Immune Responses To Infectious Agents
Immune Responses To Infectious Agents
Immune Responses To Infectious Agents
Agents
Budiman Bela
Immunology and Infection Module, 2008-2009
International Class, Program Faculty of Medicine
ni!ersity of Indonesia
Medical Microbiology, fourth edition
Mosby Inc.
P: 123-145
Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, George S. Kobayashi,
Michael A. Pfaller
Reference:
components%
-
interferon-
-
cytolytic responses
-
inflammatory responses
Are especially important for resol!ing infections $y%
-
Intracellular $acteria
-
3iruses
-
Fungi
-
Parasites
/
"72 responses
#umoral
important for %
82ceptions%
Papilloma!irus
9yso:yme%
- induces lysis of $acteria%
clea!age of t#e polysacc#aride $ac$one of t#e
peptidoglycan of gram-positi!e $acteria
9actoferrin%
- iron-$inding protein%
depri!es micro$es of t#e free iron needed for gro.t#
$a
Acidic en!ironment%
- stomac#, $ladder, )idneys
- inacti!ate many !iruses and $acteria
rinary flo.%
- 9imits t#e esta$lis#ment of infection
0ody temperature%
- 0ody temperature and especially fe!er limits or pre!ent
t#e gro.t# of many micro$es
- immune response is more efficient at ele!ated
temperatures
/
/
Acute inflammation%
- 8arly defense mec#anism for%
- containment of infection
- pre!ention of infection to spread from t#e initial
focus
- signaling of su$se;uent specific immune responses
Inflammatory responses%
- $eneficial
- can cause tissue damage symptoms of diseases
Anti$acterial Response
C#emo)ines%
- stic)y proteins
- esta$lis# a Crun.ayD 1c#emically lig#ted+ to guide t#e
attracted cells 1neutrop#ils, macrop#ages and lymp#ocytes+
to infection site and acti!ate t#e cells
- C#emo)ines and "(F- %
cause e2pression of complementary ad#esion molecules
1molecular C3elcro+ $y%
- endot#elial cells lining t#e capillaries near t#e
inflammation
- passing $y leu)ocytes
9eu)ocytes slo., roll, attac# to t#e lining e2tra!asate
across 1diapedesis+ t#e capillary .all site of
inflammation
C#emota2is and 9eu)ocyte Migration
C#emota2is and 9eu)ocyte Migration
Neutrophil diapedesis in response to inflammatory signals)
"N*- and chemo+ines activate the e,pressino of selectins and intercellular
P- and -- adhesion molecules (I'M-$) on the endothelium% near the
Inflammation% and their ligands integrins% .-selectin and .*-$ (leu+ocyte
*unction-associated antigen) on the neutrophil) "he neutrophil !inds
progressively tighter to the endothelium until it finds its way through the
-ndothelium)
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- "#e first cells to appear in response to acute inflammation%
&' Polymorp#onuclear neutrop#ils 1PM(+
2' Monocytes
,' 8osinop#ils 1occasionally+
follo.ed later $y%
Macrop#ages
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- (eutrop#ils %
* PM(s t#at pro!ide ma<or anti$acterial response
* are attracted to t#e site of infection p#agocytose and
)ill internali:ed $acteria
* increased num$er of neutrop#ils in t#e $lood, $ody fluid, or
tissue indicates a $acterial infection
* t#e mo$ili:ation of neutrop#ils is accompanied $y Ca left
s#iftC%
increase in t#e num$er of immature C$and forms
/
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- P#agocytosis of $acteria %
* $y macrop#ages and neutrop#ils
* in!ol!es %
- attac#ment
- internali:ation
- digestion
/
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- Attac#ment of $acteria to t#e macrop#age%
* is mediated $y%
&' Receptors for $acterial car$o#ydrates 1lectinsAspecific
sugar-$inding proteinsB+
2' Receptors for opsonins 1e'g', complement AC,$B
receptor, M0P receptor+
,' Fi$ronectin receptors 1especially for S. aureus+
6' Fc receptors for anti$ody
- Internali:ation%
* after attac#ment t#e particle is surrounded $y a portion of
plasma mem$rane formation of p#agocytic !acuole
around t#e micro$e
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- 5igestion %
* Fusion of !acuole containing $acteria .it# t#e primary
lysosomes 1macrop#ages+ or granules 1PM(s+ inacti!ation of
!acuole contents'
- P#agocyte )illing %
* Oxygen-dependent
* Oxygen-independent
5epending on t#e antimicro$ial
c#emicals produced $y t#e
granules
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- Acti!ation of macrop#ages is %
* promoted $y%
- interferon-EIF(- 1$est+
- granulocyte macrop#age colony-
stimulating factor 1?M-C-F+
- "(F-
- lymp#oto2in 1"(F-+
* re;uired for macrop#ages to )ill internali:ed micro$es
ole# sel-sel (4
dan sel-sel " C56
/
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
-
9P- and ot#er $acterial cell .all components
stimulate macrop#ages %
* stimulates t#e release of cyto)ines %
&' Interleu)in 1I9-& and I9-F+
2' "(F-
,' C#emo)ines
* "#e released cyto)ines are endogenous pyrogens%
- promote production of fe!er
- en#ance inflammatory response $y%
- acti!ation of macrop#ages
- promotion of acute-p#ase response
* "#e released cytoto2ins, cyto)ines and ot#er molecules can
also in<ure endot#elium and tissue 10o2 &6-6+
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- Acute P#ase Response%
* "riggered $y %
- Inflammation
- "issue damage
- I9-&
- I9F
- "(F-
- prostaglandin 8&
- interferon
* Acute p#ase proteins produced and released into serum
serum%
complement, coagulation proteins, 9P- $inding proteins,
protease in#i$itors, ad#erence proteins 1$o2 &6-=+
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- Acute P#ase Response%
* Fe!er is triggered $y %
- I9-&
- "(F-
- interferons
* 9i!er stimulations $y I9-& production of C-reacti!e
proteins
* C-reacti!e proteins%
- comple2 formation .it# $acterial polysacc#arides
and fungus
- acti!ation of alternati!e complement pat#.ay
- facilitate elimination of micro$es t#roug# increase
of p#agocytosis
/
/
/
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- Acyte P#ase Response%
* Acute p#ase response proteins%
- en#ance t#e innate immunity response against
infection
- increased production in sepesis 1induced $y
endoto2in+ causing ma<or pro$lem
e2ample% s#oc) 1septic s#oc)+
/
P#agocytes and P#agocytosis
- Macrop#ages and Cells of Macrop#age lineage %
* >t#er roles apart from p#agocytosis of $acteria and
antigens 1Fig &6-=+
* 0erperan penting pada transisi antara respons
nonspesifi) dan respons spesifi) ter#adap antigen
* Produ)si I9-&2%
- a)ti!asi sel-sel (4 pada daera# terinfe)si
- inisiasi respons "7&
* IF(- yang menga)ti!asi ma)rofag diprodu)si %
- mula-mula ole# sel-sel (4
- )emudian ole# sel-sel " C56
/
Fagosit dan Fagositosis
- Ma)rofag dan sel-sel dari garis )eturunan ma)ro-
fag %
* Ma)rofag dan sel-sel dendriti) mem$a.a antigen )e
)elen<ar limfe dan mengantar)an )e sel-sel " C56
* Merangsang sel-sel " melalui I9-& dan I9-2
Respons 4e)e$alan -pesifi) ter#adap 0a)teri
Respons "7&%
- /uga !erperan dalam menghadapi infe+si intraseluler yang
terlindung dari anti!odi (myco!acteria)
- I*N- menga+tivasi ma+rofag dan proses inflamasi lainnya
(&"#) pem!unuhan sel terinfe+si
- sel-sel " '&4 tida+ !egitu penting dalam +e+e!alan anti!a+teri
/
Respons 4e)e$alan -pesifi) ter#adap 0a)teri
Anti$odi%
- IgM:
- diprodu+si pada tahap awal respons anti!a+teri
- !eri+atan dengan !a+teri dan menga+tivasi /alur +omplemen
+lasi+% menim!ul+an:
- pem!unuhan !a+teri negatif 8ram
- respons-respons inflamasi
- u+urannya !esar mem!atasi penye!arannya +e /aringan
- sel-sel " mem!antu diferensiasi sel 5 dan peralihan (switching)
+elas imunoglo!ulin Ig8
/
Respons 4e)e$alan -pesifi) ter#adap 0a)teri
Anti$odi%
- Ig8:
- anti!odi predominan
- predominansi mening+at pada stimulasi ulangan
- +ecuali Ig8(:
- fi+sasi +omplemen
- mening+at+an fungsi fagositosis melalui pengi+atan !a+teri
melalui reseptor *c pada ma+rofag
Respons 4e)e$alan -pesifi) ter#adap 0a)teri
Anti$odi%
- Ig:
- produ+sinya memerlu+an sito+in-sito+in "#2 dan
"#7 ("ransforming 8rowth *actor-="8*-)
- 3atu-satunya anti!odi se+retori+
- penting dalam perlindungan mem!ran mu+osa
- mengandung +omponen se+retori+ memung+in+an intera+si
dan pasase Ig melalui sel-sel epitel mu+osa
- netralisasi i+atan !a+teri dan to+sin-to+sinnya pada permu+aan
epitel-epitel sel
/
/
-
A)ti!asi respons-respons inflamasi dan fase a)ut%
inisiasi )erusa)an signifi)an <aringan dan sistemi)
- Respons I9-&, I9-F dan "(F-%
- menim$ul)an respons prote)tif ter#adap infe)si lo)al
- dapat mem$a#aya)an $ila dia)ti!asi ole# infe)si sistemi)
- A)ti!asi ma)rofag pada #ati dan limpa ole# endoto)sin%
- menim$ul)an pelepasan "(F- )e dalam dara#
M8(G80A04A( ge<ala-ge<ala sepsis%
- )egagalan #emodinami)
- syo)
- )ematian
Imunopatogenesis infe)si $a)teri
/
-
Anti$odi ter#adap antigen $a)teri yang memili)i
determinan antigen yang sama dengan protein-protein
manusia dapat menim$ul)an )erusa)an <aringan%
Conto# %
Anti$odi yang diprodu)si pada post-streptococcal
glomerulonep#ritis dan r#eumatic fe!er+
- A)ti!asi nonspesifi) sel-sel " C56 ole# superantigen
menim$ul)an produ)si sito)in yang sangat $anya)
)ematian sel " tera)ti!asi%
Conto#%
"o)sin S. aureus penye$a$ toxic shock syndrome
Pelepasan sito)in yang sangat $anya) dan ti$a-ti$a
syo) dan )erusa)an <aringan yang #e$at 1to2ic s#oc) syndrome+
Imunopatogenesis infe)si $a)teri
/
/
/
Peluputan !a+teri dari respon-respon prote+tif
*a+tor-fa+tor virulensi:
$) Inhi!isi fagositosis dan pem!unuhan dalam fagosit
2) Ina+tivasi fungsi +omplemen
7) Pemotongan Ig
() Pertum!uhan intraseluler (penghindaran dari anti!odi)
;) Peru!ahan stru+tur antigeni+ !a+teri
/
Peluputan !a+teri dari respon-respon prote+tif