of the security measures taken by higher commanders, all mechanized cavalry units must consider the probability of air and ground attack and take appropriate security measures. For general principles of security, see FM 100-5; for protective measures of individuals and small units, see FM 21-75; for security measures employed by reconnaissance squadrons and troops, see FM's 2-20 and 2-30.

SECTION VI PATROLLING
36. REFERENCES.-The techniques employed by mounted reconnaissance patrols are covered in FM's 2-20 and 2-30; for the techniques of dismounted patrolling, see FM 21-75. 37. GENERAL.-a. Utilization of mechanized cavalry.-Patrolling is the essential reconnaissance activity. Effective utilization of trained

mechanized cavalry depends largely upon the ability of the commander to select specific missions for and coordinate the vehicular and dismounted patrolling operations of subordinate reconnaissance elements. Continuous control insures maximum flexibility so that, in the event the unit's mission is changed by the higher commander, all elements of the reconnaissance unit may be employed in concerted effort on the new mission. Uncoordinated patrolling usually results in confusion, duplication of effort, and failure to accomplish reconnaissance missions. b. Strength of patrols.-The strength of a patrol depends upon its mission, the terrain, the enemy, and conditions of visibility. It varies from two men to a reinforced troop. c. Classification of patrols.-Patrols, mounted or dismounted, are classified with respect to the specific missions assigned. (1) Reconnaissance patrols.-The mission of a reconnaissance patrol is to secure information and to report it in time to be of value to the commander desiring it. A reconnaissance patrol operates by stealth and avoids combat except to accomplish its mission or to defend itself. It will fight for information when necessary. (a) When enemy forces are believed to be near, mounted reconnaissance patrols operate across country wherever practicable. They progress by

bounds from one observation point to another, utilizing available cover and concealment. Roads are covered by observation and leading elements of each patrol are covered by fire. (b) Terrain and the situation may require the use of dismounted reconnaissance patrols. When conditions preclude the use of vehicles for reconnaissance, personnel must dismount and continue on foot. Vehicles may remain mobile or immobile. Normally, however, vehicles will be left immobile only when maximum dismounted strength is required. (2) Combat patrols.-A combat patrol executes missions which require fighting to accomplish. It is organized on the basis of that expectancy. A combat patrol secures information as a secondary mission. Small patrols have little combat strength. The capability of mechanized cavalry reconnaissance units must not be destroyed by committing subordinate elements of insufficient strength to numerous uncoordinated combat patrol actions. d. Missions of patrols.-The mission assigned to a patrol must be definite and specific. Whenever possible, a warning order should be issued in time for the accomplishment of thorough planning. Further, it is the responsibility of the higher commander to notify all friendly troops through which the patrol must pass of the patrol's proposed actions.

e. Organization of patrols.-The higher commander is responsible for furnishing the cavalry commander appropriate additional means as required for accomplishing assigned patrol missions. f. Weapons and equipment.-A patrol travels as lightly as possible. It is armed with weapons which can be handled conveniently and employed to develop a large volume of fire. g. Reconnaissance estimate of situation and orders.- (1) Successful accomplishment of a patrol mission normally requires detailed planning and preparation. The patrol leader makes as thorough preliminary reconnaissance as time and circumstances permit. He uses all available sources of information, such as maps, aerial photographs, friendly troops, S-2 data, and local inhabitants. He seeks information of the terrain, dispositions, strength, and habits of the enemy, and the type and location of man-made obstacles which his patrol is likely to encounter. He considers the weather carefully and, if appropriate, refers to sun and moon tables. (2) The patrol leader studies his mission, makes an estimate of the situation, considers time and space factors, and prepares to issue his order based on a definite plan. (3) Orders are issued by the patrol leader and every patrol member is told the mission and the details of the operation. Orders must be specific. What, when, where, how, and why must be un-

derstood by every member of the patrol. The leader who issues the order should require each member of the patrol to memorize important details. The fact that each member may be on his own should be recognized and stressed. The plan, including essential details pertaining to adjacent patrols, listening posts, or observation posts, should be rehearsed when practicable on a terrain plot. h. Routes, movements, and formations.- (1) Routes.-(a). Selection of the routes for a patrol requires careful consideration and should be a result of the study of maps and aerial photographs and, if possible, actual terrain reconnaissance. (b) The possibility of ambush is of paramount importance when selecting routes available to a patrol. This is especially true with regard to a mounted patrol. An initial objective and an initial assembly point are designated. If the patrol is ambushed, the patrol leader must act quickly to extricate the patrol. The action must be definite and determined. (c) Before leaving the friendly front lines, the patrol leader informs the nearest unit commander of his proposed route and obtains from him latest information of friendly and enemy forces in the vicinity. (2) Movements.-(a) The patrol takes advantage of terrain features as it moves to or from its destination.

(b) The patrol moves by the selected routes to its destination or to a covered position from which the leader decides to make his detailed reconnaissance. This is either the final or an intermediate objective. (3) Formations.-(a) In addition to the mission, terrain, and conditions of visibility, factors influencing the formation of the patrol include control, security, size of patrol, and required speed of action. (b) Patrol members should be so thoroughly familiar with planned formations and the routes they are to take that they can rejoin the patrol immediately after an action. i. Control and security.-(1) Control.- (a) The patrol must be directed, regulated, and controlled by the patrol leader at all times. The patrol leader moves where he can exercise the maximum degree of control. (b) Terrain and visibility affect control and security of the patrol, and the distance between individuals (men or vehicles) and elements of the patrol. (2) Security.--The patrol provides its own allaround security by employing a point, rear point, flank security groups, and air scouts. j. Reports and captured documents.-(1) Pertinent information obtained by the patrol is sent immediately to the patrol leader.

(2) The patrol searches enemy personnel and installations for documents such as maps, messages, orders, and codes. (3) If the information or the captured documents are of sufficient importance, they are sent at once to higher headquarters. All other material and information are turned in when the patrol leader makes his report. k. Preparation for night patrolling.-Much dismounted night patrolling is required of mechanized cavalry reconnaissance units. Personnel of these patrols should be selected early in the day, given some rest, specially equipped, and briefed in time to permit careful study of maps and, if possible, perform daylight reconnaissance of routes and terrain. Usually a night patrol will be required to accomplish only one specific task. 38. RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS.-a. Reconnaissance patrols may perform a variety of missions, but all are concerned primarily with the securing of information and getting it back to the commander in time for it to be of use to him. A reconnaissance patrol seldom will exceed a platoon in strength. It is equipped with radio for prompt transmission of information. b. For most patrols, designation of a map man is considered to be essential. He marches just in rear of or rides with the patrol leader. He is responsible for the preparation of a route sketch and for noting thereon indications of ene-

my activity, special conditions of terrain or vegetation, and intersecting trails. He is trained to record the observations of the patrol leader and to make notes on his own initiative. From such sketches and notes the patrol leader, the cavalry commander, and in many cases G-2 of the higher unit, can obtain valuable information. Such sketches are especially valuable in areas for which available maps are inaccurate or incomplete. c. Missions of reconnaissance patrols may include: (1) Gaining information of the location and characteristics of hostile and when the situation demands, friendly positions and installations, routes, stream crossings, obstacles, or terrain features. (2) Investigating a gassed area and marking the boundaries of that area. (3) Locating, clearing, and reporting location of enemy mine fields. (4) Giving early warning of an enemy attack or withdrawal by observation patrols during day or listening patrols at night which move to positions overlooking or along enemy routes of communication. Stealth characterizes the action of these patrols. 39. COMBAT PATROLS.-a. Combat patrols should have sufficient strength in men and weapons to fight when such action is indicated.

b. Missions of combat patrols may include: (1) Preventing small hostile reconnaissance units from discovering the disposition of friendly troops. (2) Keeping hostile infiltrating groups from executing harassing or destructive missions. (3) Operating, in a defensive situation, in front of and between friendly outposts and defended localities. (4) Screening, in retrograde movements, the withdrawal of the main body. (5) Raiding an enemy column or position. (6) Seizing and holding an installation pending the arrival of other troops. (7) Seizing and holding a critical terrain feature for observation, or pending the arrival of other troops. (8) Mopping up isolated hostile groups in rear of friendly front lines.

SECTION VII OBSERVATION

40. GENERAL.-a. Observation is essential to the successful accomplishment of reconnaissance missions. Aggressive patrol action in seizing key terrain suitable for observation is indicated,

b. Observation is a form of static reconnaissance. The ability to observe must be developed to the highest possible degree in all personnel of the reconnaissance unit. All personnel must be experts at observing with field glasses. When in contact with the enemy much information may be obtained by means of observation posts (OP). The field of view must be divided and definite sector responsibilities assigned. Operations of OP's must be coordinated so that the entire unit front is under continuous observation. c. OP's often will have to be located in places that are inaccessible to vehicles. This means that radios, rations, and other necessary equipment and supplies will have to be packed by the unit's personnel or by animals, if available. d. OP's sometimes may be gained by stealth; at other times it will be necessary to fight for them. e. The commander of each OP, in addition to sending back frequent reports, always must make a "last light" and "first light" report. Last or first light reports should include only what actually can be seen by members of a patrol from their position immediately prior to darkness or just following daylight.

SECTION VIII NIGHT RECONNAISSANCE

41. NIGHT RECONNAISSANCE.-Reconnaissance at night is conducted by patrols, habitually dismounted. Vehicles normally will be used only in the approach to the area in which contact is probable; however, in the event it is expedient to use vehicles in areas of probable or imminent contact, dismounted patrols will precede them. (FM's 2-20 and 21-75.)

SECTION IX RECONNAISSANCE DURING DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

42. GENERAL.-a. For discussion of defensive combat, see FM 100-5. b. Information always is vital. The mechanized cavalry reconnaissance unit has an important mission to perform when the higher unit is on the defensive. In general, the methods of obtaining information while on the defensive do not differ markedly from those employed in other types of operations. 43. RECONNAISSANCE.-When the higher echelon is engaged in defending a position, the

reconnaissance element, reinforced as necessary, maintains contact with the enemy. It may be ordered to perform counterreconnaissance missions. The infantry patrols on its own immediate front. The reconnaissance element may be used for special patrols, especially when the distance between the opposing positions is considerable. (FM's 100-5 and 2-30.) 44. DELAYING ACTION.-The reconnaissance element may be called upon to fight a delaying action to give friendly troops time to organize positions. However, if the reconnaissance unit is ordered to offer prolonged resistance, it should be reinforced. (FM's 100-5 and 2-30.)

SECTION X

RECONNAISSANCE
DURING RETROGRADE MOVEMENTS
45. GENERAL.-a. See FM 100-5 for general principles relating to retrograde movements. b. In a retrograde movement, reconnaissance elements may be called upon to furnish protection or to perform reconnaissance. 46. PROTECTION.-The reconnaissance unit furnishes protection by covering the flanks or rear of the withdrawing troops. Properly reinforced, it is prepared to fight a delaying action.

47. RECONNAISSANCE.-There is no essential difference in the techniques of reconnaissance during a withdrawal and during an advance, except that in the former reconnaissance "in reverse" is performed. This involves falling back in front of the advancing enemy and providing the latest information of the enemy's progress. 48. NIGHT WITHDRAWALS.-Since most retrograde movements will be made at night and the higher commander will want to deceive the enemy as to his intentions, the reconnaissance unit may be used to assist in the deception. It may deceive the enemy by increasing the activity of its patrols during the night of the withdrawal, or it may use its fire power to keep up the appearance of normal activity. (FM 2-30.)

SECTION XI
RECONNAISSANCE ELEMENT IN A SEIZE AND HOLD MISSION
49. PRELIMINARY ACTION.-a. The mechanized cavalry reconnaissance unit may be ordered to seize and hold a critical terrain feature. (FM 2-30.) Necessary attachments to it should be made prior to its departure on such a mission. The mechanized cavalry commander should be told:

(1)

The extent of the:objective he is to seize.

(2) The approximate time he is to be relieved. b. Frequently, a seize and hold mission will be given when speed is essential. Elements are dispatched at once with the remainder of the reconnaissance unit following close behind. All the resources of the commander must be used to overcome any minor opposition betwen him and his objective. If the enemy is encountered in such strength as to make it obvious that the race for the objective has been lost, he must occupy a position as far forward as possible in order to facilitate future operations. 50. ACTION UPON REACHING OBJECTIVE. a. Immediately upon reaching the objective, the leading element will: (1) Disperse its vehicles under cover. (2) Dig in. (3) Push out patrols to get information. (4) Erect obstacles. b. Since troop positions will have been chosen initially from a map, the commander must coordinate the defense and make any adjustments necessary to suit the actual ground and the tactical situation.

SECTION XII

RECONNAISSANCE
ELEMENT IN A PROTECTIVE ROLE
51. GENERAL.-While carrying out a protective mission a reconnaissance element cannot cover as wide a frontage as it can in executing reconnaissance. a. The higher commander may decide to make his reconnaissance element the basis of his advance guard, in which event he will usually reinforce it. b. Control is maintained by designating phase or report lines. c. Upon contact, report of strength, composition, direction, and speed of movement of enemy is made. The advance guard engages the enemy in order to permit the uninterrupted march of the main body. (Pars 7 and 19.) 52. PROTECTION WHEN THE HIGHER UNIT IS HALTED.-The mechanized cavalry reconnaissance unit, properly reinforced, may be required to protect the higher unit while it is halted by moving ahead and occupying a tactical locality. Reconnaissance platoons, with assault guns and sometimes light tanks attached, organize positions, choosing ground that is easy to defend. ReIconnaissance patrols are sent out ahead and to the flanks to give timely warning of the enemy's advance.

INDEX
Paragraph Action ___________________44 Delaying In front of enemy's main battle position _-----------20 22 In maintaining contact --... In protective role ----------- 51 In retrograde movements ____47 Of dismounted patrols --... 37 c (1) (b) Of mounted patrols --------- 37 c (1) (a) Seize and hold ______________49 Upon reaching objective _____50 Advance guard, reconnaissance elements as ______________24 Airborne troops, use of mechan_-__10 b ized cavalry against Air-ground communication ____31 a (3) Annex, intelligence ------------ 15 c Assault gun troop, organization of -----------------------5 d Assignment of routes, zones, and areas 18 b (2) Attachments to mechanized cavalry -----------------9 Axis of signal communication __30 Battle organization Of cavalry group, mechanized 17 Of reconnaissance squadron, mechanized _______________17 Of reconnaissance troop, mechanized ___1____________7 Battle reconnaissance missions ..21 Break-through missions ----.. 23 Cavalry commander Personal reconnaissance of __20 Plans and orders of --------- 14 Responsibilities of ---------17 b Page 52 19 23 55 53 43 42 53 54 26 10 38 14 6 18 9 37 15 16 16 23 26 22 11 15

a b c b a c (5)

Pararaphr

Page

Cavalry group, mechanized Codes and ciphers, use of ____34 Combat patrols--------------39 Functions of ---------------- 17 Organization of--------------6 CCBP8 panel code, use of _____31 a (3) Characteristics of mechanized cavalry _______________-2 Classification of patrols-------37 c Command and staff Unit commanders-----------11 Unit staffs------------------12 Command liaison -------------- 27 Command posts----------------13 Communication, signal Air-ground------------------31 Messengers------------------31 Radio ______________________31 Sound power----------------31 Visual ---------------------- 31 Voice ______________________31 Wire------------------------31 Contact During offensive operations __19 Imminent _______________-___18 Improbable------------------18 Maintenance of-------------22 Movement to----------------18 Probable--------------------18 Regaining of----------------24 Control During patrolling operations -37 Reconnaissance orders-------15 Counterreconnaissance, mechan9 ized cavalry's role in -----Covering force, use of mechanized cavalry as------------9

40 48 16 6 38 2 42 10 11 35 11

a (3) c a d e f b

38 38 37 37 37 38 37 19 18 18 23 17 18 27 41 12

f d e e b (1)

a (3) a (1)

9 9

Paragraph Critical areas and features, seizure of ______________49 Defensive operations, reconnaissance during ---------- 42 Delaying action --------------44 Development of radio SOP - 31 a (2) Disintegrated enemy, pursuit of 24 b Dismounted action of patrols __37 c (1) Dispositions on reconnaissance _17 Employment Basic decision with respect to __________________14 In reconnaissance in force ___21 Of assault guns _----------_20 c (4) Of light tank company in stable situation _-----------_20 c (3) Of patrols, general ---------- 37 Of reserve -----------------20 c (2) Other missions _--------------_10 Protective missions -------_ 9 Reconnaissance missions 8 Enemy's main battle naissance of By reconnaissance By reconnaissance By reconnaissance position, reconplatoon ___20 a squadron _20 c troop -... 20 b _----------24 b (2) 40 e 9 a (2) 2 b, 17 a 6 9 a (2)

Page 53 51 --- 52 37 27 43 15

(b)

11 23 22 22 41 22 10 9 9

19 22 21 29 50 9 2 and 16 6 9 11

Exploitation, use of mechanized cavalry in First light reports

-----------

Flank guard, use of mechanized cavalry as ----------Frontages on reconnaissance __ Group, cavalry, organization of_ Guards, use of mechanized cavalry as ---------------_ Higher commander, duties of Basic decision of -----------

14

Paragraph In establishing wire communication --------------- 31 b In furnishing information and intelligence ----------- 15 In providing reinforcements _ 9 b Reconnaissance orders of 15 Initial dispositions for reconnaissance -------------- 17 Initial plan, movement to contact ------------------ 18 b Intelligence Annex --------------------- 15 c Dissemination of ------------ 25 Last light reports ------------- 40 e Liaison 27 Command -----------------General -------------------- 26 Officer, duties of ------------ 27 Light tank company, employment of ------------------ 20 c (3) Local opportunities, exploitation of ------------------- 24 b (2) Map man, designation of by patrol leader ------------- 38 b Means of signal communication 31 Mechanized cavalry Characteristics of ----------- 2 Proper missions for --------- 7 Role of --------------------- 1 Utilization of --------------- 37 a Message centers -------------- 33 Messengers,, use of ------------ 31 c Missions General -------------------- _ 7 Of combat patrols ----------- 39 b c Of reconnaissance patrols - -38 Other ---------------------- 10 Protective ------------------ 9

Page

36 12 9 12 16 17 14 34 50 35 34 26 22 29 47 36 2 8 1 41 40 38 8 49 48 10 9

-_

Paragraph Reconnaissance ------------- 8 37 c (1) (a) Mounted patrols, action of ---Movement 24 b (5) Flanking during pursuit ---Initial plan of -------------- 18 b Of patrols ------------------ 37 h (2) Retrograde _____-----------------45 To contact, rate of advance for -------------- 18 c Net, radio, for group headquarters------------- 6 Night Patrolling, preparation for __37 k Reconnaissance ------------- 41 Withdrawals ---------------- 48 Objective, action upon reaching 50 Observation Posts ---------------------- 40 e __--------------------40 Reports Offensive operations, reconnaissance during Battle ---------------------- 21 Break-through -------------- 23 Contact -------------------- 19 Enemy's main battle position_20 Maintaining contact _---------22 Movement to contact -------- 18 Pursuit --------------------- 24 Orders and instructions ------- 15 Organization Cavalry group -------------- 6 Reconnaissance platoon ------ 3 5 Reconnaissance squadron Reconnaissance troop -------- 4 Panel code, CCBP8, use of ---- 31 a (3) Patrols Classification of ------------- 37 c Combat -------------------- 39 Control and security of -37 i

Page 9 42 31 17 45 52 17 6 47 51 53 54 49 50 23 26 19 19 23 17 26 12 6 4 5 5 38 42 48 46

Paragraph Estimate of situation and orders to ----------------- 37 g Mission of ------------------ 37 d Organization of __-------------37 e
Reconnaissance __------38

Page

44 43 44
47

Reports and captured documents ---------- ___------37 j Routes, movements, and formations of --------__----37 h Strength of ------------__----37 b Utilization by mechanized cavalry ------------------- 37 a Weapons and equipment of _37 f Performance of mission by mechanized cavalry ------- 7 b Phases Of planning for reconnaissance ------------ 14 Of reconnaissance ----------- 18 Plans and orders Estimate of reconnaissance situation and requirements_14 b Reconnaissance orders ------- 15 Reconnaissance subparagraph of field order __-------------15 b Posts, observation ------------- 40 Primary mission of mechanized cavalry ------7 a Protection during retrograde movements --------- 46 Protective missions -----------9 Protective role, reconnaissance element in General -------------------- 51 When higher unit is halted __52 Pursuit Flanking movement during __24 b (5)

46 45 42 41 44 8

11 17

12 12 13 49 8 52 9

55 55 31

Paragraph

Page

Handling of local inhabitants during __-----24 d Handling of PW and materiel during ----------- 24 c Radio Development of SOP _--------31 a (2) In air-ground communication_31 a (3) Net, group headquarters __- 6 Use of by mechanized cavalry 31 a Rate of advance During movement to contact_18 c Rear guard, mechanized cavalry as ---------------9 a (2) Reconnaissance During battle --------------- 21 b During break-through ------- 23 a During defensive operations __43 During night withdrawals - 48 During offensive operations __17 During pursuit _--------------24 During retrograde movements 47 Element in a protective role __51 Elements in exploitation _- 24 b (2) In a seize and hold mission __49 In force --------------------_21 a Night _-------------------41 Patrols __---------------------38 Reconnaissance of enemy's main battle position By reconnaissance platoon ___20 a By reconnaissance squadron __20 c By reconnaissance troop _-- 20 b Reconnaissance subparagraph __15 Reports, observation --_--__ __40 e Reserve, use of in stabilized situation ----------------- 20 c (2) Responsibility for communication __----------29

32 31 37 38 6 37 17 9 23 26 51 53 15 26 53 55 29 53 23 51 47

19 22 21 12 50 22 36

ParagraphL

PagcC

Retrograde movements General---------------------45 Night withdrawals-----------48 Protection-------------------46 Reconnaissance during ----47 Routes, zones, and areas Initial control plan---------18 b Specified in reconnaissance orders -------------------- 15 a (4) Security General---------------------35 Mechanized cavalry's contribution to-------------------1 b Of patrols-------------------37 i (2) Signal-----------------------32 Seize and hold mission, reconnaissance element in Action upon reaching objective------------------50 Preliminary action----------49 Selection Of mission for mechanized cavalry ------------------- 14 a Of routes for patrols ----- 37 h (1) Signal communication Axis ----------------------- 30 Codes and ciphers------------34 Means ---------------------- 31 Message centers------------33 Responsibility for-----------29 Security--------------------32 Signals, visual-----------------31 e 31 a (2) SOP, radio communication --Sound and voice, use of--------31 f

51 53 52 53 17 13 41 1 46 39

54 53

11
45

36 40 36 40 36 39 39 37 39

Paragraph Squadron, cavalry reconnaissance, mechanized Action of in front of enemy's main battle position _____- 20 Frontage for --------------- 2 17 Normal dispositions of __Organization of ------------- 5 Strength of patrols __-----------37 Supply
Problems during pursuit
---

Page

c b b a

22 2 16 5 41
27

24 a (2)

Supply vehicles during pursuit _23 c Tactical missions of mechanized cavalry Other -------------------__10 Protection -----------------___ __ 9 Reconnaissance ___--_______8 Tactics of mechanized cavalry, general ------------------- 1 a Telephone, EE8, use of __---- - 31 d Training mission of cavalry group headquarters _______ 6 Transmission of information By liaison officer ------------ 27 c Mechanized cavalry's responsibility for ----------------- _ 7 Troop, cavalry reconnaissance Actions in front of enemy's main battle position _-_20 b Frontage for --------------___________ 2 b Normal dispositions of _---17 c Organization of ------------- 4 Unit Commanders __----------------11 Staffs ---------------------- 12 Utilization of patrols by mechanized cavalry _-------37 a Visual signals ---------------- 31 e Voice and sound, use of ------- 31 f

26

10 9 9 1 39 6 35 8

21 2 16 5 10 11 41 39 39

Paragraph Weapons Assault guns, employment of 17 b, 17 c, 20 b (2), 20 c (4) Light tank company, employment of __________5 c Wire, use of _________________31 b Withdrawals, night -.-._______48 Withdrawing enemy, pursuit of_24 a Zones Assignment of ______________18 b (2) Reconnaissance frontages of _ 2, 17 a

Page

16, 21, 22 6 38 53 26 17 2, 15

H-184 REPRODUCED AT THE CAVALRY FORT RILEY, KANSAS, SCHOOL

1944