Erosion and Deposition

There are four major agents of erosion: gravity, water, wind, and ice

Erosion and Deposition

Erosion: The process by wich water, ice, wind or gravity moves weathering rock and soil. Deposition: Process in wich sediment is laid down in new locations.

n o i t i s p e D d n Erosion a
Weathering, erosion, and depposition act together in a cycle that wears down and builds up Earth's surface.

Mass Movement
Mass movement is any one several process by which gravity moves sediment downhill

Mass Movement
Gravity is the force that moves rock and other materials downhill. The types of mass movement that make mass movement work include landslides, mudslides, slump, and creep.

Creep
Creep is the very slow downhill movement of rock and soil

Creep
Creep can make the trees on hills tilt and curve at the stump. Creep can also occur on small slopes.Creep often results from the freezing and thawing of water in cracked layers of rock beneath the soil. Creep is a very slow process and it is just as slow as an hour hand on a clock. Creep can affect objects such as fence posts, telephone poles

Mudflows
Mudflow is a downhill movement of soft wet earth and debris, made fluid rain or melted snow and often building up great speed.

LANDSLIDES A Landslide is when rock and soil quickly slide down a steep slope..

LANDSLIDES

Some landslides may contain very large boulders with it down the hill or mountain. Landslides are the most destructive movement of mass.

Slump
Slump is a type of mass movement such as soil, rock that slips down a hill, mountain or slope.
Slump looks like a spoon scoop and slides down while the hill is caved inward. Most slumps happen when there is a large mass of water or a place where it rains a lot. Sometimes slump can be caused by cement. If a car accident happens or if erosion gets in the cracks. sometimes there is clay is under the cement. over time the rain goes in the cracks and scoops inward the mountain.

Water Erosion

Moving water is the agent of erosion that made earth's surface. Runoff is the water that remains over earth's surface. When the runoff travels there is tiny grooves in the soil that is called rills. After a rain storm a gully/chanel in the soil takes the runnoff. A stream is the type of water that continuously flows in a slope. Rivers are large stream.

Runoff and Erosion

River Systems
Streams grow into bigger ones by receiving water from other tributaries. A stream that flows into larger streams to make them bigger is called a tributary. Land area where rivers, and tributaries collect their water is called a drainage basin. If you follow a river on and on you will finally find what is called a divide. A divide is, high ground between two drainage basins.

Erosion By Rivers
Usually during erosion, a river creates valleys, waterfalls, floodplains, meanders, and oxbow lakes. Waterfalls actually form when a river meets a spot of rocks that is very hard and rolls slowly. The river flows over this rock and then flows over a soft pile of rocks. Then sooner or later, a waterfall develops where the softer rock was removed. This is actually how Niagra Falls was made also.

Erosion By Rivers 2
The flat, wide area of land along a river is a floodplain. The river usually covers its floodplain. When there is a wide flood plain, the valley walls could be many meters away from the river itself. Another river related word is meander. A meander is a looplike bend in the course of a river. When the river widens from each side, it tends to consume the outer bank and drop sediment on the inner bank of a bend.

Alluvial Fans
Where a stream flows out of a steep, narrow mountain vally, the stream suddenly becomes wider and shallow. The water slows down. Here sediment are deposited and becomes alluvial fans. As its name suggested, it is shaped like a fan.

Deltas
A river ends its journey when it flows into a still body of water, such as an ocean or lake. Because this water is no longer going downhill, the water slows down. This makes sediment. This sediment piles to make deltas. Deltas can be a variety of shapes: some are arch - shaped, others are triangles.

Soil on Flood Plains

Deposition also occurs during floods. Then heavy rains or melting snow cause a river to rise above its bank and stretch out over its floodplain. When the water retreats, it deposites sediment as new soil. Also Soil on Flood plains are perfect for crops.

The Course of a River

Each river follows a different course, but here is the general course:The water travels down waterfalls and through rapids. Then, it goes through a valley. The water goes through meanders. The water then goes into tributaries. It can also end up in Oxbow lakes. After traveling through all of this, the water flows into a larger body of water, like a lake or ocean. Water can also create flood plains and beaches. Water is also known to widen valleys.

The Course of a River Vocabulary

Waterfalls: A steep flow of water off of a cascade. Rapids: A part of a river where the current runs swiftly. Meanders: The part in a river where water flows across easily eroded sediment. This channel bends from side to side. Flood Plains: These form when a river's power of erosion widens its valley, instead of deepening it. Oxbow Lakes: An oxbow lake is formed when sediment is deposited in a meander, and blocks that part off.

The Course of a River Vocabulary Continued

Beaches: These are formed when rivers carry sand downstream, and the sand spreads out along the coast. Valleys: An indent in between two hills in which a river may run through. Tributaries: A small river or stream that gives the main river water and sediment. Valley Widening: This happens when the river approaches sea level, and can Deltas:The part of the river where sediment is deposited.

Groundwater Erosion and Deposition

Groundwater (The water underground) can cause erosion through a process of weathering. In rainy regions, where there is a layer of limestone, groundwater erosion can change the shape of land. The action of carbonic acid on limestone can result in deposition. Streams are very rare on limestone, but caverns and deep valleys are very common.

Groundwater Erosion and Deposition

Groundwater: The term geologist use for underground water Stalactite: A deposit that hangs like an icicle from the roof of a cave. Stalagmite: Slow dripping that forms into a cone shape from the cave floor. Karst Topography: A type of landscape in rainy regions where there is limestone near the surface, characterized by caverns, sinkholes, and valleys.

The Force of Moving Water

Erosion and Sediment Load

Erosion is the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves, etc. Erosion and sediment load is very important during the talk of the force of moving water. A river's slope, volume of flow, and the shape of its streambed all affect how fast the river flows and how much sediment it can erode. When a river slows down, its sediment load is deposited. Smaller sediment in a stream/river gets disposed first

Erosion and Sediment Load 2 First, water picks up and moves sediment. Next, the sediment washes off and drops the sediment off into the water. Then , abrasion grinds at the sediment. Finally, the most large sediments are moved to the bottom of the stream/river, when the smaller sediments are picked up and carried down stream.

Volume of Flow
A river's flow is the volume of water that moves past a point on the river in a given time. As more water flows through a river, it's speed increases. A flooding river has 100x more eroding power than a regular river. They can carry tons of sand, water, silt, and mud.

How Water Erodes and Carries Sediment

Water erodes rocks into smaller particles by pushing loose rocks over rocks that are on the bottom. It will take a certain amount of time depending on the force of water. After that amount of time, a small boulder can turn into a very small pebble.

Streambed Shape
Streambed shape id depended on the water eroding the rock and sand at the bottom of the stream. Streambeds would usually have a few large rocks in the way causing friction to the water. The shape of the the steam depend on which side of the water move faster. If the stream was straight the middle of the water would move faster than the outside, if the stream turns right the water on the left would move faster, and if the stream turns left the water on the right would move faster.

Slope
Water moves depending on the size of the slope. If a waters slope increases the water also increases speed as well. An important factor of it is how much sediment the river erodes and carries. The more sediment the more speed it picks up and how fast it goes.

Glaciers

Kinds Of Glaciers
Geologists say that glaciers are any type of large weight ice that moves over land. There are only two types of glaciers, though. They are called Valley glaciers and continental glaciers. A valley glacier is a longer, narrow glacier that forms when ice and snow build up in a high mountain valley. The mountains keep the glaciers from spreading out in every direction. Instead, the glaciers ove down the valleys that have been cut by rivers. these types of glaciers are found on high mountains.

kinds of glaciers
A continental glacier is a glacier that covers continent or a large island. these glaciers are much much bigger than the valley glaciers. Continental glaciers spread out over large pieces of land.. These types of glaciers cover about 10% of the earth's land.they cover all of Antarctica and most of Greenland. The giant glacier that covers Antarctica is about 14 milion square kilometers long, and is over 2 kilometers thick.

How Glaciers form and move

Glaciers can only form in places where more thing have ice on them than others. to make glaciers you need a very cold mountain and to pile snow up until it freezes and then when the mountain tips it rolls downhill collecting more and more snow and growing bigger and bigger. then it carves out valleys and what we now call national parks. Valley Glaciers only move a centimeter to a few meters per day. Sometimes Valley Glaciers get a surge and go up to 6 kilometers a year. It is very rare

How Glaciers form and move cont.

Continental Glaciers spread out in all directions. Kind of like pancake batter in a frying pan. They crack and then spread in all directions down the mountain and go like pancake batter in a frying pan. http://ultimatechase. com/chase_accounts/Images/Patagonia_Expedi tion_2009/Glacier_Eruption.gif

Glaciers Erosion
The glacier changes the land. The glacier plucks the rocks from the bedrock. The rocks stick to the glacier. The glaciers rub against the rocks.

Glacial Deposition
A Glacier gathers huge amounts of rock and soil as it spreads through the land in its path. When a Glacier melts, it deposits the sediment it eroded from the land, creating various landforms. The mixture of sediments that a glacier deposit directly on the surface is called till. Clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders are found in till.

Glacial Deposition
Retreating glaciers also create features called kettle. A kettle is a small depression that forms when a chunk of ice is left in glacial till.

Wind
Selections
-How Wind Causes Erosion -Deposits Resulting from Wind Erosion

How Wind Causes Erosion

Wind causes erosion by deflation which is when the wind removes the surface's material. When wind blows over the land, it picks up the smallest particles of rock or sand. Wind-carried sand can polish a rock, but it causes just a little abrasion. The stronger the wind, the larger the particles that can be picked up and move through the air.

Deposits Resulting From Wind Erosion

Sediments picked up by wind, will fall to the ground, this happens when it is windy. The wind picks up grass, sand, and other sediments, when wind hits an obstacle it normally makes a sand dune. Sand dunes moves overtime, the sand will shift from one side to the other. Wind brings these sediments, such as clay and silt, to the sand dunes. This is called a loess, a wind formed deposit made from particles of sand and silt.

Waves
Selection
- How Waves Form -Erosion by Waves -Landforms Created by Wave Erosion -Deposits by Waves

How Waves Form

The energy in the waves come from strong winds that blow across the water. The wind gives off a little energy to the water creating the wave.

Erosion by Waves
Large waves erode rocks with impact it forms by making cracks in the rock and eventually destroying it.

Landforms Created By Wave Erosion

When waves hit large steep rocks they keep striking it over and over. Overtime the waves form a sea cave.

Deposits by Waves
Waves shape land by using erosion and deposition. Deposition takes place when waves slow and the water drops its sediment.Waves don't just shape the land, they deposit the sediment on the coast.

Vocabulary
Beach: An area where sediments are washed away by waves along the coast. Longshore Drift: When waves hit the beach shore, they carry pieces of beach sediment and moves the sediment down the beach with the wave's current. Spit: A beach that show sediment that has built up and sticks out of the water like a finger. Sand dune: Where sediment is transported by the wind. Deflation: When wind removes surface materials that is called deflation. Loess: Fine sediments such as, particles of clay and silt, often taken and deposited in layers from their main location.

The End