Python!2.7!Quick!Reference!Guide!V1.2.9!

(for more information see http://docs.python.org)

Evaluation!Order!
**: -2**2**3 is like (2**(2**3)) +,-: -++-+3 is like -(+(+(-(+3)))) *,/,//,%: 8/3//2*3%2 is like (((8 / 3) // 2) * 3) % 2 +,-: 8 / 3 * 4 + -2**4 % 5 is like ((8 / 3) * 4) + ((-(2**4)) % 5) <,<=,!=,==,>=,>,is,in: 5 + 2 < 3 * 8 is like (5 + 2) < (3 * 8)

BuiltFin!functions:!dir(__builtins__)!
abs(x) |x| chr(35) '#' dir(x) attributes of x help(x) help on using x len(x) length of x max(2.1, 4, 3) 4 # largest arg min(2.1, 4, 3) 2.1 # smallest arg ord('#') 35 # ASCII order range(a,b,c) see lists round(3.6) 4.0 # nearest integer round(3.276,2) 3.28 # 2 decimals sum( (1, 5.5, -8) ) -1.5 # add items zip(listx, listy) list of (x,y) tuples

Enthought!Canopy!editor!default!layout!
Top window is a tabbed edit windowcreate a file, save it, and click the green triangle to run it Bottom window is a shellenter commands for immediate execution, and see output of programs

Line!length:!max!80!characters!
Long line: have bracket open at line end Error-prone alternative: put \ at end of line Comment: any text after unquoted # on a line

Identifiers!
Variables (mixed case) can change value sumOfSquares = 0.0 Constants (all uppercase) should stay fixed: SECS_PER_MIN = 60

Data!Types,!Literals!and!Conversions!
Integers: optional sign with digits (no limit) 0, 314, 71322956627718, +6122233 int(-5.7) -5 # remove decimal part Floats: decimal fraction, exponent (~16 digits) 0., 3.141592653589793, 7.132E8, 9.9e20 float(3) 3.0 # convert to float Complex: z.real and z.imag are always floats 0.0j, 37.132E8j, z = 2.1+0.9j complex(x,y) x + yj # from 2 floats String: single or double quotes allowed 'X', "I'd", '"No," he said.' repr(1/93.) '0.010752688172043012' str(1/93.) '0.010752688172' Multi-line string: triple quotes (single or double) """The literal starts here and goes on 'line after line' until three more quotes.""" Boolean: two aliases for 1 and 0 respectively: bool(x) True or False Any zero or empty value can be used as False in a boolean expression; other values mean True type("age") <type 'str'>

Assignment!
x = y makes identifier x refer to the same object that y refers to x,y = a,b is like x = a; y = b x,y = y,x swaps values of x and y x += a is like x = x + a x -= a is like x = x a similarly for *=, /=, //=, %=, **=

Math!functions:!dir(math)!

Output!with!old!style!formatting!
Command: print 3,5,(1,2) displays 3 5 (1, 2) "%d and %f: %s" % (3,5.6,"pi") "3 and 5.600000: pi" Conversion specifiers: %s string version, same as str(x) %r best representation, same as repr(x) %d an integer %0 n d an integer padded with n zeros %f decimal notation with 6 decimals %e, %E scientific notation with e or E %g, %G compact number notation with e or E %nz format z right-adjusted, width n %- n z format z left-adjusted, width n % n . m z format z: m decimals, width n %% a literal % sign

Math!operators:!int!type!result!if!x !and!y !are!int!

import math as m # for real import cmath as m # for complex To avoid "m.": from math import * m.acos(x) inverse cosine [radians] m.asin(x), m.atan(x) # similar m.ceil(x) least integer x [math only] m.cos(x) cosine of x [radians] m.e 2.718281828459045 x m.exp(x) e m.factorial(x) x! [math only] m.floor(x) biggest int x [math only] m.log(x) natural log of x m.log10(x) log base 10 of x m.pi 3.141592653589793 m.sin(x), m.tan(x) # see m.cos m.sqrt(x) square root of x import random # for pseudorandom numbers random.random() uniform in [0,1) random.seed(n) # resets number stream random.randrange(a,b) uniform int in [a,b) while!control!structure! while statement followed by indented lines while condition : loops while condition is True (i.e., not 0) indented lines are repeated each iteration to terminate, make condition be 0/False/empty leftToDo, total = 100, 0.0 while leftToDo : # while leftToDo > 0: total += 1.0 / count leftToDo -= 1

Input!from!user!
var = raw_input("Enter value: ") value = eval(var)

Operators!with!boolean!result
! ! Compare: < , <= , != , == , >= , > x > y either True or False (1 or 0) 3 <= x < 5 means 3 <= x and x < 5 x is y means x, y refer to the same object (T/F) x in y means x is found inside y (T/F)

Operating!system!functions:!dir(os)
import os os.listdir(.) # file list, current folder os.chdir(r"C:\myApps") # change folder ! !

"Terry"Andres"2011,"2012,"2013" !

Lists!and!tuples!
Both are sequences of arbitrary objects with index positions starting at 0, going up by 1 A tuple has optional round brackets xt = 1, # a single member tuple xt = (1, 8.9, "TV") A list has square brackets (required) xl = [1, 8.9, "TV"] list("too") ['t','o','o'] tuple(["age",5]) ('age',5)

Parallel lists list1 and list2: for e1, e2 in zip(list1, list2): print e1, e2 Position and value of list entry: for pos, value in enumerate(list1): print "Entry at %d is %g" % (pos,value)

File!reading!

flink = open(filename, "rU") # open text = "" # initialize input for eachline in flink: # read line text += eachline # save line flink.close() # close file

List!comprehension!(embedded!for)!
Generate one list from items in another list2 = [f(n) for n in list1] squares = [n*n for n in range(90)]

Numpy!arrays!
import numpy as np A collection of same-type objects, with functions: np.arange(a,b,c) # like range np.linspace(0.1,0.8,n) # n floats np.zeros(n) # n zero floats np.array(x) # convert list or tuple x np.random.random(n) # n values in [0,1) np.random.randint(a,b,n) # int in [a,b) np.random.seed(s) # reset seed to s np.random.shuffle(x) # shuffle x Math operations with arrays: + * / // % ** between two arrays or an array and a single value are done item by item np.int_(x) # casts to int vectorized math functions (e.g., np.sqrt, np.sum) handle real or complex array inputs n1 = np.arange(5); n2 = n1[1::2] n2[:] = 4; n1 [0, 4, 2, 4, 4]

What!you!can!do!with!a!tuple!
You cannot change whats in an immutable tuple len(xt) 3 8.9 in xt True

Defining!functions!
def statement followed by indented lines def myFunc(parm1, parm2, ) : creates a function myFunc with parameters parmn has the value used in calling myFunc indented lines are executed on call return y returns the value y for the call def vectorLength(x,y): return m.sqrt(x * x + y * y) vectorLength(3,4) 5.0 def first3Powers(n): # multiple returns return (n, n * n, n * n * n) x1, x2, x3 = first3Powers(6.2)

xt.count(8.9) xt.index("TV") xt[2] xt[-1] 'TV' 'TV'

1 2 # position 2 # in position 2 # in last position

xt[0:2] (1, 8.9) # slice xt[1:] (8.9, 'TV') # slice xt[0: :2] (1, 'TV') # slice

What!you!can!do!with!a!list!
almost anything you can do with a tuple, plus xl.append(5.7) # adds to end xl.insert(3,"x") # "x" before xl[3] xl.pop(1) 8.9 # 2nd entry xl is now [1, 'TV', 'x', 5.7] xl.reverse() # reverses order xl.sort() # in increasing order xl is now [1, 5.7, 'TV', 'x'] xl[1] += 2.2 # updates entry xl[:2] = [2,3] # assign to slice xl[:] [2, 3, 'TV', 'x'] # a copy range(5) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] range(2,5) [2, 3, 4] range(2,15,3) [2, 5, 8, 11, 14] Third element of a slice is a step size: range(50)[::9] [0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45] for!control!structure! for statement followed by indented lines for item in listOrTupleOrString : item takes value of each entry in turn indented lines are repeated for each item total = 0.0 for number in range(1,101): total += 1.0 / number ! !

Local!and!global!variables!
a variable defined in the Python shell is global you can access it and use its value in a function a variable given a value in a function definition is local; it exists only as the function executes declare a variable global inside a function and then you can assign to the global variable of that name: global CHARS; CHARS = list("abc")

Plotting!
import matplotlib.pylab as plt plt.figure(n) # which figure to alter po, = plt.plot(xx,yy,fmt) plots yy vs xx, returns a list with 1 reference to a plot object like plt.scatter, plt.semilogx, plt.semilogy, plt.loglog fmt (optional) is a string with colour and type: r (red), g (green), b (blue), k (black) o (circle), - (solid), -- (dashed), : (dotted) <,v,> (triangles), s (square), * (star) plt.xlabel, plt.ylabel, plt.title, plt.legend all add text decorations to a plot plt.savefig makes file; plt.show shows plot plt.hist(xx, 20) plots histogram in 20 bins plt.xlim(min, max) sets limits on x-axis plt.ylim(min, max) sets limits on y-axis plt.show() makes the plot appear on the screen

If!F!else!blocks
if condition : # if statement indented lines elif condition : # elif optional, repeated indented lines else : # else optional indented lines Python executes first section with non-zero condition, or the else statement if present

Strings:!convert!to!string,!and!manipulate!them!
"%".join(['a', 'b', 'c']) 'a%b%c' "a bc d ".split() ['a', 'bc', 'd'] " ab c ".strip() 'ab c' "'ab'c'".strip("'") "ab'c" "200 Hike!".upper '200 HIKE!'

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