METALLOGENY OF THE SUDBURY MINING CAMP, ONTARIO

DOREEN E. AMES1 AND CATHARINE E. G. FARROW2

1. Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E !. "#$ %ining Co&'any (nc., 1)00 Kelly *a+e ,oad, Sud-ury, Ontario .E) /.0 Corre1'onding author21 e&ail3 da&e14nrcan.gc.ca Abstract
The Paleoproterozoic 1!"# Ma$ S%&'%r( Str%ct%re) the re*+a+t o, a &e,or*e& *%lti-ri+. i*pact 'a/i+) i/ ho/t to a+ e+or*o%/ a*o%+t o, Ni-C%-PGE /%lphi&e *i+eralizatio+. S%&'%r( i/ Ca+a&a0/ pri+cipal 'a/e *etal *i+i+. &i/trict 1ith 22 pro&%ci+. a+& pa/t-pro&%ci+. Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ a+& 11 C%-Ni-PGE a&3a+ce& e4ploratio+ pro5ect/ 1ith a 1.6"" 'illio+ to++e pa/t pro&%ctio+) re/er3e) a+& re/o%rce. The S%&'%r( re.io+ i/ al/o ho/t to /i.+i,ica+t pre-1!"# Ma *i+eral re/o%rce/ co*pri/i+. %ra+i%*) Ni-C%-PGE) A%-C%) a+& A% &epo/it/ a+& /(+-1!"# Ma h(&rother*al 7+-P'C% &epo/it/. The1!"# Ma 1orl&-cla// Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ a+& *i+or h(&rother*al 7+-P'-C% &epo/it/ 1ithi+ the 'a/i+ are relate& to the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) 1ith o3er hal, o, the Ni-C%-PGE i+ Co+tact &epo/it/) 2"8 i+ O,,/et &epo/it/) appro4i*atel( 1"8 i+ Froo&-Sto'ie 'reccia 'elt &epo/it/) a+& 91#8 i+ :,oot1all-ho/te&; &epo/it/. Trace ele*e+t /i.+at%re/ o, the ore/ te+& to 'e relate& to ho/t roc< A/) S'$ or &epo/it t(pe 7+) C&) P'$. The <e( to e,,ecti3e e4ploratio+ i+ the S%&'%r( ca*p i/ a /oli& %+&er/ta+&i+. o, the =-D .eolo.( ,ollo1e& '( appropriate EM>RIM .eoph(/ical *eth- o&/ that i+crea/e the /a*pli+. ra&i%/ o, &rillhole/. The reco.+itio+ o, the e3ol%tio+ o, the S%&'%r( area ,ro* a Ni-'a/e& ca*p to a pol(*etallic Ni-C%-PGE pro&%cer i/ ill%/trate& '( the ,act that o3er "#8 o, the e4ploratio+ e4pe+&it%re/ ,or 2##" ,oc%/e& o+ the ,oot1all-ho/te& C%-NiPGE /(/te*/ &%e to the hi.h C% a+& PGE .ra&e/ o, the /%lphi&e ore. The re/%lt 1a/ the &i/co3er( o, +e1 &epo/it/ ?e3ac< Foot1all Depo/it$ i+ a *at%re *i+i+. ca*p. Ne1 e4ploratio+ *o&el/ ,or lo1-/%lphi&e) hi.h-PGE PM Depo/it$ /t(le/ o, *i+eralizatio+ are 'ei+. re,i+e& ,or 'oth the North a+& So%th ra+.e/. @a/e *etal &epo/it/ are re.%larl( &i/co3ere& i+ the S%&'%r( ca*p 1ith e3ol3i+. &epo/it *o&el/) e4ploratio+ tech+iA%e/) a+& .e+etic *o&el/.

Rsum
?a /tr%ct%re &e S%&'%r( e/t le 3e/ti.e &0%+ 'a//i+ &0i*pact *%lti-a++ea%4 &B,or*B &ata+t &% PalBoprotBrozoCA%e 1 !"# Ma$) A%i recDle &0B+or*e/ A%a+titB/ &e *i+Brali/atio+/ /%l,%rBe/ E Ni-C%-FGP. ?a rB.io+ &e S%&'%r( co+/tit%e le pri+cipal &i/trict *i+ier po%r le/ *Bta%4 co**%+/ a% Ca+a&a. O+ ( co*pte 22 .i/e*e+t/ &e Ni-C%-FGP e4ploitB/ par le pa//B o% e+core a%5o%r&0h%i ai+/i A%e 11 .Gte/ &e Ni-C%-FGP re+&%/ E %+ /ta&e &0e4ploratio+ a3a+cBH le 3ol%*e &e la pro&%ctio+ pa//Be) &e/ rB/er3e/ et &e/ re//o%rce/ /0BlD3e E 1)6"" *illiar& &e to++e/. ?a rB.io+ &e S%&'%r( re+,er*e e+ o%tre &e/ re//o%rce/ *i+Brale/ ,or*Be/ a+tBrie%re*e+t E 1)!"# Ma) &o+t &e/ .Gte/ &0%ra+i%* et &e Ni-C%FGP) &e A%-C% et &e A%) ai+/i A%e &e/ .Gte/ h(&rother*a%4 &e 7+-P'-C% &e ,or*atio+ co+te*porai+e &e l0i*pact *BtBori- tiA%e E 1)!"# Ma. ?e/ *i+Brali/atio+/ co+te*porai+e/ &e l0i*pact *BtBoritiA%e E 1)!"# Ma) ,or*Be/ &e/ .i/e*e+t/ &e Ni-C%-FGP &e cla//e *o+&iale et &e/ .Gte/ *i+e%r/ &e 7+-P'-C% &0ori.i+e h(&rother*ale E l0i+tBrie%r &% 'a//i+) /o+t appare+tBe/ a% Co*ple4e i.+B &e S%&'%r(. Pl%/ &e la *oitiB &e/ *i+Brali/atio+/ &e Ni-C%-FGP appartie++e+t E &e/ .Gte/ &e la zo+e &e co+tact &% co*ple4e) 2" 8 E &e/ .Gte/ a//ociBe/ E &e/ apoph(/e/ &% co*ple4e) e+3iro+ 1" 8 E &e/ .Gte/ &e la zo+e 'rBchiA%e &e Froo&-Sto'ie et *oi+/ &e 1# 8 E &e/ .Gte/ e+cai//B/ &a+/ le *%r &% co*ple4e. ?e/ /i.+at%re/ e+ BlB*e+t/ trace/ &e/ *i+erai/ o+t te+&a+ce E re,lBter la +at%re &e la roche hIte A/) S'$ o% le t(pe &e .Gte 7+) C&) P'$. Da+/ le ca*p *i+ier &e S%&'%r() le /%ccD/ &e l0e4ploratio+ repo/e /%r %+e e4celle+te co*prBhe+/io+ &e la .Bolo.ie e+ =-D et l0applicatio+ &e *Btho&e/ .Boph(/iA%e/ EM>RIM appropriBe/) A%i per*ette+t &0Bte+&re le ra(o+ &0i+3e/ti.atio+ &e/ /o+&a.e/. ?a reco++ai//a+ce &% ,ait A%e la rB.io+ &e S%&'%r( /oit pa//Be &0%+ ca*p ,o+&B /%r la *i/e e+ 3ale%r &% Ni E %+e rB.io+ pro&%ctrice &e Ni-C%-FGP e/t re,lBtBe par le/ &Bpe+/e/ &0e4ploratio+ e+ 2##") &o+t pl%/ &e "# 8 o+t BtB co+/acrBe/ a%4 /(/tD*e/ &e C%-Ni-FGP &a+/ le/ roche/ &% *%r &% co*ple4e) e+ rai/o+ &e/ te+e%r/ Ble3Be/ &% *i+erai /%l- ,%rB e+ C% et e+ FGP. Il e+ rB/%lte A%e &e +o%3ea%4 .i/e*e+t/ .i/e*e+t &e ?e3ac< Foot1all$ o+t p% Jtre &Bco%3ert/ &a+/ %+ ca*p *i+ier par3e+% E *at%ritB. De +o%3ea%4 *o&Dle/ &0e4ploratio+ 3i/a+t le/ /t(le/ &e *i+Brali/atio+/ E ,ai'le co+ce+tratio+ &e /%l,%re/ et E te+e%r Ble3Be e+ FGP .i/e*e+t &e PM$ ,o+t l0o'5et &e ra,,i+e*e+t/ a%//i 'ie+ /%r le ,la+c +or& A%e /%r le ,la+c /%&. ?0a*Blioratio+ &e/ *o&Dle/ .Gtolo.iA%e/) &e/ *Btho&e/ &0e4ploratio+ et &e/ *o&Dle/ .B+BtiA%e/ re+& po//i'le) E i+ter3alle/ rB.%lier/) la &Bco%3erte &e .Gte/ &e *Bta%4 co**%+/ &a+/ le ca*p *i+ier &e S%&'%r(.

Intr !uct" n an! H"st r# The S%&'%r( Str%ct%re i/ the re*+a+t o, a &e,or*e& 1.!" Ga *%lti-ri+. i*pact crater. Thi/ .eolo.ical ,eat%re i/ o, e4traor&i+ar( eco+o*ic a+& /cie+ti,ic /i.+i,ica+ce) '%t re*ai+/ e+i.*atic i+ *a+( i*porta+t re/pect/. S%&'%r() Ca+a&a a+& Noril0/<-Tal+a<h) R%//ia are the .reate/t Nipro&%ci+. &i/trict/ i+ the 1orl&. The S%&'%r( ore &epo/it/ ha3e pro&%ce& a+ e/ti*ate& KSL 2!# 'illio+ or CDNL ==# 'illio+ 1ith a KSL>CDNL e4cha+.e rate o, #.!"$ 1orth o,

*etal i+ the pa/t ce+t%r( %/i+. 2##" a3era.e *etal 3al%e/$ ,ro* *ore tha+ 22 Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ a+& t1o *i+or) pa/t- pro&%ci+. h(&rother*al 7+-P'-C% &epo/it/. The co+ti+%e& pro/perit( o, the S%&'%r( re.io+ &epe+&/ o+ *i+i+. i+ the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re at i+crea/i+. &epth/ a+& o+ the %/e o, +e1 .eo/cie+ce <+o1le&.e create& to ,i+& 3al%a'le h(&rother- *al) *a.*atic C%-PGE 3ei+ &epo/it/ at /hallo1 le3el/. The S%&'%r( *i+i+. ca*p 1a/ &i/co3ere& i+ 1!"6 1he+ Ale4a+&er M%rra( reporte& /%lphi&e/ i+ a Geolo.ical

A*e/) D.E.) a+& Farro1) C.E.G.) 2##2) Metallo.e+( o, the S%&'%r( *i+i+. ca*p) O+tario) in Goo&,ello1) W.D.) e&.) Mi+eral Depo/it/ o, Ca+a&aM A S(+the/i/ o, Ma5or Depo/it-T(pe/) Di/trict Metallo.e+() the E3ol%tio+ o, Geolo.ical Pro3i+ce/) a+& E4ploratio+ Metho&/M Geolo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a) Mi+eral Depo/it/ Di3i/io+) Special P%'licatio+ No. ") p. =2N-="#.

D$E$ Am%s an! C$E$G$ Farr & co+ti+e+tal ri,t 'a/i+) la(ere& .a''ro a+ortho/ite i+tr%/i3e/ o, the 2ON# to 2O2# Ma Ea/t @%ll ?a<e /%ite Pro.h et al.) 1N!OH Pre3ec) 1NN2H Pec< et al.) 1NN=$ a+& 221# to 2212 Ma .a''roic roc</ o, the Nipi//i+. /%ite Cor,% a+& A+&re1/) 1N!6H No'le a+& ?i.ht,oot) 1NN2$. Si+ce the reco.+itio+ o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re a/ a+ i*pact crater '( Dietz 1N6O$) /%pport ,or the i*pact ori.i+) alrea&( o3er1hel*i+.) ha/ i+crea/e&. E3i&e+ce ,or the i*pact e3e+t at S%&'%r( i+cl%&e/ 1$ the iri&i%* a+o*al( i+ the %pper !## * o, the crater-,illi+. O+api+. For*atio+) 2$ p/e%&otach(lite o, the S%&'%r( 'reccia that &ecrea/e/ o%t1ar& i+ a'%+&a+ce) =$ /hatter co+e/ &i/tri'%te& i+ a ra&ial patter+) a+& O$ /hoc< *eta*orpho/e& *i+eral/ i+ 'oth pro4i*al a+& &i/tal Q!## <*$ e5ecta Fre+ch) 1N62H Grie3e) 1NNOH M%+.all et al.) 2##OH A&&i/o+ et al.) 2##"$ Fi.. =$. Collecti3el() the .eolo.ical) .eoche*ical) a+& petrolo.ical o'/er3atio+/ i+terprete& a/ i*pact ,eat%re/ /i+ce 1N62) co*'i+e& 1ith /i.+i,ica+t a&3a+ce/ i+ 2##O a+& 2##" pro3i&e co+3i+ci+. /%pport ,or a+ i*pact ori.i+ o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re. The S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re co+/i/t/ o, 1$ the pro*i+e+t elliptical S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 SIC$ a+& it/ a//ociate& o,,/et &(<e/H 2$ a++%larl( &i/tri'%te&) 'recciate&) a+& /hoc< *eta*orpho/e& ,oot1all roc</H a+& =$ the crater-,ill 'reccia/

FIGURE '$ Di/co3er( o, the /%per.ia+t Ni-C%-PGE S%&'%r( re/o%rce i+ 1!!= &%ri+. co+/tr%ctio+ the Ca+a&ia+ Paci,ic Rail1a(.

S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a report M%rra() 1!"6$. Ho1e3er) the /i.+i,ica+ce o, the &i/co3er( 1a/ +ot realize& %+til 1!!= 1he+ a 'lac</*ith 1or<i+. o+ Ca+a&a0/ ,ir/t tra+/co+ti+e+tal rail1a( Fi.. 1$ i&e+ti,ie& /%lphi&e/ at the pre/e+t &a( /ite o, the M%rra( *i+e) 1hich re/%lte& i+ a pro/pecti+. a+& /ta<i+. r%/h. Fro* 1!!! to 1!N#) Al,re& @arlo1 a+& Ro'ert @ell co*plete& ,iel& 1or< ,or the ,ir/t re.io+al 'e&roc< *ap o, the S%&'%r( area @ell) 1!N1$. G% ( )"ca( an! T%ct n"c S%tt"n) The 1.!" Ga S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re /tra&&le/ the 'o%+&ar( 'et1ee+ Neoarchea+ .ra+itic a+& .+ei//ic roc</ o, the S%perior pro3i+ce to the +orth a+& ea/t North Ra+.e$ a+& Paleoproterozoic *eta/e&i*e+tar( a+& *eta3olca+ic roc</ o, the So%ther+ pro3i+ce to the /o%th So%th Ra+.eH Fi.. 2$. The +orther+ ,oot1all roc</ co+/i/t o, the hi.h- .ra&e ?e3ac< .+ei// co*ple4 co*- pri/i+. /%pracr%/tal a+& i+tr%/i3e %+it/ that 1ere &e,or*e& a+& *eta- *orpho/e& at %pper a*phi'olite to .ra+%lite ,acie/ i+ the lo1er cr%/t &%ri+. the Neoarchea+ Car&) 1NNOH Wo&ic<a) 1NN2$. The/e roc</ ,or* a #." to " <* 1i&e ,oot1all collar to the +orther+ hal, o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 SIC$ Mil<ereit a+& Gro%p) 1NN2$. The Neoarchea+ roc</ 1ere the+ i+tr%&e& '( the late Archea+ 26O# Ma$ .ra+ite o, the Cartier 'atholith a+& the 2O"# Ma Matache1a+ *a,ic &(<e /1ar* Hea*a+) 1NN2$) a+& %pli,te& &%ri+. the late Archea+ or earl( Proterozoic Car&) 1NNOH Wo&ic<a) 1NN2$ to lo1er cr%/tal le3el/ 1here the( 1ere /tro+.l( a,,ecte& '( the 1!"# Ma i*pact e3e+t. The /o%ther+ ,oot1all roc</ co+/i/t o, the Paleoproterozoic H%ro+ia+ S%per.ro%p &epo/ite& i+ a+ i+ter-

4700' 8200'
SKPERIOR PRORINCE

5ana'itei *a+e

Sudbury

GRENRI??E PRORINCE
10 km 8030' 4615'

SOKTHERN PRORINCE Espanola PRECAMBRIAN

51"%!I ! S1$E")"%1$ MIDDLE !D E "L# $"%&E"%'%I( )r*n+,ll* $ro+,n-* .n*,ss and ,n/rus,ons (obal/ )roup6)o7.anda4 Lorra,n 8orma/,ons 9u,rk* Lak* )roup 0*ls,- plu/on,- ro-ks 5ou.: Lak* )roup EARLY PROTEROZOIC Ell,o/ Lak* )roup; M-<,m4 Ma/,n*nda 8orma/,ons S1D21"# I)!E%1S (%M$LE3 Ell,o/ Lak* )roup; =ol-an,- and !or,/*4 sublay*r r*la/*d ma8,- ,n/rus,+* ro-ks )ranop:yr* ARCHEAN >5I&E> &E" )"%1$ 0*ls,- plu/on,- ro-ks (:*lms8ord 0orma/,on L*+a-k )n*,ss (ompl*? %n7a/,n 0orma/,on 2*nny4 Moos* Moun/a,n .r**ns/on* b*l/s %nap,n. 0orma/,on

2O

FIGURE *$ Re.io+al .eolo.ical /etti+. o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%re. The S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 SIC$ /tra&&le/ the 'o%+&ar( 'et1ee+ the Neoarchea+ S%perior Pro3i+ce a+& the Paleoproterozoic So%ther+ Pro3i+ce.

Onaping Formation
35 22

+
Sout Rang! Br!""ia B!#t
2 32 % / 2/ 5, $3 5. 2$ $3

Su&'ur( Ign!ou) Comp#!*

5, 22 $3 %2 + +/ $%

2 3-

3+

3-

2/ .2 +2

10 km

Impa"t 0!atur!)

Sudbury br*--,a4 S"22

22

S:a//*r-on*s4 /r*nd@plun.*

nomalous Ir ,n Do7l,n. M*mb*r %nap,n. 0orma/,on

Lo7 Ir Impa-/ d,amonds

FIGURE ,$ I*pact-relate& ,eat%re/ a//ociate& 1ith the Q2"# <* &ia*eter) 1!"# Ma) S%&'%r( i*pact crater. A+ iri&i%* a+o*al( i/ co+/trai+e& to the three %pper %+it/ o, the Do1li+. Me*'er 1ithi+ the O+api+. For*atio+ a+& i/ +ot pre/e+t i+ the o3erl(i+. O+1ati+ For*atio+ 'a/i+al /e&i*e+t/. The &i/tri'%tio+ o, /hatterco+e/ a+& S%&'%r( 'reccia p/e%&otach(lite a+& catacla/ite i/ re/tricte& to the ,oot1all roc</ ,ro* A*e/ et al.) 2##"$.

o, the O+api+. For*atio+) 1hich are o3erlai+ '( /e&i*e+tar( /trata o, the White1ater Gro%p Fi./. =) O$. The SIC i/ a Paleoproterozoic 1!"#S1 Ma$) h(pa'(//al i+tr%/io+ co+/i/ti+. o, a lo1er ore-'eari+. /%'la(er) +oritic to .a''roic c%*%late/) a+& a+ %pper .ra+oph(re pro&%ce& &%ri+. i*pact '( *elti+. o, the lo1er cr%/t a+& car'o+aceo%/ /e&i*e+t/ Pro.h et al.) 1N!OH Grie3e) 1NNOH M%+.all et al.) 2##O$. The i+itial /hoc< *elt i/ repre/e+te& '( a+&e/ite-A%artz &iorite 3itric *aterial pre/er3e& i+ peperitic &(<e/) 'o*'/) a+& 'loc</ i+ the crater-,ill that 1a/ 3aria'l( *o&i,ie& thro%.h a//i*ilatio+ o, co%+tr( roc< ,ra.*e+t/ to ,or* a+ e3ol3e& /hoc< *elt co*po/itio+ ,or the *elt /heet A*e/ et al.) 2##2'$. O,,/et &(<e/ ca+ e4te+& %p to =# <* ra&iall( i.e. *a4i*%* repre/e+te& '( the Fo( o,,/et$ a+& 1O <* co+ce+tricall( i.e. He// o,,/et 1ith a 2= <* /tri<e le+.th$ ,ro* the SIC>,oot1all co+tact Woo& a+& Spra() 1NN!H T%ch/cherer a+& Spra() 2##2$ Fi.. O$. The pare+tal co*po/itio+ ,or the SIC *elt /heet) a+ e3ol3e& /hoc< *elt) i/ repre/e+te& '( :A%artz &iorite; o,,/et &(<e/ ?i.ht,oot et al.) 2##1$. Tho%.h the/e &(<e/ are tra&itio+all( calle& :A%artz &iorite;) the( are co*po/itio+all( 3aria'le 'et1ee+ A%artz *o+zo&iorite-.ra+o&iorite-to+alite ?i.ht,oot et al.) 2##1H A*e/ et al.) 2##"$.

O,,/et /tr%ct%re/ *a( or *a( +ot co+tai+ i.+eo%/ *aterial a/ &(<e/. The Copper Cli,,) Worthi+.to+) a+& Fo( o,,/et/ ,or* a &i/ti+ct &(<e-li<e ,eat%re) 1herea/ other/ co+/i/t o, &i/co+ti+%o%/ po&/ or /e.*e+t/ o, i.+eo%/ *aterial e... pro4i*al Par<i+>Whi/tle) McCo++ell>Pir<1oo&) Froo&-Sto'ie 'reccia 'elt$ 1ith 3aria'le a*o%+t/ o, *eta'reccia) a 'reccia o, %+certai+ ori.i+) a+& a'%+&a+t ,oot1all>S%&'%r( 'reccia M%rph( a+& Spra() 2##2$. P/e%&otach(lite a+& catacla/ite are locall( <+o1+ a/ S%&'%r( 'reccia a+& e4te+& %p to 2## <* ,ro* the SIC. The( co+/i/t o, 'recciate&) ,rictio+all( co**i+%te& co%+tr( roc</ ra+&o*l( &i/tri'%te& i+ a ,i+e-.rai+e&) recr(/tallize& *atri4. S%&'%r( 'reccia i/ +ot o+l( critical ,or %+&er/ta+&i+. cr%/tal proce//e/ a+& e/ti*ati+. the /ize o, the S%&'%r( i*pact crater Spra( et al.) 2##O$) '%t repre/e+t/ a+ i*por- ta+t eco+o*ic tar.et that i/ ho/t to S%&'%r(0/ lar.e/t &epo/it Froo&-Sto'ie *i+e$ a+& C%-PGErich &epo/it/ Fra/er- Strathco+a C% zo+e/) McCree&( We/t Foot1all C%) a+& McCree&( Ea/t 1"= zo+e) ?e3ac< Foot1all$. Po/t 1!"# Ma i.+eo%/ e3e+t/ i+ the S%&'%r( area i+cl%&e i+tr%/io+ o, the 12O" Ma E&e+>C%tler a+& 1O2# Ma Chie, @ell .ra+itic /%ite/ i+ the /o%ther+ ,oot1all roc</ a+& the S%&'%r( a+& Gre+3ille &ia'a/e &(<e /1ar*/ at 12=" a+&

"N#

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1 i)t#!2Par3in
0*-un,s Lak* 0aul/

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Sand-:*rry (r**k 0aul/

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SIC

>anap,/*, -ra/*r

Mini)ti"

Man" !)t!r 4ir35oo& 6 M"Conn!##

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Tri## Copp!r C#i00

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MESOPROTEROZOIC AN7 PROTEROZOIC )r*n+,ll* $ro+,n-* MESOPROTEROZOIC (:,*8 Lak* I.n*ous (ompl*? PALEOPROTEROZOIC S1D21"# S&"1(&1"E A s** /*?/

H8RONIAN S8PER9RO8P (obal/ )roup 9u,rk* Lak* )roup 5ou.: Lak* )roup 1pp*r Ell,o/ Lak* )roup A m*/as*d,m*n/ary Lo7*r Ell,o/ Lak* )roup A m*/a+ol-an,-

NEOARCHEAN: S8PERIOR PRO;INCE (ar/,*r 2a/:ol,/: Ma8,- m*/a+ol-an,- and m*/as*d,m*n/ary ro-ks L*+a-k )n*,ss (ompl*? !, (u A $)E

FIGURE /$ Geolo.ical *ap o, the S%&'%r( 'a/e *etal *i+i+. &i/trict A*e/ et al.) 2##"$ /ho1i+. the *ai+ %+it/ o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re /ee te4t o+ &ia.ra*$. O,,/et &(<e/ are la'elle& i+ 'ol&.

Ma) re/pecti3el( Fi.. "$. @oth o, the/e &ia'a/e &(<e /1ar*/ i+tr%&e the SIC a+& it/ ore'o&ie/. De,or*atio+ that pro&%ce& the So%th Ra+.e Shear zo+e /tro+.l( a,,ecte& the So%th Ra+.e o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re Sha+</ a+& Sch1er&t+er) 1NN1$. It i/ i+terprete& a/ ha3i+. occ%rre& at 1.6 to 1.2 Ma a+& i/ relate& to the Mazatzal Oro.e+( @aile( et al.) 2##"$. M"n%ra( D%0 s"ts The pol(*etallic ce+tral O+tario *etallo.e+ic 'elt) 1hich i/ ce+tre& i+ the S%&'%r( re.io+) ho/t/ pre-1!"# Ma %ra+i%*) Ni-C%-PGE) a+& A%-C% &epo/it/H /(+-1!"# Ma *a.*atic-h(&rother*al Ni-C%-PGEH /(+-1!"# Ma h(&rother*al 7+-P'-C% &epo/it/ Erri+.to+-Rer*ilio+M A*e/ et al.)

1NN!) 2##"$H a+& /e3eral (o%+.er) 3aria'l( /%lphi&e-*i+eralize&) h(&rother*al p%l/e/ Fi./. " to N$. H%ro+ia+ *i+eral &epo/it/ i+cl%&e the Elliot ?a<e area paleoplacer p(ritic %ra+i%* ore/) Ni-C%-PGE /%lphi&e/ i+ .a''ro/ o, the Ea/t @%ll ?a<e /%ite o, i+tr%/io+/) re&'e&-ho/te& C% i+ the %pper H%ro+ia+ /eA%e+ce) a+& /ilica i+ A%artz are+ite/ @e++ett et al.) 1NN1$. The 2ON1 to 2O2" Ma Ea/t @%ll ?a<e /%ite co+/i/t/ o, the Ea/t @%ll) Ri3er Ralle() a+& A.+e1 i+tr%/io+/ a+& i/ i+terprete& to ha3e cr(/tallize& ,ro* lo1-Ti) hi.h-Al) PGE-rich tholeiitic *a.*a/. The ca. 22## Ma Nipi//i+. .a''ro/ co+tai+ /%'-eco+o*ic Ni-C%-PGE *i+eralizatio+) (et their i+tr%/io+ ca%/e& re*o'ilizatio+ o, *etal/ ,ro* Archea+ a+& Paleoproterozoic ho/t roc</ to ,or* C%) A%)

S*d,m*n/a/,on@ =ol-an,sm

In/rus,+* *+*n/s

5ydro/:*rmal &*-/onom*/amorp:,sm *+*n/s P'2Zn

Impa-/ *+*n/s

>anap,/*, D 37 Ma

500 )r*n+,ll* d,abas* dyk*s B5E0C

1000

)r*n+,ll* %ro.*ny

&,m* BMaC

Sudbury d,abas* dyk*s B1235C (:,*8@2*ll BD1470C Ed*n@(u/l*r BD1745C Ni2Cu SI( Au MaFa/Fal@#a+apa, %ro.*ny G

1500

>:,/*7a/*r )roup

Zn2P'2Cu $*nok*an %ro.*ny BGGC Sudbury 2l*Fard,an %ro.*ny

Subs,d*n-* o8 5uron,an bas,n and -ra/on mar.,n ",8/,n.

2000
5uron,an Sup*r.roup

Ni2Cu2P9E BD2220C
!,p,ss,n. Ni2Cu2P9E2Ag2Co Cu: 8

1850 Ma

2500

5uron,an .la-,a/,on

Murray4 (r*,.:/on

P9E2Cu2Ni

E2L

Ma/a-:*7an
1$LI0&@ (%%LI!) BL)(C

r-:*an b*l/s (ar/,*r .ran,/* B2*nnyA$ark,nC

M*/amorp:,sm @ ana/*?,s

Cu2P'2Zn2Ag

&onal,/*

3000
FIGURE 1$ Ti*e-/trati.raphic chart a+& .eochro+olo.ical /%**ar( o, the S%&'%r( &i/trict ill%/trati+. the a.e o, *a5or &epo/itio+al) i+tr%/i3e) tecto+o*eta*orphic) i*pact) h(&rother*al) a+& *etallo.e+ic e3e+t/ A*e/ et al.) 2##"$.

A.) Fe) a+& W 3ei+/. The *o/t ,a*o%/ a+& eco+o*icall( i*porta+t o, the/e &epo/it t(pe/ are %+co+,or*it( relate&) A.-3ei+ &epo/it/ o, the Co'alt-Go1.a+&a-El< ?a<e area

A+&re1/ et al.) 1N!6H ?i.ht,oot a+& Nal&rett) 1NN6$.

The ,a*o%/) 1orl&-cla// Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ o, the 1!"# Ma S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re co+tai+ a total o, 1"## Mt pa/t pro- &%ctio+ a+& pre/e+t re/o%rce$ 1ith o3erall .ra&e/ o, 18 Ni) 18 C%) a+& 1 .>t P&TPt Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. The

8136'0H>

8042'0H>

4648'0H!

!
10 km !,A(uA$)E
%--urr*n-* d+an-*d prosp*-/ 4624'0H! $as/ produ-*r $rodu-*r 8042'0H>

0 !,A(u
%--urr*n-* d+an-*d prosp*-/ 4624'0H! $as/ produ-*r $rodu-*r 8136'0H>

FIGURE 2$ Di/tri'%tio+ o, o3er 2## Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ a+& occ%rre+ce/) S%&'%r( &i/trict A*e/ et al.) 2##"$.
8136'0H> 8042'0H>

4648'0H!

Err,n./on =*rm,l,on

!
0 10 km

'nA$bA(u I .4 u
4624'0H! $as/ produ-*rs 8136'0H> 8042'0H> 4624'0H! %--urr*n-*s

FIGURE 3$ Di/tri'%tio+ o, 7+-P'-C%-A.-A% RMS &epo/it/ a+& occ%rre+ce/) S%&'%r( &i/trict. H(&rother*al replace*e+t-t(pe *a//i3e /%lphi&e &epo/it/ Erri+.to+-Rer*ilio+$ /tra&&le the O+api+. For*atio+-Rer*ilio+ For*atio+ co+tact) 1herea/ +%*ero%/ 'a/e *etal occ%rre+ce/ lie 1ithi+ the

4648'0H!

4648'0H!

h(&rother*all( altere& ca. 1!"# Ma$ O+api+. For*atio+ A*e/ et al.) 1NN!) 2##") 2##6a)'$.

8136'0H>

8042'0H>

4648'0H!

!
10 km u 1
4624'0H!

0 (uA u
%--urr*n-* 4624'0H! $as/ produ-*r 8136'0H>

8042'0H>

FIGURE 4$ Di/tri'%tio+ o, A%) A%-C%) a+& K &epo/it/ a+& occ%rre+ce/) S%&'%r( &i/trict A*e/ et al.) 2##"$.

S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re pre/e+tl( ho/t/ 22 Ni-C%-PGE pro&%ci+. a+& pa/t-pro&%ci+. &epo/it/) 11 C%-Ni-PGE a&3a+ce& e4ploratio+ pro/pect/) a+& o3er 1O# *i+eral occ%rre+ce/ Fi. 6H A*e/ et al.) 2##"$. Re.io+all( i*porta+t litholo.ie/ that ho/t Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ are the 'a/e o, the SIC /%'la(er +orite) ,oot1all 'reccia$) o,,/et &(<e/) a+& 3aria'l( &e3elope& S%&'%r( 'reccia 1ithi+ the ,oot1all o, the SIC Fi.. 6$. S%&'%r( ore &epo/it/ are &i3i&e& i+to three *ai+ t(pe/ Coat/ a+& S+a5&r) 1N!OH Morri/o+ et al.) 1NNO$ 'a/e& o+ their i+terrelate& e+3iro+*e+t/M co+tact) o,,/et) a+& ,oot1all &epo/it/. All co+tai+ Ni-C%-PGE) '%t the latter ha3e ele3ate& a+& locall( 3er( hi.h PGE co+te+t/. O3er "#8 o, the hi/tor- ical S%&'%r( re/o%rce i/ ho/te& i+ co+tact &epo/it/ ?i.ht,oot et al.) 2##1$) appro4i*atel( 2"8 i/ i+ o,,/et &epo/it/ 1ith appro4i*atel( 1"8 ,ro* the Froo&Sto'ie 'reccia 'elt) a+& le// tha+ appro4i*atel( 1#8 i/ i+ ,oot1all- t(pe &epo/it/ Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. The &i3er/e &epo/it/ a//ociate& 1ith the 1.!" Ga S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re /pa+ a protracte& perio& o, *i+eralizatio+) a+& repre/e+t a ra+.e o, ore-,or*i+. e+3iro+*e+t/ relate& to cooli+. o, the SIC o3er o+e h%+&re& to o+e *illio+ (ear/ Pre3ec a+& Ca1thor+) 2##2$. Ma+( &epo/it/ i+ the So%th Ra+.e ha3e 'ee+ *o&i,ie& '( &e,or*atio+ O1e+ a+& Coat/) 1N!O$. G% ( )"ca( S%tt"n)s 5 D"55%r%nt Bas% M%ta( D%0 s"ts Contact 6e'o1it1 Co+tact &epo/it/ are t(picall( p(rrhotite-rich) Ni-C% ore/ ho/te& '( &epre//io+/ or e*'a(*e+t/ at the 'a/e o, the SIC

at or +ear the co+tact 1ith NeoArchea+ or Paleoproterozoic

4648'0H!

'a/e*e+t. Co+tact ore/ are ho/te& i+ a 'a/al i.+eo%/ :/%'- la(er +orite;) a &i/co+ti+%o%/ la(er o, *a,ic%ltra*a,ic i+cl%/io+-'eari+. +orite to A%artz &iorite %p to 2## * thic< Patti/o+) 1N2NH So%ch et al.) 1N6N$ a+&>or :,oot1all 'rec- cia;) a+ i.+eo%/ to *eta*orphic te4t%re& 'reccia locall( &e3elope& alo+. the ,oot1all i+ter,ace 'et1ee+ the /%'la(er a+& ,oot1all roc</ Coat/ a+& S+a5&r) 1N!OH Morri/o+) 1 N ! O $ . Pilo*etre-/ize& &epre//io+/ or ra&ial :tro%.h/; co+tai+ /*aller /eco+&ar( lateral e*'a(*e+t/ or :terrace/; Morri/o+) 1N!O$ that i+,l%e+ce the occ%rre+ce o, the /%'- la(er a+& the /ite o, /o*e /%lphi&e *i+eralizatio+ Fi.. 1#$. Thic<+e// 3ariatio+/ i+ topo.raphicall( co+trolle& &e'ri/- ,lo1 %+it/ i+ the crater-,ill +ear the 'a/e o, the Do1li+. Me*'er) O+api+. For*atio+ *i*ic the &epre//io+ o, the ?e3ac< e*'a(*e+t Fi.. 11$. The orie+tatio+ o, the Ni-C%- 'eari+. lateral terrace/ Morri/o+) 1N!O$ i/ /i*ilar to the ori- e+tatio+ o, /(+-crater ,a%lt/ i+ the O+api+. For*atio+) 1hich are ,ille& 1ith a+&e/itic *elt i+ the crater-,ill A*e/) 2##2'$. The co+tact-t(pe &epo/it/ are rich i+ Ni-Ir-Rh) 1hich are ho/te& '( a /%lphi&e a+& o4i&e *i+eral a//e*'la.e o, p(rrhotite) pe+tla+&ite) a+& chalcop(rite 1ith *i+or *a.- +etite a+& p(rite Appe+&i4 1H Nal&rett) 1N!O$. Co+tact ore C%>Ni ratio/ are appro4i*atel( #.2) a+& PtTP&TA% 3al%e/ are t(picall( lo1 at 91 .>t Nal&rett a+& Pe//ara+) 1NN2$. Off1et 6e'o1it1 O,,/et-t(pe &epo/it/ are ho/te& i+ ra&ial or co+ce+tric :A%artz &iorite; o,,/et &(<e/ that repre/e+t a+ earl( pha/e o, A%e+che& i*pact *elt ?i.ht,oot et al.) 2##1H A*e/) 2##2$

477000 5183000
!,-k*l %88s*/
",+*rs op/,on

507000

M,ln*/ BJon Sm,/:C

Sou/: 'on*

2rok*n 5amm*r 'on* !orman >*s/ ! "an.* s:a8/

$odolsky >:,s/l*

(raFy -r**k 2o7*ll 2arn*/ Lon.+a-k (ol*man 2,. L*+a-k S/ra/:-ona Lo7*r (ol*man M-(r**dy Eas/ 0ras*rAMor.an 0*-un,s Lak* 0ras*r L*+a-k !or/: M,n* M-(r**dy >*s/ (ra,. %nap,n. 5ardy 2oundary Do7l,n. %nap,n. D*p/:

>D 150 155

%nap,n. 0orma/,on
(apr* Lak* =,-/or
Ma,n

=,-/or !,-k*l ",m

!,-k*l !,-k*l ",m Sou/: ",m D*p/: Ma-L*nnan

(:*lms8ord 0orma/,on

%n7a/,n 0orma/,on
!orduna 0al-onbr,d.* S:*ppard <,rk7ood )arson M-(onn*ll L,ndsl*y M/ !,-k*l L,//l* S/ob,* (ryd*rman Eas/ M,n* Man-:*s/*r

O00)!t &(3!)

SI(
&r,ll D**p &r,llab*ll*

Err,n./on K1 ",+*r =*rm,l,on M,n* B'nA$bA(uC

K2

Ir7,n

K3

2l*Fard

Err,n./on M,n* B'nA$bA(uC &am %LS:an/*r !or/: S/ar

S/ob,* %p*n $,/ M-<,m 0rood Murray (larab*ll* %p*n $,/

(oll,ns Sul/ana (r*an 5,ll

(opp*r (l,88 !or/:

)*r/rud* (r*,.:/on

E+ans (opp*r (l,88 Sou/:

<*lly Lak*

Su&'ur( 7i)tri"t Ni2Cu2P9E

(on/a-/ d*pos,/s %88s*/ d*pos,/s (uA!,A$)E sys/*msM8oo/7allN d*pos,/s and o--urr*n-*s 0rood S/ob,* br*--,a b*l/ d*pos,/s &*-/on,-ally mod,8,*d d*pos,/s

5143000

(:,-a.o

=,-/or,a

5o7land >or/:,n./on &o//*n

Lo-k*rby Ell*n =*rm,l,on )*rsdor88,/*@M-In/yr* E" !,-k*l

Zn2P'2Cu
M,n* %--urr*n-*

FIGURE 6$ ?ocatio+ *ap o, Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it t(pe/ a+& h(&rother*al 7+-P'-C% *i+eralizatio+ a//ociate& 1ith the 1!"# Ma i*pact e3e+t *o&i,ie& ,ro* A*e/ et al.) 2##=$.

1ith *%ltiple i+tr%/i3e p%l/e/ Morri/) 1N!2$. O,,/et &(<e/ locall( e4te+& *ore tha+ =# <* ,ro* the SIC i.e. Fo($ 1ith eco+o*ic *i+eralizatio+ locate& %p to 2 <* ,ro* the 'a/e o, the SIC at the Pell( ?a<e &epo/it/ o+ the Copper Cli,, o,,/et &(<eH *ore tha+ 2 <* to the Totte+ &epo/it o+ the Worthi+.to+ o,,/et &(<e) a+& appro4i*atel( =." <* to NiPGE *i+eralizatio+ o+ the +e1l( &i/co3ere& Trill o,,/et &(<e Fi.. N$. O,,/et &(<e/ are t(picall( ,ille& '( A%artz &iorite 1ith local i+cl%/io+-'eari+. A%artz &iorite. The latter pha/e i/ i+terprete& a/ a /eco+&ar( p%l/e o, *a.*a a+& ho/t to o,,/et *i+eralizatio+. Co+trol o+ the locatio+ o, ore &epo/it/ alo+. o,,/et &(<e/ *a( 'e relate& to /tr%ct%ral 5o./H co*pete+c( co+tra/t/) /%ch a/ litholo.( cha+.e/ alo+. ra&ial o,,/et/ e... Copper Cli,,) Worthi+.to+) Whi/tleUPar<i+$H i+cl%/io+ co+te+t e... Worthi+.to+$H ,a%lt &i/place*e+t/ e... Copper Cli,,$H thic<e+i+. o, the o,,/et/ e... Totte+$H a+&>or S%&'%r( 'reccia i+ the 3ici+it( o, the &(<e e... Copper Cli,,$ Fi./. 12) 1=$ Cochra+e) 1N!OH Mo%rre) 2###H ?i.ht,oot a+& Farro1) 2##2H M%rph( a+& Spra() 2##2H Ste1art)

/itio+ 1ith i+crea/i+. &i/ta+ce ,ro* the SIC alo+. the o,,/et to *ore PGE-) C%-) a+& A%-rich Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. Ma//i3e to /e*i-*a//i3e) 'le''( a+& 3ei+ /%lphi&e/ t(picall( occ%r i+ /teepl( pl%+.i+. ore'o&ie/ alo+. the le+.th o, the o,,/et/ Fi./. 12) 1=$. S%lphi&e *i+eralo.( o,
(on/a-/A/yp* d*pos,/ *O.O (ol*man m,n* Section
Mass,+* sulp:,d*
Ma,n mass nor,/* Sublay*r 7/: d,ss*m,na/*d sulp:,d* M*.abr*--,a 0oo/7all br*--,a Sudbury br*--,a L*+a-k )n*,ss (ompl*?

!o/ &o S-al*

2##2$. O,,/et /%lphi&e ore/ cha+.e i+ *i+eral>trace

ele*e+t co*po-

FIGURE '-$ Geolo.ical cro//-/ectio+ o, a co+tact-t(pe Ni-C% &epo/it locate& at the 'a/e o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 SIC$ 1ithi+ the /%'la(er a+& ,oot1all 'reccia) Cole*a+ *i+e Morri/o+) 1N!O$.

On5atin Formation 7o5#ing M!m'!r 2 San&" !rr( M!m'!r "onta"t

Onaping Formation

Lo7*r un,/s 7o5#ing M!m'!r San&" !rr( M!m'!r

)ranop:yr*

%nap,n. ,n/rus,on SIC

San&" !rr( Cr!!3 Fau#t

9uar/F .abbro !or,/*

Windy Lake %r*@r*sour-* !,A(uA$)E F!"uni) La3! Fau#t

0 14000 24000 M*/r*s

0oo/7all br*--,a Do7l,n. M*mb*r4 Lo7*r un,/s D*br,s 8lo7 d,s/r,bu/,on o+*r L*+a-k *mbaym*n/

FIGURE ''$ Geolo.ical /ectio+ ,aci+. /o%th thro%.h the ?e3ac< e*'a(*e+t a+& i+to the o3erl(i+. crater,illi+. 'reccia/ o, the O+api+. For*atio+ ill%/trati+. the ,or*atio+ o, e*'a(*e+t/ '( /l%*pi+. /(+chro+o%/ 1ith &epo/itio+ o, the ?o1er %+it/) Do1li+. Me*'er o, the O+api+. For*atio+. Topo.raphicall( co+trolle& &e'ri/ ,lo1/ i+ the crater-,illi+. O+api+. For*atio+ o%tli+e the e4te+t o, the %+&erl(i+. Ni-C%-PGE re/o%rce- rich ?e3ac< e*'a(*e+t. De'ri/ ,lo1/ o, the ?o1er %+it) Do1li+. Me*'er) i+ the lo1er "## * o, the O+api+. For*atio+ 3ar( i+ thic<+e// ,ro* 9" *) o3er paleotopo.raphic hi.h/ po/itio+/ /ho1+ 1ith ope+ 'lac< arro1/$ i+ the Sa+&cherr( *e*'er) to V=## * i+ the paleotopo.raphic lo1/ *i*ic<i+. the &epre//io+ or %+&erl(i+. ?e3ac< e*'a(*e+t at the 'a/e o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 SIC$.

applicatio+/) =-D 3i/%alizatio+) re/o%rce *o&eli+.) *i+e pla++i+.) a+& .ra&e co+trol Farro1 et al.) 2##"H Pi+. et al.) 2##6$. Depo/it/ i+ the So%th Ra+.e ha3e a /tro+. tecto+ic o3erpri+t that po//i'l( o'/c%re/ the &e,i+itio+ o, the/e &epo/it t(pe/. A/ a re/%lt) c%rre+t <+o1le&.e i/ 'a/e& o+ North a+& Ea/t Ra+.e &epo/it/. Catacla/ite a+&>or p/e%&otach(lite o, the S%&'%r( 'reccia ,or*e& either &%ri+. i+itial i*pact a+& propa.atio+ o, the /hoc< 1a3e Pere&er( a+& Morri/o+) 1N!OH Tho*p/o+ a+& Spra() 1NNO$ or &%ri+. .ra3it( &ri3e+ collap/e o, the i*pact crater ri* alo+. /%per,a%lt/ Tho*p/o+ a+& Spra() 1NNOH Spra() 1NN2$. The S%&'%r( 'reccia &e3elop*e+t 1a/ i*porta+t .ro%+& preparatio+ ,or the e*place*e+t o, the /%lphi&e 3ei+/ Farro1 et al.) 1NNOH Fe&oro1ich et al.) 1NNN$. Foot1all C%-PGE &epo/it/ occ%r a/ 3ei+)

o,,/et-t(pe &epo/it/ i/ &o*i+ate& '( p(rrhotite a+& le// a'%+!

A

&a+t pe+tla+&ite a+& chalcop(rite. C%>Ni ratio/ are appro4i*atel( 1 1ith PtTP&TA% 3al%e/ o, *ore tha+ 2." .>t) 1hich i/ co+/i&era'l( .reater tha+ that o, the co+tact &epo/it/. Cu7#i7.GE 6e'o1it1 O3er the pa/t =# (ear/) S%&'%r( ha/ e3ol3e& i+to a pol(*etallic C%-Ni-PGE *i+i+. ca*p 1ith a /tea&il( i+crea/i+. pro&%ctio+ ,ro* C%-Ni-PGE &epo/it/) the .reate/t /o%rce/ o, PGE i+ the area. I+ 2##") al*o/t 1N *illio+ .ra*/ o, Pt) P&) a+& A% 1ere pro&%ce& i+ S%&'%r() placi+. the area thir& 'ehi+& the @%/h3el& a+& Noril0/<-Tal+ah< i+ 1orl& PGE pro&%ctio+. Thi/ ,i.%re i/ e4pecte& to ri/e /harpl( thro%.h Po&ol/<( 2### &epo/it/ are 'ro%.ht i+to ,%ll pro&%ctio+. A/ a re/%lt) o3er "#8 o, S%&'%r(0/ e4ploratio+ e4pe+&it%re/ 1ere i+3e/te& i+ the e4ploratio+ ,or thi/ t(pe o, &epo/it i+ 2##") re/%lti+. i+ a /i.+i,ica+t +e1 &i/co3er( ?e3ac< Foot1all Depo/it$. The/e 3al%a'le chalcop(rite-rich &epo/it/ are &i/tri'%te& aro%+& the 'a/e o, the SIC i+ a ther*all( *eta*orpho/e& zo+e pro4i*al to the SIC-'a/e*e+t co+tact Morri/o+ et al.) 1NNO$. The( are ho/te& '( 'recciate& co%+tr( roc</ ter*e& S%&'%r( 'reccia) 1hich are lar.el( &e3oi& o, a+ i.+eo%/ SIC co*po+e+t Fi.. 1OA)@$. The/e hi/torical :,oot1all-t(pe &epo/it/; Morri/o+ et al.) 1NNO$ ha3e 'ee+ ter*e& *ore rece+tl( :C%-Ni-PGE /(/te*/; a/ *ore &i3er/e &epo/itt(pe/ 1ere &i/co3ere& i+ the ,oot1all a+& o,,/et e+3iro+*e+t/ Farro1 et al.) 2##"$. The/e /(/te*/ are /%'&i3i&e& 'a/e& o+ 'oth A%alitati3e a+& A%a+titati3e criteria i+to the &o*i+a+t :/harp-1alle&; a+& le// co**o+ lo1-/%lphi&e e+&-*e*'er/. C%-Ni-PGE &epo/it/ that co+tai+ /i.+i,ica+t to++a.e/ o, 'oth e+&-*e*'er /t(le/ o, *i+eralizatio+ are
B

800@ 810

Copp!r C#i00 Sout Min! 830 850

(r*,.:/on .ran,/*

Clarabelle Lake

Pump Lake Funn!# S!gm!nt

1E1 (larab*ll* %p*n $,/ Copp!r C#i00 Nort Min! 0 m 1000

Kelly Lake 725 'on*

885 8E0 120 (r*,.:/on100 880 0aul/

!,A(uA$)E m,n*ral,Fa/,on 9uar/F d,or,/* B(opp*r (l,88 o88s*/C !,p,ss,n. .abbro 5uron,an sup*r.roup m*/as*d,m*n/ary ro-ks Ell,o/ Lak* )roup m*/a+ol-an,- ro-ks In/*rpr*/*d 2as* o8 Sudbury I.n*ous (ompl*? BproP*-/*dC
15

0aul/ &rap dyk*s

(%$$E" (LI00 %00SE&

(on/a-/@0unn*lAS/yl* D*pos,/s

(urr*n/ Eros,onal L*+*l 2000 L 4000 L 725 800 740 114 850 830 860 865 810 %r*body 138 120 175

720 710 <*lly Lak* 'on*s

8E0 E00 100

$ump 1E1 Lak*

1000 m %l,+,n* d,abas* dyk*

0aul/

!,A(uA$)E sulp:,d* Bm,n*dC !,A(uA$)E sulp:,d* r*sour-* Erod*d m,n*ral,Fa/,on ,n o88s*/ B,n/*rpr*/*dC Erod*d -on/a-/A/yp* m,n*ral,Fa/,on B,n/*rpr*/*dC

cla//i,ie& a/ :h('ri&;. Thi/ +e1 cla//i,icatio+ i/ i*porta+t ,or the &e3elop*e+t o, +e1 e4ploratio+ *o&el/) .eoph(/ical

FIGURE '*$ 7A8 O,,/et-t(pe &epo/it/ &i/tri'%te& %p to 2 <* alo+. the Copper Cli,, O,,/et &(<e. 7B8 ?o+.it%&i+al /ectio+ o, the 3erticall( &ippi+. o,,/et-t(pe &epo/it/ alo+. the Copper Cli,, O,,/et) e4te+&i+. ,ro* the P%*p ?a<e ore'o&ie/ clo/e to the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 to the C%- PGE-rich Pell( ?a<e ore'o&ie/ Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$.

&o//*n $rop*r/y >or/:,n./on %88s*/

&o//*n K2 s:a8/

0,ll*d ra,s* &r*n-: &r*n-:

LE)E!D
9uar/F d,abas* %l,+,n* d,abas* In-lus,on Suar/F d,or,/* 9uar/F d,or,/* Sudbury br*--,a Lar.* .abbro ,n-lus,ons Sulp:,d*s Q5R I ,n-lus,ons Q50R m*/r*s %u/-rop 0 20 S:*ar Fon*

FIGURE ',$ Geolo.ical *ap o, the Totte+ &epo/it) Worthi+.to+ o,,/et) ill%/trati+. the *i+eralize& i+cl%/io+ A%artz &iorite i+ the core o, the &(<e Ste1art) 2##2$.

3ei+ /toc<1or<) a+& &i//e*i+ate& C%) PGE) A%) A.) a+& Ni ore'o&ie/ Nal&rett a+& P%ller%&) 1N62H ?i a+& Nal&rett) 1NN=H Morri/o+ et al.) 1NNO$. Te4t%ral 3ariatio+/ i+ the 1i&el( &i/tri'%te& S%&'%r( 'reccia ha3e re/%lte& i+ the i+ter- pretatio+ that ther*all( *eta*orpho/e& S%&'%r( 'reccia zo+e/ are pro/pecti3e ho/t/ ,or C%-Ni-PGE /(/te*/ Morri/o+ et al.) 1NNOH Fe&oro1ich et al.) 1NNNH Ha+le( a+& M%+.all) 2##=$. Pro.re//i3e te4t%ral cha+.e/ i+ the *atri4 o, the S%&'%r( 'reccia ,ro* a 'lac<) apha+itic *atri4 a+& &i/crete ,el/ic ,ra.*e+t/ col&$ to a recr(/tallize&) ,i+e- .rai+e& le%cocratic) eA%i.ra+%lar *atri4 1ith &i,,%/e ,el/ic ,ra.*e+t/ a+& irre.%lar ,el/ic patche/ hot$ re,lect the ther- *al *eta*orphi/* pro/pecti3e ,or ,oot1all-ho/te& C%-Ni- PGE *i+eralizatio+. Poi<ilo'la/tic 'iotite a+&>or a*phi'ole .ro1th) A%artz recr(/tallizatio+) a+& a+ate4i/ 1ith the ,or- *atio+ o, .ra+oph(ric patche/ are characteri/tic o, i+te+/e ther*al *eta*orphi/* o, S%&'%r( 'reccia that *a( co+tai+ a+o*alo%/ le3el/ o, C%) Ni) PGE) A%) a+& A. i+ po/itio+/ %p to /e3eral h%+&re&/ o, *etre/ ,ro* ore-.ra&e *i+eralizatio+. Sharp-1alle& C%-Ni-PGE &epo/it/ are characterize& '( chalcop(rite-rich 3ei+/ 1ith /harp) pla+ar /%r,ace/ acro// 1hich the *o&al proportio+ o, /%lphi&e &rop/ ,ro* .reater tha+ !#8 to le// tha+ "8. A/ a re/%lt) pro&%ctio+ .ra&e/ are &irectl( li+<e& to 3ei+ thic<+e// a/ *%ch a/ to Ni or PGE te+or o, the /%lphi&e/. Rei+/ 1ith .reater tha+ =# * /tri<e le+.th are o'/er3e& to 'e %p to 2 * 1i&e '%t are t(picall( i+ the ra+.e o, ce+ti*etre/ to &eci*etre/. The lar.e/t 3ei+/ are t(picall( orie+te& /%'parallel to the SIC co+tact e... McCree&( Ea/t 1"= zo+e$) ho1e3er) /o*e are co+5%.ate /(/- te*/ or are ra+&o*l( orie+te& e... McCree&( We/t Foot1all C%H Fra/er-Strathco+a Po1&erho%/e zo+e$ Fi.. 1OC$. The *a//i3e chalcop(riteSc%'a+ite 3ei+-/t(le ,oot1all &epo/it/ e... McCree&( Ea/t 1"= zo+e) McCree&( We/t Foot1all C%H Fra/er-Strathco+a C% zo+e/) Ni Ri* Foot1all) Rictor Deep) a+& the ?e3ac< Foot1all &epo/it/$ co+tai+ *i+or p(rrhotite) pe+tla+&ite) *illerite) 'or+ite) a+& *a.+etite. Mi+eral a'%+&a+ce/ a+& 'a/e a+& precio%/ *etal ratio/ ca+ 3ar( alo+. the le+.th o, i+&i3i&%al 3ei+/. Metal

zo+atio+ patter+/ ha3e 'ee+ &e*o+/trate& to cha+.e .ra&%-

all( 1ith i+crea/i+. C%>Ni ratio/ 1ith &i/ta+ce ,ro* the SIC co+tact i.e. McCree&( We/t Foot1all C%MC%>Ni =." to 6.2") Morri/o+ et al.) 1NNOH Fra/er-Strathco+a Deep Copper zo+e/) ?i et al.) 1NN2H Mo+e() 1NN=H Por*o/) 1NNN$. The C%>Ni
A N
L*+a-k K2 S:a8/ (ra,. S:a8/

<**l 'on*
1600 L

Ma,n %r*body

K7 %r*body

2650 L

"obLs 0oo/7all 'on*

3600 L

30 A 1 Dr,8/

40 A 1 Dr,8/

0 ! 3 M ,n ,n . E?p E? plloorraa/,/o,onn((oorrr,dr,odro ; r; T L*+a-k 8oo/7all d*pos,/ U

Mass,+* (uA!,A$)EAr,-: +*,ns 7,/: poss,bl* born,/*A*nr,-:*d mar.,n and lo7AS :an.,n. 7all

250 m

Lo7*r L*+a-k 0oo/7all 'on*

Sudbury I.n*ous (ompl*? 0oo/7all br*--,a )ran,/* .n*,ss Sudbury br*--,a M,n*ral,F*d Fon*s M,n* dr,8/ $rop*r/y boundary

"obLs 0oo/7all U &rans,/,onal T Fon* 7,/: (u;!, D 1;1 Lo7*r 8oo/7all U 5,.:A/*nor T $)E ,n sulp:,d* +*,ns and
d,ss*m,na/,ons

L!<a"3 Foot5a## 7!po)it)

S-:*ma/,- s*-/,on look,n. *as/

<**l Fon* U 2004@2005 d,s-o+*ry T o8 mass,+* (uA!,A$)EAr,-: +*,ns

FIGURE '/$ Cro//-/ectio+/ o, ,oot1all-t(pe *i+eralizatio+ /ho1i+. the relatio+/hip 1ith co+tact-t(pe *i+eralizatio+ at the 'a/e o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4. 7A8 ?e3ac< ,oot1all &epo/it/.

0 a l- o n b r,d .*

L*+a-k 0oo/7all D*pos,/

ratio o, the /%lphi&e/ i/ t(picall( SI( (on/a-/ Fon* B (on/a-/A/yp* .reater tha+ 6." 1ith corre/po+&Mass,+* sulp:,d* !or,/* m,n*ral,Fa/,on 0oo/7all br*--,a i+.l( hi.h PGE te+or PtTP&TA% V 0oo/7all Fon* In-lus,onAb*ar,n. 2.2 .>tH Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 0*ls,- .n*,ss sublay*r nor,/* &rans,/,onal D,ss*m,na/*d 2##2$. Data co*pile& a/ part o, thi/ sulp:,d* m,n*ral,Fa/,on /t%&( a+& ,ro* Nal&rett et al. Sudbury br*--,a 1NNN$ /ho1 that *a//i3e /%lphi&e) )ranod,or,/* /harp-1alle& 3ei+ &epo/it/ i+ pro&%ctio+ a+& a&3a+ce& e4ploratio+ pro5ect/ ,ro* 'oth the North a+& Ea/t ra+.e/ t(picall( .ra&e *ore tha+ 2#8 C%) a+& 3ar( ,ro* #.2#8 0r,n.* to *ore tha+ O8 Ni) a+& ,ro* 1# m,n*ral,Fa/,on .>t to *ore tha+ =# .>t PtTP&TA%. The/e C%-Pt-P&-rich &epo/it/ are characteri/ticall( Ir-Rh-O/ poor 0oo/7all Fon* Nal&rett et al.) 1NNN$. (uA!,A$)E sys/*m ?o1-/%lphi&e PGE ,oot1all Ni"3!# Rim Sout Min! ppro?,ma/* S-al* *i+eralizatio+ e... McCree&( S-:*ma/,- s*-/,on 50 m look,n. nor/:7*s/ We/t PM &epo/it$ occ%r/ a/ 'le'/) /tri+.er/) a+& &i//e*i+ate& /%lphi&e/ a+& *a( or *a( +ot 'e ecoC +o*icall( co++ecte& to 3ei+-/t(le Ea)t 1!)t ,oot1all *i+eralizatio+. The lo1sur8a-* /%lphi&e McCree&( We/t PM &epo/it i/ the ,ir/t /ta+&-alo+e Eas/ Ma,n 700 :lo1-/%lphi&e; /(/te* to 'e p%t (ompl*? i+to pro&%ctio+ i+ the S%&'%r( 1pp*r Ma,n ca*p. It i/ ho/te& i+ S%&'%r( 'reccia a+& i/ appro4i*atel( ="# 4 O## In/*r Ma,n 4 O# * 1ith a+ i+&icate& re/o%rce E00 L o, 2.2" *illio+ to+/ at 1.11 1t.8 C%) #.26 1t.8 Ni) a+& "."! .>t PtTP&TA% a+& a+ i+,erre& re/o%rce o, 1.#6 *illio+ to++e at 1.11 1t.8 1600 L C%) #.2! 1t.8) Ni) a+& 6.O# .>t PtTP&TA% Farro1 et al.) 2##"$. M,ddl* 1pp*r $M The lo1 /%lphi&e PGE *i+eralizaMa,n D*pos,/ tio+ o, the PM &epo/it i/ &o*i+ate& '( chalcop(rite a+& *i+or *il$M D*pos,/ 500 m lerite) 1ith a total /%lphi&e co+te+t o, le// tha+ " *o&al perce+t. The *i+eralizatio+ i/ &e,i+e& '( a (on/a-/ d*pos,/s /erie/ o, /tac<e& /%lphi&e 3ei+/ M"Cr!!&( 1!)t Min! t(picall( 9=# c* thic<$) 3ei+ /et/) 0oo/7all d*pos,/s =*r/,-al lon.,/ud,nal s*-/,on a+& /toc<1or</) 1ith &i//e*i+ate& M,n*d ou/ look,n. nor/:7*s/ /:rou.: /:* /%lphi&e a+& a//ociate& PGE basal -on/a-/ o8 /:* SI( 1nd*r.round d*+*lopm*n/ thro%.ho%t the ho/t S%&'%r( 'reccia *atri4. To &ate) o+l( "8 o, the re/o%rce i/ co*po/e& o, *a//i3e FIGURE '/ CONTINUED$ 7B8 Nic<el Ri* So%th &epo/it a,ter Mc?ea+ et al.) 2##"$. 7C8 McCree&( We/t /%lphi&e 3ei+/ .reater tha+ =# c* &epo/it a,ter Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. The co+tact Ni &epo/it/ are ho/te& i+ the 'a/al %+it/ o, the I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 ,oot1all 'reccia a+& /%'la(er +orite$ a+& the C%- Ni$-PGE &epo/it/ are ho/te& i+ 1i&e Farro1 et al.) 2##"$. A tre+& S%&'%r( the ,oot1all S%&'%r( 'reccia. o, hi.her Pt>P& ratio/ 1ith &ecrea/i+. S co+te+t to 'elo1 #.=8 ha/ &ate are the Po&ol/<( North a+& 2### &epo/it/ that are 'ee+ o'/er3e& i+ the e4tre*e /o%thea/t e4te+/io+/ o, the ho/te& '( the i+cl%/io+-rich A%artz &iorite a+& *eta'reccia&epo/it Farro1 a+& Wolette) 2##OH Farro1 et al.) 2##"$. ,ille& Whi/tle O,,/et Farro1 et al.) 2##"$. Ho1e3er) it i/ li<el( that the *i+e&-o%t !##-!1# Cro//-O3er zo+e i+ the H('ri& C%-Ni-PGE *i+eralizatio+ i/ characterize& '( Copper Cli,, O,,/et al/o repre/e+te& thi/ h('ri& /t(le o, C%'oth /harp-1alle& a+& chalcop(rite-rich) irre.%larl(-&i/tri'Ni-PGE *i+eralizatio+. At Po&ol/<() the /harp-1alle& a+& %te& 'reccia 3ei+/) i+ a&&itio+ to &o*ai+/ o, /i.+i,ica+t to+'reccia 3ei+/ are ho/te& '( i+cl%/io+-'eari+. A%artz &iorite) +a.e o, poorl( co++ecte& /tri+.er/ a+& &i//e*i+ate& PGE.re( .a''ro) a+& *eta'reccia) 1herea/ the i+cl%/io+-'eari+. 'eari+. /%lphi&e/. The 'e/t &oc%*e+te& o, the/e /(/te*/ to

L*.*nd
M,n*ral,F*d Suar/F d,or,/* and !,A(uA$)E or* !or,/* @ Sudbury I.n*ous (ompl*? BSI(C 0rood br*--,a4 ps*udo/a-:yl,/* B0S22C &rap dyk* Murray plu/on4 .ran,/* )abbro and amp:,bol,/* 5uron,an r:yol,/* 5uron,an Suar/F,/* 5uron,an basal/
0 250 500 m

SI(

Murray $lu/on

Murray $lu/on

FIGURE '1$ Froo&-Sto'ie 'reccia 'elt-t(pe &epo/it. 7A8 S%r,ace .eolo.( o, the Froo&-Sto'ie *i+e. 7B8 Co//-/ectio+ o, the Froo&-Sto'ie &epo/it/ a,ter 7%r'ri.. a+& /ta,,) 1N"2$.

S*-/,on

0roodAS/ob,* br*--,a b*l/A/yp* d*pos,/ 0rood m,n*

S,l,-*ous br*--,a or* D,ss*m,na/*d or* Mass,+* sulp:,d* 0rood br*--,a B0S22C
200 m

A%artz &iorite i/ the &o*i+a+t ho/t to the lo1-/%lphi&e *i+eralizatio+. Chalcop(rite i/ t(picall( the &o*i+a+t /%lphi&e *i+eral) 1ith *i+or *illerite a/ the &o*i+a+t Ni-'eari+. *i+eral. Pe+tla+&ite i/ le// co**o+ tha+ *illerite. A//a(e& i+ter3al/ o, 3ar(i+. /%lphi&e co+te+t/ i+&icate that the PGE a'%+&a+ce i/ +ot e+tirel( &epe+&e+t o+ /%lphi&e co+te+t) '%t that lo1-/%lphi&e *i+eralizatio+ i/ /i.+i,ica+tl( hi.her i+ PGE te+or tha+ *a//i3e chalcop(rite 3ei+/ Farro1 et al.) 2##"$. The 3al%e o, the/e ore/ i/ hi.h) a/ *a//i3e chalcop(rite 3ei+/ 1ith .reater tha+ 2#8 C% locall( co+tai+ .reater tha+ 1.#8 Ni a+& 1# .>t PtTP&TA%. Sharp-1alle&-/t(le *i+eralizatio+ occ%r/ i+ a lar.e 'loc< o, .re( .a''ro) a roc< t(pe *o/t co**o+ i+ So%th Ra+.e *i+eralize& e+3iro+*e+t/) i+ the ha+.i+. 1all to the i+cl%/io+-'eari+. A%artz-&iorite- a+& *eta'reccia-ho/te& part o, the 2### &epo/it. C%rre+t re/o%rce/ at the Po&ol/<( 2### &epo/it are reporte& a/ i+&icate& re/o%rce h('ri& X =)1#!)2## to+/ at =.2O8 C%) #.2N8 Ni) a+& =.62 .>t PtTP&TA%H a+& i+,erre& re/o%rce /harp1alle& X O)!62)!#2 to+/ at 1.168 C%) #.1"8 Ni) a+& 1.2O .>t PtTP&TA%. Fl%i& *o'ilit( ha/ lo+. 'ee+ reco.+ize& i+ S%&'%r( 'reccia) ho/t roc</ to C%-Ni-PGE ore/ Speer/) 1N"2$. Alteratio+ haloe/ e+riche& i+ al<ali- a+& halo.e+-rich *i+eral/ a+&

M*/a.abbro and amp:,bol,/* 5uron,an Sup*r.roup

,l%i&

i+cl%/io+/ are reco.+ize& aro%+& 'oth /harp-1alle& 3ei+- /t(le ,oot1all *i+eralizatio+ Farro1 a+& Wat<i+/o+) 1NN2H Farro1 et al.) 1NNOH Wa.o et al.) 1NNOH Mol+ar et al.) 2##1H Ha+le( a+& M%+.all) 2##=H Farro1 et al.) 2##"H Wat<i+/o+ et al.) 2##"$ a+& lo1-/%lphi&e *i+eralizatio+ Pillee+) 2##6$. The h(&rother*al alteratio+ i/ a retro.ra&e o3erpri+t o+ a+ earlier ther*al a%reole Ha+le( a+& M%+.all) 2##=H Ha+le( et al.) 2##O$. Thi+ alteratio+ /el3a.e/ co+/i/t o, a*phi'ole-epi- &ote-A%artz S chlorite a+& tita+ite A'el et al.) 1N2NH Farro1 a+& Wat<i+/o+) 1NN2H ?i et al.) 1NN2H Wa.o et al.) 1NNO$.

South ,ange Breccia Belt 6e'o1it1 Impact Terminology (:*lms8ord The So%th Ra+.e 'reccia 'elt i/ 0orma/,on Post-impact a 1## * to *ore tha+ 1 <* 1i&e 'nA(uA=A(dA .A!, %n7a/,n basin fill zo+e o, p/e%&otach(lite S%&'%r( 'nA(uA$bA . 0orma/,on 'reccia$ *ore tha+ O" <* lo+. Impact-crater %nap,n. i+ a 1 <* 1i&e arc tra+/ecti+. fill (1.4 km) 0orma/,on the Paleoproterozoic H%ro+ia+ )arson M*mb*r S%per.ro%p i+ the /o%ther+ part o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re Spra() !,A(u )ranop:yr* Sudbury Melt s eet Z 1NN2H Scott a+& Spra() 1NNN) I.n*ous (!." km) (lAS-apol,/* (ompl*? 2### $. It i/ a co+ca3e) 2#YN &ippi+. zo+e 1ith (uA$)E BSI(C 91#8 A%artz-&iorite *elt po&/ #ract$red and Speer/) 1N"2$ /%'-co+ce+tric to s ocked basement the SIC Fi.. N$. Hi/toricall() the 2 km arc%ate zo+e 1a/ <+o1+ a/ the Froo&-Sto'ie O,,/et D(<e So%ch Embaym*n/ et al.) 1N6NH Gra+t a+& @ite) 1N!O$ S/ru-/ur* a+& *ore rece+tl( ter*e& the So%th Ra+.e 'reccia 'elt Scott a+& Sublay*r 5*a/ 8lu? Spra() 1NNN$. 0oo/7all br*--,a E+ol+*d s*a7a/*r 8lo7 The .ia+t 6## Mt$ Froo&-Sto'ie Sudbury br*--,a D**p 8orma/,onal br,n* r*-:ar.* *i+e ha/ a+ %pper &o*ai+ o, L*+a-k )n*,ss (ompl*? D**p 8orma/,onal br,n* 8lo7 p(rrhotite-rich Ni *i+eralizatio+ 0oo/7allA:os/*d (uA$)EAr,-: +*,ns a+& lo1er &o*ai+ o, C%-PGE *i+Ma.ma/,- 8lu,d@+apour and ,n8,l/ra/,n. 'nA$bA(u m,n*ral,Fa/,on 8orma/,onal 8lo7 eralizatio+) ter*e& the :/iliceo%/ 5an.,n.A7all m*/all,8*rous :alo zo+e i+ the So%th Ra+.e @reccia FIGURE '2$ Sche*atic *o&el o, the S%&'%r( i*pact crater a+& a//ociate& h(&rother*al /(/te* a,ter A*e/ @elt; 7%r'ri.. a+& /ta,,) 1N"2H et al.) 2##6a$. Arro1/ i+&icate ,l%i&) 3apo%r)a+& heat-,lo1 path/ 'elo1) a'o3e) a+& 1ithi+ the *elt /heet. Ha1le() 1N6"H So%ch et al.) 1N6NH The relati3e po/itio+/ o, the *a.*atic Ni-C%) *a.*atic-h(&rother*al C%-Ni-PGE) a+& h(&rother*al 7+Fleet) 1N22H Nal&rett) 1N!OH Farro1 P'-C% ore &epo/it/ are /ho1+) a/ 1ell a/ a *etal-e+riche& h(&rother*al halo i+ the po/t-i*pact ar.illaceo%/ a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. Ho/t roc</ o, 'a/i+ /e&i*e+t/. the .ia+t /%lphi&e-*i+eralize& /(/te* cha+.e 1ith &epth ,ro* i+cl%/io+-'eari+. A%artz &iorite 16$. The ,oot1all to the &epo/it/ i/ a 1." <* thic<) h(&rother1ith &i//e*i+ate& /%lphi&e to So%th Ra+.e ,oot1all 'reccia *all( altere&) a+&e/itic 'reccia /eA%e+ce o, the O+api+. 1ith 'le''( to &i//e*i+ate& /%lphi&e) i+to S%&'%r( 'reccia &e3elope& i+ H%ro+ia+ roc</ 1ith 9! * 1i&e) C%-PGE 3ei+/ a+& &i//e*i+atio+/ Fi.. 1"$. C%>Ni ratio/ i+crea/e 1ith &epth 1ith the lo1er C%-PGE *i+eral a//e*'la.e o, chal- cop(rite) c%'a+ite) 'or+ite) a+& plati+%* .ro%p ele*e+t *i+- eral/. The *i+eralo.( o, the Froo&-Sto'ie &epo/it) part/ o, 1hich ha3e 'ee+ clo/e& ,or &eca&e/) are 1ell &oc%*e+te& a+& /%**arize& i+ A*e/ et al. 2##=$. Alteratio+ i/ &o*i- +ate& '( A%artz 1ith *i+or calcite) 'iotite) a*phi'ole) epi- &ote) a+& chlorite Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. 8n7.-7Cu 9Ag, Au: Sud-ury Ba1in ; <ydrother&al %a11ive Sul'hide ,e'lace&ent 6e'o1it1 The S%&'%r( 'a/i+ ho/t/ t1o pa/t-pro&%ci+. h(&rother*al 7+-P'-C% A.) A%$ &epo/it/ ho/te& '( ,i+e t%,, at the top o, the i*pactite O+api+. For*atio+$ a+& the ?o1er Car'o+ate *e*'er o, the Rer*ilio+ For*atio+ Fi./. 2) 16$. The Erri+.to+ a+& Rer*ilio+ &epo/it/ co+tai+ 6.N a+& 2.2 Mt) re/pecti3el() 1ith .ra&e/ o, appro4i*atel( O to " 1t.8 7+) 1 to 1." 1t.8 C%) 1.= 1t.8 P') "" .>t A.) a+& *i+or .ol&. The &epo/it/ ,or*e& '( /%'/ea,loor replace*e+t o, a ,%*arolic car'o+ate *o%+& Marti+) 1N"2$. The 7+-P'C%&epo/it/ a+& o3er =" h(&rother*al 7+) P') a+& C% occ%rre+ce/ 1ithi+ the 1.O <* thic< O+api+. For*atio+ are relate& to a+ 1!O! Ma h(&rother*al /(/te* ,%elle& '( the heat ,ro* the SIC A*e/ et al.) 1NN!) 2##") 2##6a$ Fi./. 2)
impactites

For*atio+. The *a//i3e /%lphi&e i/ a replace*e+t o, car'o+ate *o%+&/ o, the Rer*ilio+ For*atio+ a+& car'o+a- ceo%/ t%,, at the top o, the O+1ati+ For*atio+. A *etalli,er- o%/ halo ha/ 'ee+ i&e+ti,ie& i+ the po/t-i*pact car'o+aceo%/ *%&/to+e/ o, the O+1ati+ For*atio+ a'o3e the &epo/it/ A*e/ et al.) 2##6a$. The ore le+/e/ occ%r 1ithi+ ti.ht) i+cli+e&) a+& locall( o3ert%r+e& ,ol&/ 1ith *i+eralizatio+ co+ce+trate& i+ the cre/t o, a+ticli+e/) 1hich are a//ociate& 1ith &e,or*atio+ ,ro* the So%th Ra+.e /hear zo+e. The &epo/it/ are *ar<e& '( a+ i+crea/e i+ @a) Si) a+& 7+ +ear the ore'o&( a+& M+ &epletio+ 1ithi+ the Rer*ilio+ For*atio+ Gra() 1NN"$. The Erri+.to+ &epo/it co+tai+/ p(rite) chalcop(rite) /phalerite) .ale+a) *arca/ite) a+& ar/e+op(rite) 1ith trace p(rrhotite) ,rei'er.ite) a+& ar.e+tite. The Rer*ilio+ &epo/it al/o ha/ trace c%prite) 'or+ite) co3ellite) pe+tla+&ite) he*atite) *a.- +etite) .ol&) a+& /il3er. Altho%.h S%&'%r( i/ a *eteorite i*pact /etti+.) h(&rother*al proce//e/ i+ the 'a/i+ are re*i+i/ce+t o, tho/e i+ 3olca+o.e+ic *a//i3e-/%lphi&e-t(pe &epo/it/. I+ the crater-,ill o, the S%&'%r( 'a/i+) the O+api+. For*atio+) there are re.io+al) /e*ico+,or*a'le alteratio+ zo+e/ /ilici- ,icatio+) al'itizatio+) a+& car'o+atizatio+$) /(+-crater ,a%lt/) paleotopo.raphic hi.h/) a+& peperite ,or*atio+ i**e&iatel( 'elo1 *a//i3e /%lphi&e &epo/it/ A*e/ et al.) 2##2$. T%ct n"c M !"5"cat" ns Mo/t ore'o&ie/ i+ the S%&'%r( area ha3e e4perie+ce& /o*e &e.ree o, tecto+ic o3erpri+t) e/peciall( tho/e alo+. the

So%th Ra+.e. Thi/ ha/ 'ee+ i+terprete& ,or the *o/t part a/ relati3el( local re*o'ilizatio+ o, /%lphi&e/ '( a co*'i+atio+ o, *echa+ical) *eta*orphic) a+& h(&rother*al>*eta/o*atic proce//e/ that ha3e +ot 'ee+ 1ell &oc%*e+te&. The Ea/t Falco+'ri&.e a+& Gar/o+ *i+e/ repre/e+t &e,or*e& co+tact a+& ,oot1all &epo/it/ '%t ha3e hi/toricall( 'ee+ ter*e& :,a%lt-relate& &epo/it/; Nal&rett) 1N!OH O1e+ a+& Coat/) 1N!O$. Tecto+ic o3erpri+ti+.) &%e to &e,or*atio+ '( the So%th Ra+.e /hear zo+e 1.2 Ga) @aile( et al.) 2##"$) ha/ locall( re/%lte& i+ /i.+i,ica+t 3ariatio+/ i+ the ore *i+eralo.( '( e+ha+ce*e+t or &epletio+ o, Ni .ra&e/. P(rite-*arca/ite ha/ locall( replace& p(rrhotite a+& pe+tla+&ite &%e to /%lphi&atio+ a+& o4i&atio+) a+& &e3elop*e+t o, trace *i+eral a//e*'la.e/) 1hich i+cl%&e co'altite-.er/&or,,ite) *a%cherite) .ale+a) a+& /phalerite) ha/ 'ee+ localize&. Neotecto+ic 1= Ma) Mar/hall et al.) 1NNN$ *o3e*e+t alo+. e4i/ti+. lo+.-li3e& /tr%ct%re/ i+ the S%&'%r( re.io+ pro&%ce& 'rittle /tr%ct%re/) 1hich 1ere /%'/eA%e+tl( ,ille& '( A%artz-car'o+ate-/phalerite a+& .ale+a 3ei+/ Fi.. "$. Neotecto+ic e,,ect/ o+ the ore &epo/it/ are +e.li.i'le Mar/hall et al.) 1NNNH Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. Trac% E(%m%nt an! Trac% M"n%ra( S")natur%s It i/ 1i&el( <+o1+ that plati+%* .ro%p *i+eral/ PGM$ i+ Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ co+tai+ the <e( ele*e+t /$ S) Se) Te) A/) S') @i) S+) P') a+& H. Ca'ri) 1N!1) 2##2$. A +%*'er o, trace ele*e+t /t%&ie/ ha3e e*pha/ize& the '%l< precio%/ *etal co+te+t o, 1orl&-cla// Ni-C%-PGE ore/ a/ at S%&'%r( a+& Noril0/< Pea(/ a+& Croc<et) 1N2#) 1NNNH Nal&rett et al.) 1N!2) 1NNOH Di/tler) 1NNO$. Ho1e3er) little atte+tio+ ha/ 'ee+ pai& to trace ele*e+t/ that co+/tit%te plati+%* .ro%p *i+er- al/ a+& acce//or( *i+eral/ to a//e// their rele3a+ce to i//%e/ o, .e+e/i/) *etall%r.() or e4ploitatio+ o, re/o%rce/. I+&ee&) there are ,e1 .eoche*ical &ata o+ the trace ele*e+t /i.+a- t%re/ o, Ni-C%-PGE /%lphi&e ore &epo/it/ e... Wo+a//o+ et al.) 1N!2$) 1hich i/ i+ *ar<e& co+tra/t to tho/e <+o1+ o, other 'a/e *etal &epo/it t(pe/. The re.io+al &i/tri'%tio+ o, trace ele*e+t/ i+ the S%&'%r( C%-Ni-PGE &epo/it/ A*e/) 2##2$ /ho1/ the pro3i+cialit( &%e to &i,,ere+ce/ i+ e+3iro+*e+t a+& i+ ho/t roc</ ,ro* +orth ?e3ac< G+ei// Co*ple4>Cartier .ra+ite$ to /o%th H%ro+ia+ 3olca+o-/e&i*e+tar( /eA%e+ce a+& Nipi//i+. &ia'a/e$. PGE *i+eralizatio+ i/ a//ociate& 1ith all S%&'%r( oret(pe/. Ho1e3er) ,oot1all-) o,,/et-) a+& So%th Ra+.e 'reccia 'elt-ho/te& &epo/it/ te+& to 'e PGE-e+riche&. The ,oot1all a+& o,,/et e+3iro+*e+t/ are the ,oci o, acti3e e4ploratio+ that i/ /ee<i+. to e4pa+& S%&'%r(0/ role a/ a *a5or PGEpro- &%cer. Di/crete plati+%*-.ro%p *i+eral/) rather tha+ /oli& /ol%tio+ i+ 'a/e-*etal /%lphi&e *i+eral/) acco%+t ,or the *a5orit( o, the PGE i+ the S%&'%r( ore/ Ca'ri) 1N!O') 1N!!H Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. PGE i+ S%&'%r( ore/ are 'o%+& to a+& there,ore /patiall( a//ociate& 1ith @i) Te) A/) S') a+& S+ a+& their trace *i+eral/. Ar/e+ic i/ a+ i*porta+t trace ele*e+t i+ the S%&'%r( ore/ a/ it i/ a//ociate& 1ith PGE Ha1le( et al.) 1N"1$. The So%th Ra+.e ore &epo/it/ are locall( A/-'eari+. '%t the North a+& Ea/t Ra+.e &epo/it/ o+l( ha3e lo1 A/ co+te+t Fi..12A$) a/ i+&icate& '( *i+eral che*ical /t%&ie/ Ca'ri)

1N!1H Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2H A*e/ et al.) 2##=$. Paleoproterozoic *a,ic i+tr%/io+/ a+& H%ro+ia+ 3olca+o-/e&i*e+tar( roc</ that ,or* the So%th Ra+.e ,oot1all /trati.raph( are al/o

+ota'l( e+riche& i+ A/ Fi.. 12A$. Plati+%* *i+eral/ occ%r i+ t1o &i,,ere+t /t(le/ o+ the North a+& So%th ra+.e/. O+ the So%th Ra+.e) /perr(lite i/ '( ,ar the &o*i+a+t Pt *i+eral) 1here it occ%r/ a/ i+&i3i&%al) /%'he&ral .rai+/ or a/ *o+o*i+eralic a..re.ate/ i+ /ilicate/ or /%lphi&e/ 1ith little relatio+/hip to a /peci,ic ho/t *i+eral a//e*'la.e Ca'ri) 1N!!H Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. Altho%.h /perr(lite PtA/2$ i/ pre/e+t i+ North Ra+.e C%-PGE ,oot1all &epo/it/ a+& /ho1i+./ e... Fra/er-Strathco+a Deep Copper) McCree&( We/t Foot1all C%) McCree&( Ea/t 1"= zo+e) a+& @ro<e+ Ha**er /ho1i+.$) *o+cheite) Pt)P&$ Te)@i$2 i/ the &o*i+a+t Pt *i+eral o+ the North Ra+.e ?i a+& Nal&rett) 1NN=H Farro1 a+& Wat<i+/o+) 1NN2H A*e/ et al.) 2##=H Wat<i+/o+ et al.) 2##"$. Plati+%* &i/tri'%tio+ i/ co+trolle& '( ar/e+i&e/ /perr(lite$ a+& a//ociate& 1ith /%lphar/e+i&e *i+eral/ e/peciall( co'altite-.er/&or,,ite$ i+ the So%th Ra+.e Ca'ri) 1N!!$. The Rh) Ir) a+& R% *i+eral/ holli+.- 1orthite RhA/S$) irar/ite IrA/S$) a+& r%a/ite R%A/S$$ are t(picall( a//ociate& 1ith co'altite-.er/&or,,ite i+ So%th Ra+.e &epo/it/ A*e/ et al.) 2##=$. A P&-A/ tre+& 1a/ o'/er3e& at Strathco+a a+& Froo& 1ith a lo1er A/-P&-rich /iliceo%/ zo+e a+& a+ %pper zo+e 1ith lo1 A/P& Pea(/ a+& Croc<et) 1N2#$. The &o*i+a+t P& *i+eral/ i+ the So%th Ra+.e are *iche+erite [ P&) Pt$ @iTe\ 1ith le// a'%+&a+t ,roo&ite P&@i2$. The P& *i+eral/ occ%r a/ co*ple4) pol(pha/e .rai+/ /patiall( a//ociate& 1ith the &o*i+a+t A/-'eari+. *i+eral i+ the So%th Ra+.e) a co'altite-.er/&or,,ite /oli& /ol%tio+ [ Co)Ni)Fe$A/S\. Co'altite-.er/&or,,ite ha/ 'ee+ o'/er3e& i+ all &epo/it t(pe/ o+ the So%th Ra+.e o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re A*e/ et al.) 2##=$. The A/ co+tri'%te& to the So%th Ra+.e ore /(/te*/ '( /perr(lite i/ +ot /i.+i,ica+t 1he+ co*pare& to that co+- tri'%te& '( the co'altite-.er/&or,,ite /oli& /ol%tio+. O+l( 'et1ee+ 1 a+& O."8 o, the total Pt i+ the /(/te* occ%r/ i+ /oli& /ol%tio+ 1ith co'altite-.er/&or,,ite) 1herea/ 22.= to 2=.=8 o, the total P& i+ the /(/te* occ%r/ i+ the co'altite.er/&or,,ite Ca'ri) 1N!1$. The a//ociatio+ o, Pt a+& P& 1ith A/ i+ the So%th Ra+.e ore/ /%..e/t/ that A/ *a( 'e a %/e,%l .eoche*ical e4ploratio+ 3ector ,or PGE *i+eralizatio+ i+ the S%&'%r( area. A+ti*o+( i/ a+ i*porta+t trace ele*e+t i+ the S%&'%r( ore/ 'eca%/e it i/ a//ociate& 1ith palla&i%* *i+eral/) i+cl%&- i+. /%&'%r(ite [ P&) Ni$S'\ a+& *ertieite [P& ! S')A/$=\ a+& plati+%* *i+eral/ .e3er/ite PtS'2$ at the Copper Cli,, a+& Rictor Deep &epo/it/ Appe+&i4 1H A*e/ et al.) 2##=$. Sti'+ite S'2S=$ ha/ 'ee+ i&e+ti,ie& i+ the Strathco+a ,oot- 1all ore/ A*e/ et al.) 2##=$. Proportio+al /(*'ol *ap/ o, S' &i/tri'%tio+ /ho1 that the hi.he/t 3al%e/ are re/tricte& to So%th Ra+.e ore &epo/it/ Totte+) O=# pp*H Gar/o+) 12#2O# pp*H Pell( ?a<e a+& Rer*ilio+) =-12 pp*$ altho%.h o3erall the S' co+te+t/ are 3er( lo1 !12 pp') Fi.. 12@$. Ti+-'eari+. PGM i+cl%&i+. +i..liite PtS+$ paolo3ite P& 2S+$ a+& /ta++opalla&i+ite P&2S+2$ ha3e o+l( 'ee+ reporte& i+ the North a+& Ea/t ra+.e &epo/it/ Rictor Deep) Strathco+a) Cole*a+) a+& McCree&( Ea/t) A*e/ et al.) 2##=H Rictor Deep) Strathco+a) Cole*a+) McCree&( Ea/t) Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. Ca//iterite S+O2$ 1a/ al/o o'/er3e& i+ North Ra+.e &epo/it/ 1here it 1a/ i+terprete& to 'e &eri3e& ,ro* the local ,el/ic &o*i+ate& ho/t roc</ Farro1 a+& ?i.ht,oot) 2##2$. Ho1e3er) the trace ele*e+t .eoche*i/tr( i+&icate/ that the S+ co+te+t o, the ore/ i/ al/o

$*r-*n/,l*s
M,nA75 75A80 80AE0 E0AE5 E5AE8 E8AEE EEAMa?

s BppmC s BppmC ,n %r* ,n (oun/ry "o-ks

0A12 12A15 15A34 0A4E 4EA60 60A11E

$*r-*n/,l*s
M,nA75 75A80 80AE0 E0AE5 E5AE8 E8AEE EEAMa?

Sb BppmC ,n %r*
0A0OE 0OEA1 1A2 2A4 4A7 7A18 18A430

Sb BppmC ,n (oun/ry "o-ks

0O125A0OE5 0OE5A1O06 1O06A1O88 1O88A2OE6 2OE6A8O38 8O38A26OE 26OEA40O0

34AE0 E0A261 261A627 627A152000

11EA174 174A442 442A738 738A2100

$*r-*n/,l*s
M,nA75 75A80 80AE0 E0AE5 E5AE8 E8AEE EEAMa?

Sn BppmC ,n %r*
0AE EA11 11A32 32A51 51A100 100A117 117A173

Sn BppmC ,n (oun/ry "o-ks

0O3A2OE 2OEA3O4 3O4A5O5

$*r-*n/,l*s $b BppmC ,n %r*

M,nA75 75A80 80AE0 E0AE5 E5AE8 E8AEE EEAMa? 0A66 66A78 78A1E5

$b BppmC ,n (oun/ry "o-ks

0A17 17A20 20A31

5O5A8O4 8O4A15O8 15O8A26O7 26O7A3EO0

1E5A520 520A1812 1812A3184 3184A 303012

31A64 64A3171 3171A31820 31820A53000

$*r-*n/,l*s M,nA75 75A80 80AE0 E0AE5 E5AE8 E8AEE EEAMa?

'n BppmC ,n %r* 0A360 360A533 533A1206 1206A1640 1640A2482 2482A3468 3468A 283000

'n BppmC ,n (oun/ry "o-ks 15A17175 175A 184 184A374 374A2106 2106A85816 85816A68E80 168E80A 261000

$*r-*n/,l*s M,nA75 75A80 80AE0 E0AE5 E5AE8 E8AEE EEAMa?

5. BppmC ,n %r* 0A1 1A2 2A3 3A4 4A6O5 6O5A8 8A11

5. BppmC ,n (oun/ry "o-ks 0A0O001 0O001A0O625 0O625A1O0 1O0A2O0 2O0A5O7 5O7AEO7 EO7A10O0

FIGURE '3$ Proportio+al circle ele*e+t a'%+&a+ce *ap/ o, S%&'%r( Ni-C%-PGE ore a+& co%+tr( roc</. Ore /a*ple/ +X=6" a+& tar.et co%+tr($ roc</ +X 1O=. Geolo.( *ap a,ter A*e/ et al.) 2##"$. 7A8 Ar/e+ic i+ the Ni-C%-PGE ore/ i/ hi.her i+ the So%th Ra+.e &epo/it/ re,lecti+. a co+tri'%tio+ ,ro* Paleoproterozoic *a,ic i+tr%/io+/ a+& H%ro+ia+ 3olca+o-/e&i*e+tar( co%+tr( roc</. 7B8 A+ti*o+( a//ociate& 1ith palla&i%* a+& plati+%* *i+eral/ /ho1/ hi.her le3el/ i+ the So%th Ra+.e &epo/it/ altho%.h the co+ce+tratio+/ are .e+erall( lo1. 7C8 Ti+) a+ i*porta+t ele*e+t i+ plati+%* .ro%p *i+eral/ i+ S%&'%r( ore/) i/ re.io+all( &i/tri'%te& aro%+& the e+tire /tr%ct%re. 7D8 ?ea& i+ the S%&'%r( Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ i/ co+ce+trate& i+ ,oot1all- a+& o,,/et-t(pe &epo/it/. 7E8 7i+c i/ e+riche& i+ ,oot1all- a+& o,,/et-t(pe S%&'%r( &epo/it/ i+ co+tra/t to co+tact-t(pe &epo/it/. 7F8 Merc%r( i/ hi.h 1-1# pp*$ i+ /o*e S%&'%r( ore/ i+&epe+&e+t o, ore t(pe or .eo.raphic &i/tri'%tio+ ho1e3er) /o*e o,,/et-t(pe a+& ,oot1all-t(pe ore/ ha3e the hi.he/t H. co+ce+tratio+/.

ele3ate& "#-12= pp*$ i+ So%th Ra+.e &epo/it/ Pell( ?a<e) Clara'elle pit) Froo&-Sto'ie) Pir<1oo& ,oot1all) Rer*ilio+ a+& Rictoria C%-Ni-PGE &epo/it/$) *a+( o, 1hich are +ot a//ociate& 1ith ,el/ic ho/t-roc</ at the pre/e+t &a( ero/io+al le3el Fi.. 12C$. The S+-'eari+. C% /%lphi&e) /ta++ite) occ%r/ i+ the Froo& a+& Totte+ &epo/it/ o+ the So%th Ra+.e Ha1le() 1N6"H A*e/ et al.) 2##=$. ?ea& i/ e+riche& i+ S%&'%r( ore/) 1here it occ%r/ a/ .ale+a a+& 3ario%/ /ele+i&e a+& tell%ri&e *i+eral/ a//ociate& 1ith chalcop(rite a+& /phalerite Appe+&i4 1H A*e/ et al.) 2##=$. The &i/tri'%tio+ o, P' i/ co+trolle& '( &epo/it t(pe a+& i/ t(picall( e+riche& i+ o,,/et a+& ,oot1all &epo/it/ Fi.. 12D$. Co+tact &epo/it/ are characteri/ticall( lo1 i+ P' Q2# pp*$. Depo/it/ hi.he/t i+ P' 9!6## pp*$ i+cl%&e tho/e o+ the Worthi+.to+ o,,/et Worthi+.to+) Totte+) Rictoria$) So%th Ra+.e 'reccia 'elt &epo/it Rer*ilio+$) ,oot1allho/te& &epo/it/ Rictor Deep) McCree&( Ea/t 1"= zo+e) McCree&( We/t Foot1all C%) a+& Strathco+a$ a+& the /tro+.l( &e,or*e& Gar/o+ &epo/it 1ith /i.+i,ica+tl( hi.her P' Fi.. 12D$. Sphalerite ho/t/ *o/t o, the 7+ i+ the S%&'%r( C%-NiPGE ore/ a+& i/ co**o+l( a//ociate& 1ith chalcop(rite Ha1le() 1N62H Nal&rett et al.) 1N!2H Nal&rett) 1N!O$. Trace 7+ i/ hetero.e+eo%/l( &i/tri'%te& i+ /oli& /ol%tio+ i+ chalcop(rite Appe+&i4 1H Ca'ri) 1N!Oa$. 7i+c occ%r/ i+ all &epo/it t(pe/ o+ 'oth the North a+& So%th ra+.e/ i+ co+ce+tratio+/ .reater tha+ "## pp*. Ho1e3er) ,oot1all-ho/te& a+& o,,/et ore /a*ple/ te+& to 'e e+riche& i+ 7+ a+& C& Fi. 12E$. Co+tact &epo/it/ are .e+erall( 7+-C&-poor. Tho/e &epo/it/ 1ith /a*ple/ +ota'l( e+riche& i+ 7+ V1### pp*$ i+cl%&e Rictor Deep) Strathco+a Deep) ?ittle Sto'ie) McCree&( Ea/t1"= zo+e) Pell( ?a<e) Rictoria) Crea+ Hill) Crei.hto+ ,oot1all &epo/it/) 126 a+& O#= ore'o&ie/$) Copper Cli,, So%th) a+& Rer*ilio+. There i/ a &i/ti+ct correlatio+ 'et1ee+ C& a+& 7+ i+ the S%&'%r( ore/ Fi.. 1!A$) 1hich i/ co+trolle& '( C& /%'/tit%tio+ ,or 7+ i+ /phalerite. A *ar<e& ,eat%re o, the S%&'%r( ore/ i/ the *o/t o, the /phalerite i/ C&-rich %p to 2." 1t.8$ a+& co+tai+/ " to ! 1t.8 Fe Fi.. 1!@$. I+ co+tra/t) 7+ i+ /oli& /ol%tio+ i+ chalcop(rite i/ +ot a//ociate& 1ith ca&*i%* Ca'ri) 1N!Oa$. Sphalerite i+ chalcop(rite-*illerite- p(rrhotite 3ei+/ o, the McCree&( Ea/t 1"= zo+e are Fe-poor 1ith 3er( hi.h C& %p to O 1t.8H Fi.. 1!@$. Ha1le(ite C&S$ 1a/ reporte& i+ the Fra/erStrathco+a &eep copper zo+e Mo+e() 1NN=$. Merc%r( i/ a//ociate& 1ith palla&i%* a/ the *i+eral/ potarite) te*a.a*ite) a+& ti/che+&or,ite P&-H.STe) Se$ i+ PGE &epo/it/ Ca'ri) 2##2$ '%t +ot i+ S%&'%r( ore/. S%&'%r( ore/ co+tai+ H. i+ the pp* ra+.e 1-11 pp*$ i+ the co+tact) ,oot1all) a+& o,,/et &epo/it/ Fi.. 12F$H the *i+eralo.ical /ite o, H. ha/ +ot 'ee+ &eter*i+e&. G%n%t"c M !%(s Rece+t /t%&ie/ ha3e re/%lte& i+ a /i.+i,ica+tl( i*pro3e& %+&er/ta+&i+. o, the i.+eo%/ proce//e/ i+3ol3e& i+ the ,or*atio+ o, the S%&'%r( ore/ ,ro* the *elt /heet ?i.ht,oot et al.) 2##1H A*e/ et al.) 2##2$) e3ol%tio+ o, the ore/ '( *o+o/%lphi&e /oli& /ol%tio+ MSS$ ,ractio+atio+ Nal&rett et al.) 1NNNH @allha%/ et al.) 2##1H M%+.all et al.) 2##O$ a+& hi.hte*perat%re 3olatile/ Farro1 a+& Wat<i+/o+) 1NNN$) a+&

10000

1000 'n BppmC 100 10

2*lo7 d*/*-/,on

I
&ar.*/ and SI( L

1 0O1

(d BppmC

10

100

(on/a-/ (on/a-/ abo+* o88s*/ 0oo/7all %88s*/ &*-/on,-ally mod,8,*d

0roodAS/ob,* )ran,/* br*--,a SI( L*+a-k )n*,ss (ompl*? 5uron,an s*d,m*n/

!,p,ss,n. d,abas* ",+*r =all*y (ompl*? S:ak*sp*ar*ADunlop Eas/ 2ull Lak*

4 3O5 3 (d 7/OR 2O5 2 1O5 1 0O5

0 8

2 10

4
0* 7/OR
Sout Rang! &!po)it) 0rood S/ob,* m,n* =,-/or,a m,n* >or/:,n./on (opp*r (l,88

Nort Rang! &!po)it) 0*-un,s Lak* Eas/ ",m !, m,n* =,-/or D**p M-(r**dy Eas/A153 Fon* Ma8,- nor,/*AL*+a-k 0*ls,- nor,/*AL*+a-k

(r*an 5,ll (r*,.:/on 0al-onbr,d.* <*lly Lak*

*o&i,icatio+ '( /%'/eA%e+t h(&rother*al acti3it( ?i a+&

FIGURE '4$ Sphalerite *i+eral che*i/tr( i+ S%&'%r( ore/. 7A8 7+-C& correlatio+ ill%/trati+. e+rich*e+t i+ ,oot1all- a+& o,,/et-t(pe &epo/it/ rela- ti3e to co+tact-t(pe &epo/it/) the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) a+& co%+tr( roc< /phalerite/. 7B8 C&-Fe i+ /phalerite /ho1/ that *o/t are C&-rich %p to 2." 1t.8$ a+& co+tai+ " to ! 1t.8 Fe 1ith a &i/ti+ct pop%latio+ o, C&-rich Fe-poor /phalerite ,ro* C%-PGE 3ei+/ ,ro* the ,oot1all-t(pe &epo/it.

Nal&rett) 1NN=H Farro1 a+& Wat<i+/o+) 1NNNH Ha+le( et al.) 2##"$. S%&'%r( Ni-C% co+tact-t(pe &epo/it/ are i+terprete& to 'e o, *a.*atic ori.i+) ha3i+. ,or*e& &%ri+. &i,,ere+tiatio+ o, the SIC ,ollo1e& '( /%lphi&e /e.re.atio+ a+& /%'/eA%e+t collectio+ i+ topo.raphic lo1/ or :e*'a(*e+t/; at the 'a/e o, the SIC. The ori.i+ o, the C%-Ni-PGE /(/te*/ i/ co+tro- 3er/ial 1ith 'oth *a.*atic a+& h(&rother*al h(pothe/e/ ha3i+. 'ee+ /%pporte& i+ the literat%re. More rece+tl() a *a.*atic-h(&rother*al ori.i+ 1a/ po/t%late& 1here'( i+i- tial *a.*atic &i,,ere+tiatio+ o, the /%lphi&e liA%i& re/%lte& i+ the ,or*atio+ o, a re/i&%al /%lphi&e liA%i& e+riche& i+ C%) Pt) P&) a+& A%. Thi/ 1a/ the+ re*o'ilize& i+to /tr%ct%ral path1a(/ or per*ea'le zo+e/ o, 'recciate& co%+tr( roc< or

S%&'%r( 'reccia i+ the ,oot1all o, the SIC. ?ater h(&rother*al *o'ilizatio+ re/%lte& i+ re&i/tri'%tio+ o, 'a/e a+& precio%/ *etal/) *o&i,icatio+ o, the ore co*po/itio+) a+& the ,or*atio+ o, Cl-rich alteratio+ haloe/. Halo.e+-rich haloe/ ha3e 'ee+ trace& &i/tall( to appro4i*atel( 2## * ,ro* the ore Morri/o+ et al.) 1NNO$. The chalcop(rite-rich 3ei+ *ar.i+/ ha3e chlori+e-rich alteratio+ a//e*'la.e/ 1ith la1re+cite FeCl2$) 'i/*oclite @iOCl$) a+& ,errop(ro/*allite [ Fe2T)M+$!Si6O1" OH)Cl$1#\ reporte& at the Fra/er *i+e Farro1 a+& Wat<i+/o+) 1NN2H Ha+le( a+& M%+.all) 2##=H Ha+le( et al.) 2##O$. The 3ei+/ co+tai+ lo1-te*perat%re Pt a+& P& *i+eral/ i.e. tell%ri&e/) 'i/th*%thi&e/) a+& /ta++i&e/$ a+& *etal hali&e *i+eral/ 1ithi+ the PGE-A%-rich) C%-A.-'eari+.) hi.h /ali+it( ,l%i& i+cl%/io+/ Farro1 et al.) 1NNOH Ha+le( et al.) 2##"$. There i/ al/o i+te+/e alteratio+ i+ a+ :epi&ote-zo+e;) co+tai+i+. Ni-e+riche& *i+eralizatio+ alo+. the ,oot1all>SIC co+tact i.e. Fra/er a+& McCree&( Ea/t *i+e/$) ,%rther /%pporti+. a h(&rother*al ori.i+ ,or the/e ore/ Farro1) 1NN6$. Ore *etal tra+/port a+& re&i/tri'%tio+ i+3ol3e& *i4i+. 'et1ee+ re.io+al .ro%+& 1ater/ a+& a *etal-rich ore ,l%i& 1ith a *a.*atic co*po+e+t to ,or* a *etal-e+riche& 'ri+e that partitio+e&) ca%/i+. A% precipitatio+ a+& pha/e /eparatio+ o, C%) A%) A.) a+& @i i+to a CHO'eari+. ,l%i& Farro1 et al.) 1NNOH Mar/hall et al.) 1NNNH Ha+le() 2##6$) 1hich ,%rther &i/per/e& C%) Pt) A%) A.) a+& @i Ha+le( et al.) 2##"$. Summar# 5 E55%ct"9% E:0( rat" n M%t; !s "n t;% Su!bur# Cam0 Geological and )76 (&aging I*porta+t co*po+e+t/ o, the .eolo.ical *o&eli+. ,or e,,ecti3e e4ploratio+ i+ the S%&'%r( ca*p i+cl%&eM < Three &i*e+/io+al i*a.i+. o, the ore-ho/ti+. litholo.ie/) i+cl%&i+. the co+tact o, the SIC - /%'la(er- o,,/et &(<e/ a+& the <+o1+ ore'o&ie/ Fi.. 1N$. < P/e%&otach(lite S%&'%r( 'reccia$ &i/tri'%tio+ a+& <e( te4t%ral cha+.e/ relate& to it/ ther*al recr(/tallizatio+ i+ the ,oot1all e+3iro+*e+t. < :Foot1all or late .ra+ite; 'reccia pre/e+ce i+ the 'a/al SIC) co+tact e+3iro+*e+t. < Pe( te4t%ral cha+.e/ i+ the S%&'%r( 'reccia a+& ,oot1all litholo.ie/ are /%'tle (et *appa'le i+ pro4i*it( to *i+- eralizatio+ i+ the ,oot1all e+3iro+*e+t Morri/o+ et al.) 1NNOH Ha+le( a+& M%+.all) 2##=H Mc?ea+ et al.) 2##"$. Di/tal to *i+eralizatio+) S%&'%r( 'reccia ha/ a 'lac<) apha+itic to ,i+e-.rai+e& *atri4. With i+crea/i+. pro4i*it( to ore the *atri4 i/ li.ht .ree+i/h .re( 1ith = to 1#8 'iotite porph(ro'la/t/) ,i+e acic%lar a*phi'ole) epi&ote) a+& chlorite. Clo/e/t to the ore) partial *elt or a+atectic .ra+itic *elt zo+e/ 1ithi+ the recr(/tallize& *atri4 co*pri/e = to 1#8 o, the S%&'%r( 'reccia a+& other ,oot- 1all litholo.ie/. Me&i%*-.rai+e& .ra+oph(ric 3ei+let/ are co**o+. Surficial and Bedroc+ Geoche&i1try O3er the la/t h%+&re& (ear/) *etal loa&i+. ,ro* the three S%&'%r( area /*elter/ at Copper Cli,,) Co+i/to+) a+& Falco+'ri&.e ha/ /tro+.l( a,,ecte& the /%r,icial e+3iro+*e+t Ne.%/a+ti) 1NN"H Fri/<e et al.) 1NN2H Si+.hro() 2###H Spier/) 2##O$. C-horizo+ till .eoche*i/tr( ha/ 'ee+

FIGURE '6$ Three-&i*e+/io+al 3ie1 o, the co+tact o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 at the Nic<el Ri* So%th &epo/it) Ea/t Ra+.e Mc?ea+ et al.) 2##"$.

atte*pte& to &i/ti+.%i/h litholo.ic tre+&/ i+ the North a+& Ea/t ra+.e/ i+ or&er to a3oi& thi/ a+thropo.e+ic i+,l%e+ce @a5c a+& Hall) 2###$. ?itho.eoche*i/tr( o, the +orite o, the SIC ha/ 'ee+ %/e& to &eter*i+e pro4i*it( to e*'a(*e+t/ %tilizi+. the *a5or ele*e+t/ M. a+& Ti De//%rea% et al.) 2##1$. Path,i+&er/) /%ch a/ halo.e+) h(&rocar'o+) or *etal e+rich*e+t haloe/) aro%+& the l%crati3e) '%t el%/i3e) ,oot1all &epo/it/ ha3e o+l( locall( 'ee+ te/te& Ha+le( a+& M%+.all) 2##=H Ha+le( et al.) 2##"$. The Cl co+te+t a+& Cl> ClTF$ ratio/ o, a*phi'ole a+& 'iotite i+ recr(/tallize& S%&'%r( 'reccia ha/ 'ee+ /ho1+ to 'e ele3ate& 1ithi+ 1"# * o, *i+eralizatio+ at the Fra/er *i+e Ha+le( a+& M%+.all) 2##=$. @e&roc< .eoche*i/tr( ha/ 'ee+ %/e& *o/t e,,ecti3el( to i*pro3e <+o1le&.e o, the .eo- lo.ical architect%re a+& ore .e+e/i/ o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re. Ne1 e4ploratio+ tech+iA%e/ ,or C% -Ni$-PGE ,oot1all &epo/it/ i+cl%&e trace *etal 3ectori+. i.e. S+) 7+) A%$ alo+. 1ith the halo.e+ co+te+t. Geo'hy1ical =echni>ue1 The tra&itio+al .eoph(/ical e4ploratio+ tool/ ,or Ni &epo/it/) /%ch a/ *a.+etic a+& EM *etho&/) ha3e 'ee+ /%cce//,%l i+ locati+. the hi/toric>cla//ic co+tact-/t(le) p(rrhotite-rich Ni *i+eralizatio+ ,or 1hich S%&'%r( 1a/ i+itiall( *a&e ,a*o%/. I+&ee&) S%&'%r( ha/ 'ee+ the te/t-'e& ,or *a+( +o+-tra&itio+al .eoph(/ical tech+iA%e/ i+ 'a/e *etal e4ploratio+) /%ch a/ =-D /ei/*ic) a%&io-*a.+etotell%ric/) /ei/*ic 3elocit(>cro//-hole to*o.raph() a+& ra&ar i*a.i+. o, ore'o&ie/ Mil<ereit a+& Gro%p) 1NN2H P,l%. et al.) 1NNOH Pi+. et al.) 1NN6$. Cro//-hole ra&io i*a.i+. RIM$ 1a/ a+ i*porta+t &e,i+itio+ &rilli+. tool that pla(e& a+ i*porta+t role i+ the &i/co3er( o, t1o o, the *o/t C%-NiPGE-rich &epo/it/ &i/co3ere& i+ the la/t &eca&e) the Ni Ri*

So%th a+& ?e3ac< Foot1all &epo/it/. Altho%.h +%*ero%/ air'or+e a+& .ro%+& .eoph(/ical tech+iA%e/ ha3e 'ee+

applie& i+ the S%&'%r( ca*p) 'oth /%r,icial c%lt%ral i+,l%e+ce/ a+& the i+crea/i+. &epth o, +e1 &i/co3erie/ ha3e re+&ere& *o&er+ 'orehole electro*a.+etic /%r3e(/ a/ *o/t e,,ecti3e i+ the e4plori+. ,or hi.hl( co+&%cti3e) p(rrhotiterich Ni-C%-PGE ore'o&ie/ i+ co+tact a+& o,,/et e+3iro+*e+t/ e... Rictor co+tact &epo/it) Cha&1ic<) 1NN6$. The KTEM /tep re/po+/e /(/te* re/po+&/ to 3er( co+&%cti3e tar.et/ a+& i+crea/e/ the tar.et ra&i%/ o, &rillhole/ to .reater tha+ 1## *) 1ith opti*%* co%pli+. o, the e+er.ize& loop) tra+/*itter) a+& recei3er 1ith the co+&%cti3e 'o&(. Sharp1alle& a+& h('ri& C%-Ni-PGE /(/te*/ 1here the /%lphi&e 3ei+/ are co++ecte& al/o re/po+& to 'orehole EM *etho&/) altho%.h the re/po+/e/ *a( 'e *ore &i,,ic%lt to i+terpret) a+& ha3e 'ee+ /%cce//,%ll( applie& i+ /e3eral rece+t e4ploratio+ pro5ect/ that are +o1 i+ a&3a+ce& /ta.e/ Rictor Depth) Ni Ri* So%th Foot1all) Po&ol/<( 2###) ?e3ac< Foot1all Depo/it) /ee /ectio+ Advanced .ro1'ect1 o, A*e/ et al.) 2##"$. ?o1-/%lphi&e C%-Ni-PGE &epo/it/ are &i,,ic%lt to re/ol3e %/i+. 'orehole EM *etho&/ a+& ha3e characteri/tic/ *ore a*e+a'le to the applicatio+ o, 'oth /%r,ace a+& 'orehole i+&%ce&-polarizatio+ IP$ tech+iA%e/. ,ecent 6i1coverie1 Rece+t e4ploratio+ /%cce// i+ the S%&'%r( *i+i+. ca*p i/ lar.el( &%e to the li+<a.e o, .eolo.ical <+o1le&.e co*'i+e& 1ith =-D .eolo.ical *o&elli+. a+& the i+te.ratio+ o, a&3a+ce& .eoph(/ical *o&eli+. a+& i+3er/io+. The co+/i/- te+t the*e i+ the rece+t e4a*ple/ o, e4ploratio+ /%cce// &oc%*e+te& 'elo1 i/ that co+/ta+tl( e3ol3i+. .eolo.ical <+o1le&.e a+& i+terpretatio+ ha/ re/%lte& i+ the i&e+ti,ica- tio+ o, tar.et area/ that ha3e 'ee+ re,i+e& 1ith appropriate .eoph(/ical tech+iA%e/) t(picall( 'orehole EM. The rece+t applicatio+ o, RIM ha/ helpe& ,oc%/ &e,i+itio+ &rilli+. e,,ort/ i+ &eep C%-Ni-PGE /(/te*/. Strati.raphic &rilli+. o, ,e+ce/ o, hole/ i+ ,a3o%ra'le .eolo.ical e+3iro+*e+t/ ha/ 'ee+ attri'%te& to the &i/co3er( o, the Rictor co+tact Ni *i+eralizatio+ 1N2#/$ a+& the McCree&( Ea/t 1"= zo+e 1NN#/$) a+& the Fra/er-Mor.a+ co+tact *i+eralizatio+ 1NN#/$. A&&itio+al &rilli+. o, the Rictor co+tact *i+eralizatio+ 1a/ co+ti+%e& i+ the 1N!#/) a+& a ca*pai.+ to /trati.raphicall( te/t the ,oot1all to the SIC co+tact 1a/ i+itiate&. D%e to the &epth o, the ,oot1all hole/ .reater tha+ 2### *$) 'orehole EM *etho&/ 1ere applie&. The /%'/eA%e+t &rill te/ti+. o, the a+o*alo%/ ,oot1all re/po+/e/ re/%lte& i+ the ,ir/t co**ercial /%cce// o, the @H-KTEM /(/te* &e3elope& '( ]3e/ ?a*o+ta.+e. De/pite it/ &epth) the Rictor co+tact a+& ,oot1all-ho/te& C%Ni-PGE e+3iro+*e+t i/ o+ce a.ai+ 'ei+. e3al%ate& ,or a+ a&3a+ce& e4ploratio+ pro.ra* a/ a re/%lt o, the +ear'( Ni Ri* So%th &i/co3er(. The McCree&( Ea/t 1"= zo+e 1a/ &i/co3ere& i+ the late 1NN#/ '( &rill te/ti+. a ,a3o%ra'le pac<a.e o, S%&'%r( 'reccia that ho/te& the +ear'( Cole*a+ *i+e ,oot- 1all copper zo+e. The /trati.raphic &ia*o+&&rill ca*pai.+ i+ter/ecte& the 1"= zo+e i+ the ,o%rth hole. To&a( thi/ zo+e pro&%ce/ o3er O##)### to++e/ a++%all( o, hi.h-.ra&e C%) Ni) a+& PGE ore. The Pell( ?a<e Ni-C%-PGE ore'o&ie/ i+ the Copper Cli,, O,,/et 1ere &i/co3ere& 1NN"$ '( the applicatio+ o, +e1 @H-KTEM tech+iA%e/ i+ hole/ &rille& i+ pre3io%/ &eca&e/. Thi/ :ol& hole; .eoph(/ical pro.ra* 1a/ i+itiate& to te/t the Copper Cli,, O,,/et &i/tal to the SIC co+tact /i+ce there 1a/

<+o1+ Ni-rich *i+eralizatio+ at /%r,ace 2O# ore'o&($ a+& 1ea<l( /%lphi&e *i+eralize& i+ter/ectio+/ i+ the pre3io%/l( &rille& hole/. The Pell( ?a<e ore'o&ie/ are c%rre+tl( 'ei+. e3al%ate& ,or pro&%ctio+ pla++i+. p%rpo/e/. The Totte+ Depth &i/co3er( hole 1a/ &rille& i+ 1NN2 to te/t the &o1+-pl%+.e e4te+/io+ o, the pre3io%/l( *i+e& Totte+ Mi+e o,,/et Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it. De,i+itio+ &rilli+. 1a/ .%i&e& '( the *o&eli+. o, @H-KTEMO re/po+/e/ at &epth. Pro&%ctio+ pla++i+. i/ c%rre+tl( %+&er1a( at Totte+ Depth. The Ni Ri* So%th co+tact a+& ,oot1all *i+eralizatio+ 1a/ &i/co3ere& a/ a re/%lt o, ,ollo1-%p &rilli+. i+ 2##1 ,ro* a 1NN"-1NN6 &rill ca*pai.+ &e/i.+e& to pro3i&e &eep @HKTEM plat,or*/ i+ the ,oot1all to the SIC. @orehole MAC1## i+ter/ecte& *i+or ,oot1all *i+eralizatio+ a+& ha& a 1ea< ,oot1all @H-KTEM re/po+/e. The re/%lti+. 1e&.e hole MAC-1##A$ 1a/ &rille& i+ late 2##1 a+& i+ter/ecte& 'oth co+tact Ni ".=# * o, 2.!68 Ni) 1.N18 C%) a+& 1.2" .>t PtTP&TA%$ a+& ,oot1all-ho/te& C%-Ni-PGE !!.!" * o, 2.128 Ni) 6.O"8 C%) a+& 1".O# .>t PtTP&TA%) Mc?ea+ et al.) 2##"$. De,i+itio+ &rilli+. o, the ,oot1all &i/co3er( 1a/ .%i&e& '( the applicatio+ o, RIM to*o.raph(. De3elop*e+t o, a pro&%ctio+ i+,ra/tr%ct%re at Ni Ri* So%th 1a/ i+itiate& i+ 2##O. The Po&ol/<( 2### &epo/it 1a/ i+itiall( &rille& i+ the 1N!#/ to te/t the Whi/tle O,,/et i+cl%/io+-'eari+. A%artz &iorite 'elo1 the <+o1+ Whi/tle Mi+e Ni &epo/it. C%-NiPGE *i+eralizatio+ 1a/ i+ter/ecte&) '%t the a//ociate& @HKTEM re/po+/e/ 1ere co+/i&ere& too 1ea< to 'e o, /i.+i,ica+ce. I+ 2##2) ,ollo1-%p &rilli+. a+& a +e1 i+terpretatio+ o, 'orehole .eoph(/ic/ 1ith re/pect to C%-Ni-PGE /(/te*/ re/%lte& i+ a re-i+terpretatio+ o, the .eo*etr( o, the /%lphi&e *i+eralize& /(/te*. The /%'/eA%e+t &rill pro.ra* ,ro* 'et- ter orie+te& plat,or*/ le& to *ore &etaile& &rilli+. o, the h('ri&-t(pe 2### C%-Ni-PGE re/o%rce a+& the &i/co3er( o, /i.+i,ica+t /harp-1alle& C%-Ni-PGE *i+eralizatio+ i+ the .re(-.a''ro e+3iro+*e+t i+ the ha+.i+. 1all. Hi.h .ra&e *i+eralizatio+ i+ter/ecte& i+ the h('ri& re/o%rce 1a/ reporte& a/ 11O.O ,eet at 1=.!8 C%) 1.#8 Ni) a+& !.2 .>t PtTP&TA% 'orehole FN^-O1=#$. De3elop*e+t o, a pro&%c- tio+ i+,ra/tr%ct%re at Po&ol/<( 1a/ i+itiate& i+ late 2##O. The *o/t rece+t /i.+i,ica+t &i/co3er( i+ the S%&'%r( *i+- i+. &i/trict) the ?e3ac< Foot1all Depo/it) 1a/ *a&e i+ 2##". The &i/co3er( hole) FN^-6#1#) 1a/ ori.i+all( &rille& i+ 2##= to a &epth o, 2### ,eet i+ 1hat 1a/ i+terprete& to 'e a pac<a.e o, ,a3o%ra'le S%&'%r( @reccia. A+ i+te+/e pro.ra* o, &etaile& .eolo.ical *o&eli+. o, the ?e3ac< e+3iro+*e+t a+& re-i+terpretatio+ o, 1ea< @H-KTEM re/po+/e/ re/%lte& i+ the &eci/io+ to &eepe+ the hole i+ No3e*'er o, 2##O. A &eci/io+ to ,%rther &eepe+ the hole i+ Wa+%ar( 2##" 1a/ *a&e a/ a re/%lt o, the i+terpretatio+ o, po/iti3e S%&'%r( 'reccia ,eat%re/ a+& a+ i+te+/el( '%il&i+. @H-KTEMO a+o*al( i+ the 'otto* o, the hole. O+ Fe'r%ar( 1# a+& 11) 2##") t1o /harp-1alle& 3ei+/ 1ere i+ter/ecte& at a &epth o, appro4i*atel( O### ,eet 1ith .ra&e/ o, 1#.2 ,eet at 26.28 C%) =.#8 Ni) a+& 1O.O" .>t PtTP&TA%) a+& 16.O ,eet at 26.28 C%) =.28 Ni) a+& 1".O" .>t PtTP&TA%. De,i+itio+ &rilli+. o, the /%lphi&e *i+eralizatio+ ha/ 'ee+ partl(

.%i&e& '( the applicatio+ o, RIM to*o.raph( a+& i/ co+ti+%i+.. At the ti*e o, 1riti+.) 3ario%/ optio+/ to ,acilitate acce// to the &epo/it 1ere 'ei+. e3al%ate&.

P t%nt"a( 5 r =n &n an! N%& D%0 s"t>T#0%s "n t;% Su!bur# Cam0 The 21/t ce+t%r( ha/ 1it+e//e& 'a++er (ear/ ,or e4ploratio+) acti3e *i+i+. clai*/) a+& +e1 &i/co3erie/ i+ S%&'%r( 1ith a *ar<e& /hi,t i+ e4ploratio+ ,oc%/ to the hi.h-.ra&e C%-Ni-PGE &epo/it/. The e4ploratio+ o, copperPGE ,oot- 1all *i+eralizatio+ i/ i+ it/ i+,a+c( i+ the S%&'%r( *i+i+. ca*p. The pote+tial ,or Ni-C%-PGE &i/co3erie/ i+ the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re i/ co+/i&ere& 3er( hi.h) 'oth at /%r,ace a+& at &epth) &e/pite it/ /tat%/ a/ a *at%re Ni-C%-PGE *i+- i+. ca*p. There ha3e 'ee+ %+prece&e+te& e4ploratio+ e4pe+&it%re/ a+& acti3itie/ o3er the pa/t t1o (ear/ '( 'oth 5%+ior a+& e/ta'li/he& *i+i+. co*pa+ie/. Rece+t &i/co3erie/ o, C%-PGE-rich &epo/it/ i+ the o,,/et a+& ,oot1all e+3iro+- *e+t/) 1hich i/ &i,,ic%lt to e4plore) &ri3e/ the acti3e *i+er- al/ e4ploratio+ i+&%/tr( i+ S%&'%r(. Rece+t e4ploratio+ /%c- ce// '( *a5or INCO) Falco+'ri&.e$) *i&-/ize& FN^$) a+& 5%+ior Wall'ri&.e$ e4ploratio+ co*pa+ie/ ha/ e+ha+ce& the alrea&( o%t/ta+&i+. re/o%rce pote+tial i+ a+ area 1ith co+- /i&era'le /*elti+. a+& re,i+i+. i+,ra/tr%ct%re. The Rictor) Ni Ri* So%th) ?e3ac< Foot1all V1)2## *$) a+& O+api+. &epth 2)!## *$ &i/co3erie/ &e*o+/trate the pro/pecti3it( at &epth. Se3eral rece+t) relati3el( /hallo1) o%tcroppi+. &i/co3erie/ i+cl%&e the Po&ol/<( 2### a+& the @ro<e+ Ha**er C%- Ni$-PGE 2##O$ &epo/it/) the +e1 Trill O,,/et &(<e 1ith C%-Ni-PGE *i+eralizatio+ o+ or 3er( +ear /%r,ace 2##"$) a+& the Se.1a( &i/co3er( 2##"$. The Trill o,,/et &(<e 1a/ i&e+ti,ie& i+ W%+e) 2##" '( Wall'ri&.e appro4i*atel( O <* ,ro* the SIC co+tact i+ a+ area hi/toricall( *appe& a/ .ra+ite A*e/ et al.) 2##6'$. =n &(%!)% Ga0s 5 T;%mat"c an! A00("%! R%s%arc; There are <e( /cie+ti,ic <+o1le&.e .ap/ i*porta+t i+ the &i/co3er( o, +e1 Ni-C%-PGE &epo/it/ i+ the S%&'%r( ca*p that *a( 'e a&&re//e& '( _ .eolo.ical *appi+. o, ,oot1all litholo.ie/) i+cl%&i+. Archea+ :pi+< area/; a+& H%ro+ia+ /trati.raph( 1ith e4celle+t /trati.raphic *ar<er/H _ &e3elop*e+t o, e,,ecti3e *appi+. *etho&/ ,or &eter*i+i+. the re.io+al &i/tri'%tio+) t(pe/) a+& ther*al recr(/tallizatio+ o, p/e%&otach(lite S%&'%r( 'reccia$H < /(/te*atic roc< .eoche*i/tr( /t%&ie/ o, the *atri4 o, S%&'%r( 'reccia to &e,i+e tracer/ a+& &eter*i+e pro/pecti3e 3er/%/ 'arre+ p/e%&otach(lite zo+e/H < &eter*i+i+. the re.io+al 3ariatio+ i+ ther*al *eta*orphi/* i+&%ce& '( the SICH < co*prehe+/i3e alteratio+ /t%&ie/ aro%+& C%-PGE ,oot1all 3ei+ &epo/it/ to te/t ,or .eoche*ical a+&>or *i+eralo.ical haloe/H < &e,i+i+. the character o, the ,oot1all 'reccia or :late .ra+ite 'reccia;$ i+ the So%th Ra+.e ,oot1all 'reccia i/ the *a5or ho/t to co+tact Ni ore &epo/it/ i+ the North Ra+.e$H < &eter*i+i+. the 'a/i+- a+& *i+e-/cale /tr%ct%ral a+& tecto+ic co+trol/ o+ ore &epo/itio+ a+& *o&i,icatio+ e... e/ta'li/h the a*o%+t o, Gre+3illia+ &e,or*atio+ +orth o, Gre+3ille ,ro+t$H < &eter*i+i+. i*pact crater *orpholo.( i.e. &eter*i+i+. i, there i/ pea<-ri+. or *%lti-ri+. i*pact) /i+ce i*pact

crater architect%re i+,l%e+ce/ the /tr%ct%ral /t(le a+& co+- trol o+ *i+eralizatio+$H < &e,i+i+. the litho.eoche*ical tracer/ ,or C%-PGE Ni$ *a.*atic-h(&rother*al &epo/it/ e... the pote+tial role ,or the halo.e+/ Cl) F) @r$ a/ path,i+&er ele*e+t/ i+ S%&'%r( ha/ 'ee+ /%cce//,%ll( te/te& o+l( at the McCree&( Ea/t Foot1all Copper) Rictor Deep) a+& Fra/er &epo/it/ Wa.o et al.) 1NNOH Ha+le( a+& M%+.all) 2##=$ ho1e3er) /i+ce C% i/ a 3olatile i+ /%percritical 'ri+e ,l%i& /(/te*/ it i/ al/o a .oo& path,i+&er ele*e+t at co+/i&era'l( le// co/tH the applicatio+ o, h(&rocar'o+ *appi+. aro%+& <+o1+ C%-PGE 3ei+ /(/te*/ at S%&'%r( ha/ +ot (et 'ee+ te/te&$ < characterizi+. a+& re,i+i+. the .eoph(/ical re/po+/e/ o, the 3ario%/ /t(le/ o, ,oot1all C%- Ni$-PGE *i+eralizatio+H < e/ta'li/hi+. a co*prehe+/i3e) ph(/ical roc<-propertie/ &ata'a/e ,or S%&'%r( ,or .eoph(/ical i+3er/io+/ a+& =-D *o&elli+. i.e. &e+/it() *a.+etic /%/cepti'ilit() re*+a+ce) electrical co+&%cti3it() a+& P a+& S 1a3e 3elocit($. Ac.n &(%!)%m%nts Di/c%//io+/ 1ith S%&'%r( e4ploratio+i/t/) partic%larl( tho/e 1ith Gor& Morri/o+) E& Patti/o+) a+& Mi<e S1ee+() ha3e 'ee+ i+3al%a'le. We tha+< Wa*e/ M%+.all a+& Ia+ Wo+a//o+ ,or their tho%.ht,%l re3ie1/. R%5%r%nc%s
A'el) M.P.) @%cha+) R.) Coat/) C.W.A.) a+& Pe+/to+e) M.E.) 1N2N) Copper *i+eralizatio+ i+ the ,oot1all co*ple4) Strathco+a *i+e) S%&'%r() O+tarioM Ca+a&ia+ Mi+eralo.i/t) 3. 12) p. 22"-2!6. A&&i/o+) W.D.) @r%*pto+) G.R.) Ralli+i) D.A.) McNa%.hto+) N.W.) Da3i/. D.W.) Pi//i+) S.) Fralic<) P.W.) a+& Ha**o+&) A.?.) 2##") Di/co3er( o, &i/tal e5ecta ,ro* the 1!"# Ma S%&'%r( i*pact e3e+tM Geolo.() 3. ==) p. 1N=-1N6. A*e/) D.E.) 2##2) S%&'%r( Tar.ete& Geo/cie+ce I+itiati3e TGIM 2###2##=$M O3er3ie1 a+& Kp&ate) in S%**ar( o, Fiel& Wor< a+& Other Acti3itie/ 2##2M O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Ope+ File Report 61##) p. 12-1 to 12-1#. A*e/) D.E.) Wat<i+/o+) D.H.) a+& Parri/h) R.R.) 1NN!) Dati+. o, a re.io+al h(&rother*al /(/te* i+&%ce& '( the 1!"# Ma S%&'%r( i*pact e3e+tM Geolo.() 3. 26) p. OO2-O"#. A*e/) D.E.) Galle() A.G.) ?e.a%lt) D.) ?aFra+ce) @.) D%'oi/) A.) Par<er) W.) @e++) P.) P5ar/.aar&) I.) a+& 7iere+'er.) R.) 2##1) S%&'%r( Tar.ete& Geo/cie+ce I+itiati3e TGI$M Role o, 3olatile/) /tr%ct%re a+& ho/t roc</ i+ the e3ol%tio+ o, S%&'%r( ore/) in S%**ar( o, Fiel& Wor< 2##1M O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Ope+ File Report 6#2#) p. 2"1 to 2"-N. A*e/) D.E.) Goli.htl() W.P.) ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) a+& Gi'/o+) H.?.) 2##2) Ritric co*po/itio+/ i+ the O+api+. For*atio+ a+& their relatio+/hip to the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) S%&'%r( /tr%ct%reM Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. N2) p. 1"O1-1"62. A*e/) D.E.) P5ar/.aar&) I.M.) a+& Do%*a) S.?.) 2##=) S%&'%r( Ni-C%PGE Ore Mi+eralo.( Co*pilatio+M S%&'%r( Tar.ete& Geo/cie+ce I+itiati3e TGI$M Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) Ope+ File 12!2) CDROM. A*e/) D.E.) @%c<le) W.) Da3i&/o+) A.) a+& Car&) P.) 2##") S%&'%r( 'e&roc< co*pilatio+H Geolo.(M Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) Ope+ File O"2#) /cale 1M"# ###. A*e/) D.E.) Wo+a//o+) I.R.) Gi'/o+) H.?.) a+& Pope) P.O.) 2##6a) I*pact.e+erate& h(&rother*al /(/te*- Co+/trai+t/ ,ro* the lar.e Paleoproterozoic S%&'%r( crater) Ca+a&a) in Coc<ell) C.) Gil*o%r) I.) a+& Poe'erl) C.) e&/.) @iolo.ical Proce//e/ A//ociate& 1ith I*pact E3e+t/M I*pact St%&ie/M @erli+-Hei&el'er.) Spri+.er-Rerla.) p. ""-1##. A*e/) D.E.) Si+.hro() R.) @%c<le) W.) Da3i&/o+) A.) a+& Molch) P.) 2##6') I+te.rate& @e&roc< Geolo.(-Ra&ar/at-Di.ital Ele3atio+ Data o, S%&'%r() O+tarioM Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) Ope+ File O"21)

/cale 1M 2" ## #. A+&re1/) A.W.) O1/iac<i) ?.) Perrich) R.) a+& Stro+.) D.F.) 1N!6) The /il3er &epo/it/ at Co'alt a+& Go1.a+&a) O+tarioM I. Geolo.() petro.raph( a+&

1hole-roc< .eoche*i/tr(M Ca+a&ia+ Wo%r+al o, Earth Scie+ce/) 3. 2=) p. 1O!#-1"#6. @aile() W.) ?a,ra+ce) @.) McDo+al&) A.M.) Fe&oro1ich) W.S.) Pa*o) S.) a+& Archi'al&) D.A.) 2##") Mazatzal-?a'ra&oria+-a.e 1.2-1.6 Ga$ &%ctile &e,or*atio+ o, the So%th Ra+.e S%&'%r( i*pact /tr%ct%re at the Tha(er ?i+&/le( *i+e) O+tarioM Ca+a&ia+ Wo%r+al o, Earth Scie+ce/) 3. O1) p. 1ON1-1"#". @a5c) A.F.) a+& Hall) G.E.M.) 2###) Geoche*ical Re/po+/e o, S%r,icial Me&ia) North a+& Ea/t Ra+.e/) S%&'%r( @a/i+M O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Ope+ File Report 6#==) 26" p. @allha%/) C.) Tre&o%4) M.) a+& Sp`th) A.) 2##1) Pha/e relatio+/ i+ the FeNi-C%-PGE-S /(/te* at *a.*atic te*perat%re a+& applicatio+ to *a//i3e /%lphi&e ore/ o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4M Wo%r+al o, Petrolo.() 3. O2) p. 1N11-2#26. @ell) R.) 1!N1) Report o+ the S%&'%r( Mi+i+. Di/trict) Di/trict/ o, Al.o*a a+& Nipi//i+.) Pro3i+ce o, O+tario) S%&'%r( Sheet No. 1=#M Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) Separate Report No. =26) N" p. @e++ett) G.) Dre//ler) @.O.) a+& Ro'ert/o+) W.A.) 1NN1) The H%ro+ia+ S%per.ro%p a+& a//ociate& i+tr%/i3e roc</) Chapter 1O in Geolo.( o, O+tarioM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e O) Part 1) p. "ON"N1. Ca'ri) ?.W.) 1N!1) The plati+%* .ro%p *i+eral/) in Ca'ri) ?.W.) e&.) Plati+%*-Gro%p Ele*e+t/M Mi+eralo.() Geolo.() Reco3er(M Ca+a&ia+ I+/tit%te o, Mi+i+. a+& Metall%r.() 3. 2=) p. 1=6-1=!. aaa 1N!!) O3er3ie1 o+ applicatio+ o, plati+%* *i+eralo.( to *i+eral e4ploratio+ a+& proce//i+.) in Car/o+) D.W.T.) a+& Ra//ilio%) A.H.) e&/.) Proce// Mi+eralo.( RIIIM Applicatio+/ o, Mi+eralo.( to Mi+eral @e+e,iciatio+ Tech+olo.() Metall%r.( a+& Mi+eral E4ploratio+ a+& E3al%atio+) 1ith E*pha/i/ o+ Precio%/ Metal Ore/M S(*po/i%* Procee&i+./) The Mi+eral/) Metal/ a+& Material/ Societ() Phoe+i4) Arizo+a) Wa+%ar( 2"-2!) 1N!!) p. 2=-=1. aaa 2##2) The Plati+%* .ro%p *i+eral/) in Ca'ri) ?.W.) e&.) The Geolo.() Geoche*i/tr() Mi+eralo.( a+& Mi+eral @e+e,iciatio+ o, Plati+%* Gro%p Ele*e+tM Ca+a&ia+ I+/tit%te o, Mi+i+.) Metall%r.() a+& Petrole%*) Special Rol%*e "O) p. 1=-1=#. Ca'ri) ?.W.) a+& ?aFla**e) W.H.G.) 1N26) The *i+eralo.( o, the plati+%*.ro%p ele*e+t/ ,ro* /o*e copper-+ic<el &epo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( area) O+tarioM Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. 21) p. 11"N-11N". aaa 1N!O) Mi+eralo.( a+& &i/tri'%tio+ o, plati+%*-.ro%p ele*e+t/ i+ *ill pro&%ct/ ,ro* S%&'%r() in Par<) W.C.) Ha%/e+) D.M.) a+& Ha.+i) R.D.) Procee&i+./) 2+& I+ter+atio+al Co+.re// o+ Applie& Mi+eralo.( i+ the Mi+eral/ I+&%/tr(M A*erica+ I+/tit%te o, Mi+i+. a+& Metall%r.() p. N11-N22. Ca'ri) ?.W.) @la+<) H.) El Gore/() A.) No'ili+.) R.) Siz.oric) M.@.) a+& Tra4el) P.) 1N!O) b%a+titati3e trace ele*e+t a+al(/e/ o, /%lphi&e/ ,ro* S%&'%r( a+& Still1ater '( proto+ *icropro'eM Ca+a&ia+ Mi+eralo.i/t) 3. 22) p. "21-"O2. Car&) P.D.) 1NNO) Geolo.( o, the ?e3ac< .+ei// co*ple4) the +orther+ ,oot- 1all o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re) O+tario) in Ca+a&ia+ Shiel&M Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) C%rre+t Re/earch 1NNO-C) p. 26N-22!. Cha&1ic<) W.) 1NN6) E4plori+. RictorM Mi+i+. Ma.azi+e) No3. 1) 1NN6) p. 22#-22". Coat/) C.W.A.) a+& S+a5&r) P.) 1N!O) Ore &epo/it/ o, the North Ra+.e) O+api+.-?e3ac< area) S%&'%r() in P(e) E.G.) Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Gi'li+) P.E.) e&/.) The Geolo.( a+& Ore Depo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e 1) p. =2!-=O6. Cochra+e) ?.) 1N!O) Ore &epo/it/ o, the Copper Cli,, o,,/et) in P(e) E.G. Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Gi'li+) P.E.) e&/.) The Geolo.( a+& Ore Depo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e 1) p. =O2-=6#. Cor,%) F.) a+& A+&re1/) A.W.) 1N!6) A K-P' a.e ,or *i+eralize& Nipi//i+. &ia'a/e) Go1.a+&aM Ca+a&ia+ Wo%r+al o, Earth Scie+ce/) 3. 2=) p. 1#21#N. De//%rea%) G.R.) 2##2) Geoche*i/tr( o, the *a,ic a+& ,el/ic +oriteM I*plicatio+/ ,or the cr(/tallizatio+ hi/tor( o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) S%&'%r( O+tarioM Nth I+ter+atio+al Plati+%* S(*po/i%*) @illi+./) Mo+ta+a. Dietz) R.S.) 1N6O) S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re a/ a+ a/tro'le*eM Wo%r+al o, Geolo.() 3. 22) p. O12-O=O. Di/tler) R.R.) 1NNO) Plati+%* *i+eralizatio+ o, the Noril0/< &epo/it/) i+ Procee&i+./ o, the S%&'%r(-Noril0/< S(*po/i%*M O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e ") p. 2O=-262.

Farro1) C.E.G. 1NNO) Geolo.() Alteratio+) a+& the Role o, Fl%i&/ i+ C%Ni- PGE Mi+eralizatio+ o, the Foot1all Roc</ to the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) ?e3ac< a+& Mor.a+ To1+/hip/) S%&'%r( Di/trict) O+tarioM Ph.D. the/i/) Carleto+ K+i3er/it() Otta1a) O+tario) =2= p. Farro1) C.E.G.) a+& Wolette) C.) 2##O) S%&'%r( C%-PGE e+3iro+*e+t/M De,i+i+. c/harp-1alle&0 a+& clo1-/%lphi&e0 /(/te*/M A'/tract SS11=#6) Ma( 12) 2##O) St. Catheri+e/) O+tario) Geolo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a) St-Catheri+e/ 2##O) p. 2O!. Farro1) C.E.G.) a+& ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) 2##2) S%&'%r( PGE re3i/ite&M To1ar& a+ I+te.rate& *o&el) in Ca'ri) ?.W.) e&.) The Geolo.() Geoche*i/tr() Mi+eralo.( a+& Mi+eral @e+e,iciatio+ o, Plati+%* Gro%p Ele*e+tM Ca+a&ia+ I+/tit%te o, Mi+i+.) Metall%r.( a+& Petrole%*) Special Rol%*e "O) p. 1=-1=#. Farro1) C.E.G.) a+& Wat<i+/o+) D.H.) 1NN2) Alteratio+ a+& the role o, ,l%- i&/ i+ Ni) C% a+& plati+%*-.ro%p ele*e+t &epo/itio+) S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4 co+tact) O+api+.-?e3ac< area) O+tarioM Mi+eralo.( a+& Petrolo.() 3. O6) p. 62-!=. aaa 1NN6. Geoche*ical characteri/tic/ o, the Epi&ote 7o+eM It/ &e3elop*e+t a+& a//ociate& Ni-C%-PGE re*o'ilizatio+ '( /ali+e ,l%i&/) Fra/er Mi+e) S%&'%r() O+tario. E4ploratio+ a+& Mi+i+. Geolo.() 3. ") p. 12-=1. aaa 1NN2) Di3er/it( o, precio%/ *etal *i+eralizatio+ i+ ,oot1all C%-NiPGE &epo/it/) S%&'%r() O+tarioM I*plicatio+/ ,or h(&rother*al *o&el/ o, ,or*atio+M Ca+a&ia+ Mi+eralo.i/t) 3. =") p. !12-!=N. aaa 1NNN) A+ e3al%atio+ o, the role o, ,l%i&/ i+ Ni-C%-PGE-'eari+.) *a,ic-%ltra*a,ic /(/te*/) in Pea(/) R.R.) e&.) D(+a*ic Proce//e/ i+ Ma.*atic Ore Depo/it/ a+& their Applicatio+ i+ Mi+eral E4ploratio+M Geolo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a) Short Co%r/e Note/) 3. 1=) p. =1-62. Farro1) C.E.G.) Wat<i+/o+) D.H.) a+& Wo+e/) P.C.) 1NNO) Fl%i& i+cl%/io+/ i+ /%l,i&e/ ,ro* North a+& So%th ra+.e C%-Ni-PGE &epo/it/) S%&'%r( Str%ct%re) O+tarioM Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. !N) p. 6O2-6"". Farro1) C.E.G. E3ere/t) W.O.) Pi+.) D.M.) Wolette) C.) 2##") S%&'%r( C%Ni$-PGE /(/te*/M Re,i+i+. the cla//i,icatio+ %/i+. McCree&( We/t *i+e a+& Po&ol/<( pro5ect ca/e /t%&ie/) in M%+.all) W.E.) e&.) E4ploratio+ ,or Depo/it/ o, Plati+%*-Gro%p Ele*e+t/M Mi+eralo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a) Short Co%r/e Serie/ 3. =") p. 16=-1!#. Fe&oro1ich) W.S.) Ro%/ell) D.H.) a+& Pere&er() W.R.) 1NNN) S%&'%r( 'reccia &i/tri'%tio+ a+& orie+tatio+ i+ a+ e*'a(*e+t e+3iro+*e+t) in Dre//ler) @.O.) a+& Sharpto+) R.?.) e&/.) ?ar.e Meteorite I*pact/ a+& Pla+etar( E3ol%tio+ IIM @o%l&er) Colora&oM Geolo.ical Societ( o, A*erica) Special Paper ==) p. =#"-=1O. Fleet) M.E.) 1N22) Ori.i+ o, &i//e*i+ate& copper-+ic<el /%lphi&e ore at Froo&) S%&'%r() O+tarioM Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. 21) p. 1OON-1O"6. Fre+ch) @.M.) 1N62) S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re O+tarioM /o*e petro.raphic e3i&e+ce ,or a+& ori.i+ '( *eteorite i*pact) in Fre+ch) @.M.) a+& Short) N.M.) Shoc< Meta*orphi/* o, Nat%ral Material/M Mo+o @oo< Corporatio+) @alti*ore) p. =!=-O12. Fri/<e) P.W.@.) McC%r&() M.W.) a+& Da() S.W.A.) 1NN2) Natio+al Geoche*ical Reco++ai//a+ce) O+tario co*pilatio+H Di/tri'%tio+ o, Nic<el i+ 12 N=" ?a<e Se&i*e+t Sa*ple/M Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) Map ==2Na) /cale 1M1 "## ###. Gra+t) R.W.) a+& @ite) A.) 1N!O) S%&'%r( A%artz &iorite o,,/et &(<e/) in P(e) E.G.) Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Gi'li+) P.E.) e&/.) The Geolo.( a+& Ore Depo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e 1) p. 22"-=#1. Gra() M.W.) 1NN") The Geolo.ical Setti+. o, the Rer*ilio+ 7+-C%-P'-A.A% Ma//i3e S%lphi&e Depo/it) S%&'%r( @a/i+) Ca+a&aM M.Sc. the/i/) ?a%re+tia+ K+i3er/it() S%&'%r() O+tario) 2OO p. Grie3e) R.A.F.) 1NNO) A+ i*pact *o&el o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%re) in ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) a+& Nal&rett) A.W.) e&/.) Procee&i+./ o, the S%&'%r(Noril0/< S(*po/i%*M O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e ") p. 2O"-22#. Ha+le() W.W.) a+& M%+.all) W.E.) 2##=) Chlori+e e+rich*e+t a+& h(&ro%/ alteratio+ o, the S%&'%r( 'reccia ho/ti+. ,oot1all C%-Ni-PGE *i+eralizatio+ at the Fra/er *i+e) S%&'%r() O+tario) Ca+a&aM Ca+a&ia+ Mi+eralo.i/t) 3. O1) p. !"2-!!1. Ha+le() W.W.) M%+.all) W.E.) @ra() C.W.) a+& Gorto+) P.) 2##O) The ori.i+ o, '%l< a+& 1ater-/ol%'le Cl a+& @r e+rich*e+t/ i+ ore-ho/ti+. S%&'%r( 'reccia i+ the Fra/er copper zo+e) Strathco+a e*'a(*e+t) S%&'%r() O+tario) Ca+a&aM Ca+a&ia+ Mi+eralo.i/t) 3. O2) p. 12N2-1=1!. Ha+le() W.W.) M%+.all) W.E.) Pett<e) T.) a+& Spoo+er) E.T.C.) 2##") Ore *etal re&i/tri'%tio+ '( h(&rocar'o+-'ri+e a+& h(&rocar'o+-hali&e *elt *i4- t%re/) North Ra+.e ,oot1all o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) O+tario)

Ca+a&aM Mi+erali%* Depo/ita) 3. O#) p. 2=2-2"6. Ha+le() W.) A*e/) D.) @ar+e/) W.) Sharp) 7.) a+& Pett<e) T.) 2##6M Sta'le Cl i/otope e3i&e+ce ,or *%ltiple /o%rce/ o, Cl i+ h(&rother*al a+& ore ,l%- i&/ at the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) Ca+a&a. Geolo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a U Mi+eralo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a) A++%al Meeti+.) Mo+treal) 1NN6. Ha1le() W.E.) 1N62) The S%&'%r( ore/M Their *i+eralo.( a+& ori.i+M Ca+a&ia+ Mi+eralo.i/t) 3. 2) p. 1-2#2. aaa 1N6") Kp/i&e-&o1+ zo+i+. at Froo&) S%&'%r() O+tarioM Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. 6#) p. "2N-"2". Ha1le() W.E.) ?e1i/) C.?.) a+& War<) W.W.) 1N"1) Spectro.raphic /t%&( o, plati+%* a+& palla&i%* i+ co**o+ /%lphi&e/ a+& ar/e+i&e/ o, the S%&'%r( Di/trict) O+tarioM Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. O6) p. 1ON-162. Hea*a+) ?. M.) 1NN2) Glo'al *a,ic *a.*ati/* at 2.O" GaM Re*+a+t/ o, a+ a+cie+t lar.e i.+eo%/ pro3i+ceZM Geolo.() 3. 2") p. 2NN-=#2. Wa.o) @.C.) Morri/o+) G.G.) a+& ?ittle) T.?.) 1NNO) Metal zo+atio+ patter+/ a+& *icrote4t%ral a+& *icro*i+eralo.ical e3i&e+ce ,or al<ali- a+& halo.e+-rich ,l%i&/ i+ the .e+e/i/ o, the Rictor Deep a+& McCree&( Ea/t ,oot1all copper ore'o&ie/) S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) in ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) a+& Nal&rett) A.W.) e&/.) Procee&i+./ o, the S%&'%r(Noril0/< S(*po/i%*M O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e ") p. 6"-2". Wo+a//o+) I.R.) Ec</tra+&) O.R.) a+& Wat<i+/o+) D.H.) 1N!2) Preli*i+ar( i+3e/ti.atio+/ o, the a'%+&a+ce o, plati+%*) palla&i%* a+& .ol& i+ /o*e /a*ple/ o, Ca+a&ia+ copper-+ic<el ore/M Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) Paper !2-1A) p. !="-!O6. Pea(/) R.R.) a+& Croc<et) W.H.) 1N2#) A /t%&( o, precio%/ *etal/ i+ the S%&'%r( Nic<el Irr%pti3e ore/M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. 6") p. O=!-O"#. Pillee+) W.G.) 2##6) Di3er/it( o, PGE *i+eralizatio+ i+ C%-Ni-PGE /(/te*/ 1ithi+ the PM 7o+e at the McCree&( We/t Mi+e) S%&'%r() O+tarioM @.Sc. Ho+o%r/$ the/i/) Carleto+ K+i3er/it() Otta1a) O+tario) 2" p. Pi+.) A.) F%lla.ar) P.) a+& ?aMo+ta.+e) ].) 1NN6) @orehole .eoph(/ic/ i+ e4ploratio+) &e3elop*e+t a+& pro&%ctio+H Tre+&/ tech+olo.ie/ a+& ca/e hi/torie/ ,or the *o&er+ e4ploratio+i/tM Pro/pector/ a+& De3eloper/ A//ociatio+) Short Co%r/e) Toro+to) March) 1NN6. Pi+.) D.M.) E3ere/t) W.O.) a+& Farro1) C.E.G.) 2##6) FN^0/ PM &epo/it) McCree&( We/t Mi+e) S%&'%r(M The e3ol%tio+ o, a clo1-/%lphi&e0 C%- Ni-PGE re/o%rceM Ca+a&ia+ I+/tit%te o, Mi+i+.) Metall%r.( a+& Petrole%*) Mi+i+. Co+,ere+ce a+& E4hi'itio+) Tech+ical Se//io+)Ra+co%3er) 2##6. Por*o/) S.E.) 1NNN. Metal Di/tri'%tio+ 1ithi+ 7o+e =N) a Proterozoic Rei+- T(pe C%-Ni-A%-A.-PGE Depo/it) Strathco+a Mi+e) O+tario) Ca+a&aM M.Sc. the/i/) ?a%re+tia+ K+i3er/it() S%&'%r() O+tario) 16= p. Pro.h) T.E.) Da3i/) D.W.) a+& Cor,%) F.) 1N!O) Preci/e K-P' 7irco+ a+& @a&&ele(ite A.e/ ,or the S%&'%r( Area) Chapter 2# in P(e) E.G.) Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Gi'li+) P.E.) e&/.) The Geolo.( a+& Ore Depo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e 1) p. O=1-OO2. ?i) C.) a+& Nal&rett) A.W.) 1NN=) Hi.h chlori+e alteratio+ *i+eral/ a+& calci%*-rich 'ri+e/ i+ ,l%i& i+cl%/io+/ ,ro* the Strathco+a Deep Copper zo+e) S%&'%r() O+tarioM Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. !!) p. 12!#-12N6. ?i) C.) Nal&rett) A.W.) Coate/) C.W.A.) a+& Woha++//e+) P.) 1NN2) Plati+%*) palla&i%*) .ol& a+& copper-rich /tri+.er/ at the Strathco+a *i+e) S%&'%r(M Their e+rich*e+t '( ,ractio+atio+ o, a /%l,i&e liA%i&M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. !2) p. 1"!O-1"N!. ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) a+& Farro1) C. E.) 2##2) Geolo.() .eoche*i/tr( a+& *i+er- alo.( o, the Worthi+.to+ O,,/et Di<eM A .e+etic *o&el ,or o,,/et &i<e *i+eralizatio+ i+ the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. N2) p. 1O1N-1OO6. ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) a+& Nal&rett) A.W.) 1NN6) Petrolo.( a+& Geoche*i/tr( o, the Nipi//i+. Ga''roM E4ploratio+ Strate.ie/ ,or Nic<el) Copper) a+& Plati+%* Gro%p Ele*e+t/ i+ a ?ar.e I.+eo%/ Pro3i+ceM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() St%&( "!) !1 p. ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) Dohert() W.) Farrell) P.) Pea(/) R.R.) Moore) M.) a+& Pe<e/<i) D.) 1NN2) Geoche*i/tr( o, the Mai+ Ma//) S%'la(er) O,,/et/) a+& I+cl%/io+/ ,ro* the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) O+tarioM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Ope+ File Report "N"N) 2=1 p. ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) Pea(/) R.R.) a+& Dohert() W.) 2##1) Che*ical e3ol%tio+ a+& ori.i+ o, +ic<el /%l,i&e *i+eralizatio+ i+ the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) O+tario) Ca+a&aM Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. N6) p. 1!""-1!2". Marti+) W.G.) 1N"2) Erri+.to+ a+& Rer*ilio+ *i+e/M i+ Str%ct%ral Geolo.( o, Ca+a&ia+ Ore Depo/it/M 6th Co**o+1ealth Mi+i+. a+& Metall%r.ical Co+.re//) Special Rol%*e 2) p.=6=-=26.

Mar/hall) D.D.) Wat<i+/o+) D.H.) Farro1) C.E.G.) Mol+ar) F.) a+& Fo%illac) A.-M) 1NNN) M%ltiple ,l%i& .e+eratio+/ i+ the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4M Fl%i& i+cl%/io+) Ar) O) H) R' a+& Sr e3i&e+ceM Che*ical Geolo.() 3. 1"O) p. 1-1N. Mc?ea+) S.A.) Stra%') P.H.) a+& Ste3e+/) P.M.) 2##") The &i/co3er( a+& characterizatio+ o, the Nic<el Ri* So%th &epo/it) S%&'%r() O+tario) in M%+.all) W.E.) e&.) E4ploratio+ ,or Depo/it/ o, Plati+%*-Gro%p Ele*e+t/M Mi+eralo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a) Short Co%r/e Serie/) 3. =") p. ="!-=6!. Mil<ereit) @.) a+& the S%&'%r( Wor<i+. Gro%p) 1NN2) Deep .eo*etr( o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%re ,ro* /ei/*ic re,lectio+ pro,ili+.M Geolo.() 3. 2#) p. !#2-!11. Mol+ar) F.) Wat<i+/o+) D.H.) a+& Wo+e/) P.C.) 2##1) M%ltiple h(&rother*al proce//e/ i+ ,oot1all %+it/ o, the North Ra+.e) S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) Ca+a&a) a+& i*plicatio+/ ,or the .e+e/i/ o, 3ei+-t(pe C%-NiPGE &epo/it/M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. N6) p. 16O"-162#. Mo+e() D.P.) 1NN=) Metal zo+i+. i+ the Deep Copper 7o+e =2## ?e3el) Strathco+a Mi+e) O+tarioM E4ploratio+ Mi+i+. Geolo.() 3. 2) p. =#2=2#. Morri/) W.A.) 1N!2) A paleo*a.+etic i+3e/ti.atio+ o, the S%&'%r( 'a/i+ o,,/et/) O+tario) Ca+a&aM Tecto+oph(/ic/) 3. !") p. 2N1-=12. Morri/o+) G.G.) 1N!O) Morpholo.ical ,eat%re/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%re i+ relatio+ to a+ i*pact) in P(e) E.G.) Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Gi'li+) P.E.) e&/.) The Geolo.( a+& Ore Depo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e 1) p. "1=-"2#. Morri/o+) G.G.) Wa.o) @.C.) a+& White) T.?.) 1NNO) Foot1all *i+eralizatio+ o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) in ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) a+& Nal&rett) A.W.) e&/.) Procee&i+./ o, the S%&'%r(-Noril0/< S(*po/i%*M O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e ") p. 11N-1=2. Mo%rre) G.) 2###) Geolo.ical relatio+/hip/ at &i/co+ti+%itie/ i+ the Copper Cli,, A%artz &iorite o,,/etM A+ i+3e/ti.atio+ i+to o,,/et &(<e/ a+& their relatio+/hip to the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4M M.Sc. the/i/) ?a%re+tia+ K+i3er/it() S%&'%r() O+tario) 2=2 p. M%+.all) W.E.) A*e/) D.E.) a+& Ha+le() W.W.) 2##O) Geoche*ical e3i&e+ce ,ro* the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re ,or cr%/tal re&i/tri'%tio+ '( lar.e 'oli&e i*pact/M Nat%re) 3. O2N) p. "O6-"O!. M%rph() A.W.) a+& Spra() W.G.) 2##2M Geolo.() *i+eralizatio+) a+& e*place- *e+t o, the Whi/tle-Par<i+ o,,/et &i<e) S%&'%r(M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. N2) p. 1=NN-1O1!. M%rra() A.) 1!"6) Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) 1!"=-1!"6) p. 1!#-1!1. Nal&rett) A.W.) 1N!O) Mi+eralo.( a+& co*po/itio+ o, the S%&'%r( ore/) in P(e) E.G.) Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Gi'li+) P.E.) e&/.) The Geolo.( a+& Ore Depo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e 1) p. =#N-=26. Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& P%ller%&) G.) 1N62) A /t%&( o, the Strathco+a Mi+e a+& it/ 'eari+. o+ the ori.i+ o, the +ic<el-copper ore/ o, the S%&'%r( Di/trict) O+tarioM Wo%r+al o, Petrolo.() 3. !) p. O"=-"=1. Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Pe//ara+) A.) 1NN2) Co*po/itio+al 3ariatio+ i+ the S%&'%r( ore/ a+& pre&ictio+ o, the pro4i*it( o, ,oot1all copper-PGE ore 'o&ie/. O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Mi/cella+eo%/ Paper) 1"N) p. O2-62. Nal&rett) A.W.) I++e/) D.G.) So1a) W.) a+& Gortao+) M.P.) 1N!2) Co*po/itio+al 3ariatio+/ 1ithi+ a+& 'et1ee+ ,i3e S%&'%r( ore &epo/it/M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. 22) p. 1"1N-1"=O. Nal&rett) A.W.) Pe//ara+) R.) A/i,) M.) a+& ?i) C.) 1NNO) Co*po/itio+al 3ariatio+ i+ the S%&'%r( ore/ a+& pre&ictio+ o, the pro4i*it( o, Foot1all Copper-PGE ore'o&ie/) in ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) a+& Nal&rett) A.W.) e&/.) Procee&i+./ o, the S%&'%r(-Noril0/< S(*po/i%*M O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e ") p. 1==-1O=. Nal&rett) A.W.) A/i,) M.) Scha+&l) E.) Searc() T.) Morri/o+) G.G.) @i++e() W.P.) a+& Moore) C.) 1NNN) Plati+%* .ro%p ele*e+t/ i+ the S%&'%r( ore/M Si.+i,ica+ce 1ith re/pect to the ori.i+ o, &i,,ere+t ore zo+e/ a+& to the e4ploratio+ ,or ,oot1all ore/M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. NO) p. 1!"21#. Ne.%/a+ti) W.W.) 1NN") Terre/trial *etal tre+&/ i+ the S%&'%r( AreaM Mi+i+. a+& the E+3iro+*e+t) Co+,ere+ce Procee&i+./) S%&'%r( 0N") p. 11O=11ON. No'le) S.R.) a+& ?i.ht,oot) P.C.) 1NN2) K-P' 'a&&ele(ite a.e/ ,or the Per+/ a+& Tria+.le Mo%+tai+ i+tr%/io+/) Nipi//i+. &ia'a/e) O+tarioM Ca+a&ia+ Wo%r+al o, Earth Scie+ce/) 3. 2N) p. 112O-112N. O1e+) D.?.) a+& Coat/) C.W.A.) 1N!O) Falco+'ri&.e a+& Ea/t *i+e/) in P(e) E.G.) Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Gi'li+) P.E) e&/.) The Geolo.( a+& Ore

Depo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e 1) p. =21-=2!. Patti/o+) E.F.) 1N2N) The S%&'%r( /%'la(erM Ca+a&ia+ Mi+eralo.i/t) 3. 12) p. 2"2-22O. Pec<) D.C.) Wa*e/) R.) a+& Ch%'') P.) 1NN=) Geolo.ical e+3iro+*e+t/ ,or PGE-C%-Ni *i+eralizatio+ i+ the Ea/t @%ll ?a<e Ga''ro-A+ortho/ite I+tr%/io+) O+tarioM E4ploratio+ a+& Mi+i+. Geolo.() 3. 2) p. !"-1#O. Pere&er() W.R.) a+& Morri/o+) G.G.) 1N!O) Di/c%//io+ o, the ori.i+ o, the S%&'%r( /tr%ct%re) in P(e) E.G.) Nal&rett) A.W.) a+& Gi'li+) P.E.) e&/.) The Geolo.( a+& Ore Depo/it/ o, the S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM O+tario Geolo.ical S%r3e() Special Rol%*e 1) p. ON1-"11. P,l%.) P.A.) Pillee+) P.G.) a+& M1e+i,%*'o) C.W.) 1NNO) Aco%/tic 3elocit( lo..i+. at the McCo++ell +ic<el &epo/it) S%&'%r( area) O+tarioM Preli*i+ar( i+ /it% *ea/%re*e+t/) in C%rre+t Re/earch 1NNOCM Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) p. 22N-2!6. Pre3ec) S.) 1NN2) K-P' co+/trai+t/ o+ earl( Proterozoic *a,ic *a.*ati/* ,ro* the /o%ther+ S%perior a+& 1e/ter+ Gre+3ille pro3i+ce/) O+tario) in Ra&io.e+ic A.e a+& I/otopic St%&ie/M Report 6M Geolo.ical S%r3e( o, Ca+a&a) Paper N2-2) p. N2-1#6. Pre3ec) S.A.) a+& Ca1thor+) R. G.) 2##2) Ther*al e3ol%tio+ a+& i+teractio+ 'et1ee+ i*pact *elt /heet a+& ,oot1allM A .e+etic *o&el ,or the co+tact /%'la(er o, the S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4) Ca+a&aM Wo%r+al o, Geoph(/ical Re/earch) 3. 1#2) p. 1O. Scott) R.G.) a+& Spra() W.G.) 1NNN) Ma.+etic ,a'ric co+/trai+t/ o+ ,rictio+ *elt ,lo1 re.i*e/ a+& ore e*place*e+t &irectio+ 1ithi+ the So%th Ra+.e 'reccia 'elt) S%&'%r( i*pact /tr%ct%reM Tecto+oph(/ic/) 3. =#2) p. 16=-1!N. aaa 2###) The So%th Ra+.e 'reccia 'elt o, the S%&'%r( i*pact /tr%ct%reM A po//i'le terrace collap/e ,eat%reM Meteoritic/ a+& Pla+etar( Scie+ce) 3. =") p. "#"-"2#. Sha+</) W.S.) a+& Sch1er&t+er) W.M.) 1NN1) Str%ct%ral a+al(/i/ o, the ce+- tral a+& /o%th1e/ter+ S%&'%r( Str%ct%re) So%ther+ Pro3i+ce) Ca+a&ia+ Shiel&M Ca+a&ia+ Wo%r+al o, Earth Scie+ce/) 3. 2!) p. O11O=#. Si+.hro() R.) 2###) Re*ote /e+/i+. ,or *o+itori+. the e,,ect/ o, *i+i+. i+ S%&'%r() Ca+a&a) in P%eh+) I.) Pi+.) T.) Hoeri.) @.) a+& Peter/) D.) e&/.) Metho&/ i+ E+3iro+*e+tal Geolo.(H Re*ote Se+/i+. ,or Site Characterizatio+) Ca/e St%&ie/M Spri+.er Rerla.) p. 1#6-11=. So%ch) @.E.) Po&ol/<() T.) a+& Geolo.ical /ta,,) 1N6N) The /%l,i&e ore/ o, S%&'%r() in Wil/o+) H.D.G.) a+& @ate*a+) A.A.) e&/.) Ma.*atic Ore Depo/it/M A S(*po/i%*M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() Mo+o.raph O) p. 2"2261.

Speer/) E.) 1N"2) The a.e relatio+ a+& ori.i+ o, co**o+ S%&'%r( @recciaM Wo%r+al o, Geolo.() 3. 6") p. ON2-"1O. Spier/) G.) 2##O) Metal ?e3el/ i+ the Soil/ o, the S%&'%r( S*elter Footpri+tM Ce+tre ,or E+3iro+*e+tal Mo+itori+.) ?a%re+tia+ K+i3er/it() 1"6 p. Spra() W.G.) 1NN2) S%per,a%lt/M Geolo.() 3. 2") p. 22"-2!2. Spra() W.G.) @%tler) H.R.) a+& Tho*p/o+) ?.M.) 2##O) Tecto+ic i+,l%e+ce/ o+ the *orpho*etr( o, the S%&'%r( i*pact /tr%ct%reM i*plicatio+/ ,or ter- re/trial crateri+. a+& *o&elli+.M Meteoritic/ a+& Pla+etar( Scie+ce) 3. =2) p. 2!2-=#1. Ste1art) M.) 2##2) Petrolo.( a+& Mi+eralo.( o, C%-Ni-PGE Ore) Totte+ Area) Worthi+.to+ O,,/et) S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4M M.Sc. the/i/) Carleto+ K+i3er/it() Otta1a) O+tario) 16O p. Tho*p/o+) ?.M.) a+& Spra() W.G.) 1NNO) P/e%&otach(litic roc< &i/tri'%tio+ a+& .e+e/i/ 1ithi+ the S%&'%r( i*pact /tr%ct%re) in Dre//ler) @.?.) Grie3e) R.A.F.) a+& Sharpto+) R.?.) e&/.) ?ar.e Meteorite I*pact/ a+& Pla+etar( E3ol%tio+M Geolo.ical Societ( o, A*erica) Special Paper 2N=) p. 22"-2!2. T%ch/cherer) M.G.) a+& Spra() W.G.) 2##2) Geolo.() *i+eralizatio+) a+& E*place*e+t o, the Fo( O,,/et Di<e) S%&'%r(M Eco+o*ic Geolo.() 3. N2) p. 1=22-1=N2. Wat<i+/o+) D.H.) Wo+e/) P.) a+& Wall'ri&.e /ta,,) 2##") Palla&i%* *i+eral/ a+& h(&ro%/ /ilicate a//e*'la.e/ ,ro* the @ro<e+ Ha**er 7o+e) Wi/+er Propert( o, the North Ra+.e Foot1all) S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ Co*ple4M Geolo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a) A++%al Meeti+.) Hali,a4. Wo&ic<a) N.) 1NN2) S%&'%r( Str%ct%reM Norther+ ,oot1all roc</ a+& S%&'%r( I.+eo%/ co*ple4) in A*e/.) D.E.) e&/.)Ti**i+/ to S%&'%r( Tra+/ectM Ne1 I+/i.ht/ i+to the Re.io+al Geolo.( a+& Setti+. o, Mi+eral Depo/it/M Geolo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a-Mi+eralo.ical A//ociatio+ o, Ca+a&a) Woi+t A++%al Meeti+.) Otta1a 0N2) Fiel& trip @6 G%i&e'oo<) p. 2=-N=. Woo&) C.R.) a+& Spra() W.G.) 1NN!) Ori.i+ a+& e*place*e+t o, o,,/et &(<e/ i+ the S%&'%r( I*pact Str%ct%reM Co+/trai+t/ ,ro* He//M Meteoritic/ a+& Pla+etar( Scie+ce/) 3. ==) p. ==2-=O2. 7%r'ri.. H.F.) a+& Geolo.ical /ta,,) 1N"2) Froo&-Sto'ie *i+eM I+ Str%ct%ral .eolo.( o, Ca+a&ia+ ore &epo/it/) Co+.re// 3ol%*e Ca+a&ia+ I+/tit%te o, Mi+i+. a+& Metall%r.() 3. 11) p. =O1-="#.