Tamil. Combined Maths Syllabus

fy; tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj; jpuk;
(cau; juk; )
juk; 12> 13
,ize; j fzpjk;
ghlj; jpl; lk;
(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;)
fzpjj; jpizf; fsk;
tpQ; Qhd> njhopDl; g gP lk;
Njrpa fy; tp epWtfk;
1
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs; .
1.0 mwpKfk;
gps;isfisj; jw;fhy cyfpw;Nfw;wthW Mf;fg+u;tkhdtu;fshf khw;WtNj fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jid miltjw;F>
fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;g ghlrhiyf;fy;tpj;jpl;lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2009 Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpy; Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lk; mwpKfQ; nra;aj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. f.ngh.j
(cau;juk;) ,ize;j fzpjk;> 1998 Mk; Mz;by; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rpkl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik>
kjpg;gPL vd;gd Kd;du; NghJkhd msT - cs;slf;fg;glhikapdhNyNa Kd;dUs;s ghlj;jpl;lk; jpUj;jpaikf;f Ntz;b
Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJs;s ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ. cs;slf;f ikakhff; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lkhf
khw;WtNj ,j;jpl;lkhFk;.
2007Mk; Mz;by; juq;fs; 6> 10 ,Yk;> 2008 Mk; Mz;by; juq;fs; 7> 11 ,Yk; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;r;rpikag;
ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;J> mk;khztu;fs; juk; 12 ,w;F 2009 Mz;L tUk;NghJ f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) tFg;Gf;fspy; Nju;r;rp
ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij njhlUtjw;fhf ,k;khw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 6-11 ,y; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fs; juk; -12 ,y; ,ize;j fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; NghJ vjpu;fhyj;
Njitf; fhd jpwd; fs; > nra; Kiw mDgtq; fs; vd; gtw; iw toq; FKfkhf Gjpa ghlj; jpl; lk; mikf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. cau; juj; ijg;
g+u;j;jp nra;Ak;> ,ize;j fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fs;> ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fspD}lhf vy;yhj; Nju;r;rpfisAk;
mila Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fs; ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis milaj; Njitahd cs;slf;fk; ,q;F
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
2
Ntisfs; .
xt;nthU Nju;r;rpapd; fPOk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis miltjd; %yk;> khztu;fs; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpapid
mile;J nfhs;syhk;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSf;Fj; Njitahd ghlNtisfSk;> kjpg;gPL gw;wpAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;l mwpKfk; gw;wp ,q;F $wg;gl;Ls;stw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Vw;fdNt ,ize;j fzpjj;jpd; mwpKfj;jpy;
$wpapUe;j gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSk; typjhdjhFk;.
f.ngh.j (rhjhuzjuk;)> f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) vd;gtw;wpw;fpilNaahd ntspiaf; FWfpajhf;Ftjw;F>
nghwpapay; JiwapYk;> fzpj tpQ;Qhdj; JiwapYk; ghlnewpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit
toq; Ftjw; F>
njhopDl;g %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpg; ghlnewpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F
tu;j;jfj; Jiwapy; kj;jpaju NtiyfSf;fhd mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F
csr; nraw;ghLfSf;F rkkhf gy;NtW Nju;r;rpfis miltjw;F topfhl;lTk;> vt;thW mtw;iw tho;ehspy;
tpUj;jpailar; nra;a KbAk; vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk;.
3
Ntisfs; .
2.0 ghlj; jpl; lj; jpd; Nehf; fq; fs;
(i) fzpjj;jpy; cau;fy;tpiaj; njhlUtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fzpjj; jpwd;fis toq;Fjy;.
(ii) fzpjg; gpurpdq;fSf;F jPu;T fhz;gjw;Fupa jpwd;fSf;fhd mDgtq;fis toq;Fjy;.
(iii) fzpjj;jpy; epahapj;jiy my;yJ ju;f;fuPjpahd rpe;jidia tpUj;jpailar; nra;jy;.
(iv) fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd Mtiyj; J}z;Ljy;.
fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpj
mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tJ kl;Lkd;wp> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; fzpj mwpitg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;
gz;Grhu; tpUj;jpia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nju;r;rpkl;l ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;>
fUj;Js;s fz;lwpjy; KiwahdJ> khztu; ikaf;fw;wYf;F topfhl;Lk;.
khztupd; kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g Nju;r;rpfis toq;Fk;.
Mrpupaupd; ,yf;Ffs; kpfTk; Fwpg;ghdjhf mikAk;.
xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk;> khztupd; epiyia ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; Njitahd gpd;D}l;liy toq;f KbAk;.
toikahd fw;gpj;jy; KiwfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mrpupau; khztu;fsplj;J cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;igr; nra;aKbAk;.
,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy;> jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fspy;> ,d;iwa NjitfSf;F Vw;wthW gy;NtW
epiyikfisj; njhlu;GgLj;jp Gjpa fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis Mrpupau; tFg;giwfspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjhy;> khztu;fspd;
milT kl;lq;fis kjpg;gpLtJ. Mrpupau;fl;F ,yFthdjhFk;.
,g; ghlj; jpl; lj; jpy; jug; gl; Ls; s gFjpfs; ,ize; j fzpjj; jpd; fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; nra; Kiwf; F kpfTk; cgNahfkhdjhFk; .
4
Ntisfs; .
fw; gpj; jy; njhlnuhOq; Fk; ghlNtisAk;
juk; - 12
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; jiyg; G ghlNtis
jtiz 1
,ize;j fzpjk; - I
1.1> 1.2 nka; naz; fs; 04
2.1> 2.2 rhu;Gfs; 08
15 Nfhz mstPL 03
26.1> 26.2> 26.3 ... nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;Lj; njhFjp 05
16.1> 16.2> 16.3 ... tl;lr; rhu;Gfs; 12
18 ird;> Nfhird; tpjp ... 04
,ize;j fzpjk; - I
17.1> 17.2> 17.3> 17.4 jpupNfhz fzpj ru;t rkd;ghLfs; 12
4.1> 4.2> 4.3 gy;Y}Wg;gpfs; ... 08
5 tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs; ... 05
6.1 Rl;b> klf;if tpjpfs; 04
22.1> 22.2> 22.3> 22.4> 22.5> 22.6 vy; iyfs; 18
,ize;j fzpjk; - I I
1.1> 1.2> 1.3. 1.4> ... fhtpfs; - 11
Jzpf; if
2.1> 2.2> 2.3 Gs;spnahd;wpy; jhf;Fk; xU jstpirj; njhFjp 16
5
Ntisfs; .
,ize;j fzpjk; - I jtiz - I I
11.1> 11.2 mbg;gilr; rkdpypfSk;> rkdpypfspd;
jPu;TfSk; 08
3.1> 3.2 ,Ugbr; rhu;GfSk; rkd;ghLfSk; 30
7 mLf;Ff;Fwpr;rhu;Gfs; 03
19 jpupNfhz fzpj rkd;ghLfspd; jPu;Tfs; 04
20 Neu;khW jpupNfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfs; 06
,ize;j fzpjk; - I I
2.4> 2.5> 2.6> 2.7 tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpy; jhf;Fk; xUjs
tpirj; njhFjp 28
3.1> 3.2. 3.3 Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fk; 25
jtiz 1I I
,ize;j fzpjk; - I
23.1> 23.2> 23.3> 23.4 ngWjpfs; 23
23.5> 23.6
24.1> 24.2> 24.3> 24.4 ngWjpapd; gpuNahfq;fs; 17
9 fzpjj; njhFj;jwpKiw 05
,ize;j fzpjk; - I I
3.4> 3.5> 3.6> 3.7 njhlu;G ,af;fk; 28
3.8 vwpak; 08
3.9 epa+w;wdpd; ,af;ftpjpfs; 15
2.8 cuha;T 10
2.9 %l;ba Nfhy;fs; 10
2.10 rl;lg;gly; 10
6
Ntisfs; .
juk; - 13
,ize;j fzpjk; - I
11.3 kl;L rk;ge;jkhd rkdpypfs; 06
27.1> 27.2> 27.3> 27.4> 27.5 Neu;NfhL 21
28.1> 28.2> 28.3> 28.4> 28.5> 28.6>
28.7>28.8 tl;lk; 25
29 $k; G 06
,ize;j fzpjk; - I I
3.10> 3.11 Ntiy> rf;jp> tY 15
3.12> 3.13 ePl;ly; ce;jk;> fzj;jhf;F 23
3.14> 3.15 tl;l ,af;fk; 18
jtiz 2
,ize;j fzpjk; - I
25.1> 25.2> 25.3> 25.4> 25.5> njhifaPL 29
25.6> 25.7> 25.8
8.1. 8.2> 8.3 tupir khw;wKk;> Nru;khdKk; 15
21.1> 21.2> 21.3> 21.4 njhlu; 20
7
Ntisfs; .
,ize;j fzpjk; - I I
4.1> 4.2> 4.3> 4.4> 4.5 epfo; jfT 28
2.11> 2.12> 2.13> 2.14> 2.15 jpzpT ikak; 18
jtiz 3
,ize;j fzpjk; - I
10.1> 10.2 <UWg;G tpupT 12
14.1> 14.2> 14.3> 14.4> 14.5 rpf; fnyz; fs; 14
12.1> 12.2> 12.3> 12.4 jhaq; fs; 13
13.1 JzpNfhit 08
,ize;j fzpjk; - I I
3.16> 3.17> 3.18 vspik ,ir ,af;fk; 18
5.1> 5.10 Gs;sptpgutpay; 29
8
Ntisfs; .
vz;njhFjpapd; tuyhW uPjpahd tpupT.
vz; tiffspd; njhilf; Fwpg;gPLfs;.
nka;naz; xd;wpd; Nfj;jpu fzpj tif Fwpg;G.
nka;naz;fspd; jrk tifFwpg;G
NrLfslq;fpa Nfhitfs;
nka;naz;fspd; jrk tifFwpg;G
NrLfslq;fpa Nfhitfs;
rhu;Gfs; gw;wpa cs;@zu;thd fUj;J
xUik> khwp> gukhdk;
,uz; L khwpfSf; fpilapy; cs; s njhlu; Gfisf;
fhl;Lk; Nfhitfs;.
rhu;G gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;> Ml;rp> ,izahl;rp>
tpk;gk;> tPr;R> tpjp
rhu;Gf; Fwpg;gPL
xUkhwpr; rhu; Gfs;
1. nka; naz; fspd;
njhiliag;
gFg; gha; T
nra; thu; .
2. xU khwpapyhd
rhu; Gfisg;
gFg; gha; T
nra; thu; .
02
02
03
1.1 nka; naz; fspd;
njhilia tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
1.2 nka; naz; fsp d; njh lu ;
ghlyp y; NrLfs; > jrkq; fs;
vd;gtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
2.1 rhu;Gfs; gw;wp Muha;thu;.
3.0 ghlj; jpl; lk;
,ize; j fzpjk; - I
9
Ntisfs; .
tpNrl rhu;Gfs;
xUikr; rhu;Gfs;
kl;Lr; rhu;Gfs;
Jz;L Jz;lhd rhu;Gfs;
Neu;khW rhu;Gfs;
rhu;nghd;wpd; tiuG
Vfgupkhzr; rhu;Gfs;
,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs;
xU khwpapyhd ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs;
epiw tu; f; fk;
gpupj;Jf; fhl;b
,Ugbr; rhu;nghd;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;
mjp$ba ngWkhdk;> mjpFiwe;j ngWkhdk;
g+r;rpaj;jpd; ,Ug;G> ,y;yhjpUg;G
MfTk; MfTk; ,Uf;f
vd;gjd; tiuG
3. ,Ugbr;
rhu; Gfisg;
gFg; gha; T
nra; thu; .
2.2 rhu;Gfspd; tiffs; gw;wp
Muha;thu;.
3.1 ,Ugbr; rhu;nghd;wpd;
,ay;Gfis Muha;thu;.
05
15
10
Ntisfs; .
4. gy; YWg; gp
ml;ru fzpjj;
ijf; ifahs;
thu; .
,Ugbr; rkd;ghnlhd;wpd; %yq;fs;
%yq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;
%yq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif> ngUf;Fj; njhif
rkd;ghnlhd;wpd; %yq;fspd; rkr;rPu;f; Nfhitfis
%yq;fshfTila rkd;ghL.
xUkhwpg; gy;YWg;gpr; rhu;G
gy;YWg;gpapd;gb> Ke;JWk; cWg;G> Ke;JWq;Fzfk;
gy;YWg;gpfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilf; fzpjr; nra;iffs;
$l;ly;
fopj; jy;
ngUf; fy;
tFj; jy; - neLk; tFj; jy;
Vfgupkhzf; Nfhitnahd; wpdhy; njhFg; G Kiw
tFj; jy;
tFj;jy; my;Nfhupjk;
kPjpj; Njw;wk;
fhuzpj; Njw;wKk; mjd; kWjiyAk;
gy;YWg;gpr; rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy; (ehd;fhk; gb tiu)
15
01
02
05
3.2 ,Ugbr; rkd;ghnlhd;wpd;
%yq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
4.1 xU khwpg; gy;YWg;gpfis
Muha;thu;.
4.2 gy;YWg;gpfs; njhlu;ghd
fzpjr; nra;iffisr;
nra; thu; .
4.3 gpurpdq; fs; jP u; g; gjw; F kP jpj;
Njw; wk; > fhuzpj; Njw; wk; kw; Wk;
,tw;wpd; kWjiyfs;
vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
11
Ntisfs; .
5. tpfpjKW rhu;G
fisg; gFjpg;
gpd; dq; fshf
Ntwhf;Fthu;.
6. Rl;b tpjpfis
Ak;> klf;if
tpjpfisAk;
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
7. mLf;Ff; Fwpr;
rhu; GfisAk;
mtw;wpd; Neu;
khW rhu; Gfis
Ak; gFg;gha;T
nra; thu; .
tpfpjKW rhu; Gfs;
Kiwikahd tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs;> Kiwikapy;yhj
tpfpjKW rhu; Gfs;
tpfpjKW rhu;Gfisg; gFjpg;gpd;dq;fshf Ntwhf;fy;.
gFjp NtWNtwhd Vfgup khzf; fhuzp fsp d;
ngUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
gFjp kwpje;j Vfgupkhzf; fhuzpfspd; ngUf;f
khf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
gFjp ,Ugbf;fhuzpfspd; ngUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ (4 njupahf;fzpaq;fs; tiu)
Rl;b tpjpfs;
klf;if tpjpfs;
mbkhw;wk;
vd;gjd; fUj;J
; vd;gJ
,d; tpupT
klf;ifr; rhu;G
vd;gjd; Neu;khW rhu;ghf my;yJ
vd;w klf;ifr; rhu;ig
tiuaWj;jy; ,k;klf;ifr;rhu;gpd; Ml;rpAk;> tPr;Rk;.
,d; ,ay;Gfs; (klf;if tpjpfSf;F cl;gL
fpd; wik)
vd;gjd; tiuG.
MftpUf; f> vd I tiuaWj;jy;.
05
04
03
12
Ntisfs; .
8. njupjYf;Fk;
xOq; FgLj; jYf; F
khd xU fzpj
khjpupahf tupir
khw; wk; > Nru; khdk;
vd; gtw; iw
cgNahfpj; jy; .
8.1 vz;Ztjw;F gy;NtW Kiw
fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
8.2 fzp jg; gp urp dq; fisj;
jPu;f;Fk; xU El;gkhf tupir
khw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
vz;Zk; Nfhl;ghL gw;wpa El;gq;fs;
kutupg;glk;
fhuzpak; ,d; nghJthd tbtk;> klq;F tbtk;
tupir khw;wq;fs;
tiutpyf; fzk;
xd;Wf;F xd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fspypUe;J
jlitf; F r nghUl; fis vLj; Jg; ngWk; tup ir
khw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if vdf; Fwpg;gPL nra;ag;
gLtNjhL> ,w;fhd #j;jpuKk;.
xd; Wf; nfhd; W tp j; jp ahrkhd nghUl; fs;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; xUkpj;J vLj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; tupir
khw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if.
kwpjuYf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; cs;s tplj;J xd;Wf;nfhd;W
tpj; jpahrkhd nghUl; fspypUe; J jlitf; F r
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;ljhd tupir khw;wq;fs;.
vy; yhk; tpj; jpahrkw; w nghUl;fspypUe;J r nghUl;
fspd; tupir khw;wk;.
xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fs; ahtw;iw
Ak; nfhz;L Mf;Fk; rf;fu (tl;l) tupirkhw;wq;fs;.
02
06
13
Ntisfs; .
Nru; khdq; fs;
tiutpyf; fzk;
tupirkhw; wj; jpw; Fk; Nru; khdj; jpw; Fk; ,ilapyhd
NtWghL
xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fspypUe;J
jlitf; F nghUl; fs; tP jkhd Nru;
khdq; fs; .
vd;w Fwpg;gPLk; ,w;fhd #j;jpuKk;.
vd;w njhlu;Gfs;
tup irkhw; wq; fs; > Nru; khdq; fs; vd; gtw; wp d; vsp a
gpuNahfq; fs; .
fzp jj; njhFj; jwp T
Nfhl; ghL
vspa gpuNahfq;fs;
8.3 fzpjg; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk;
xU El;gkhf Nru;khdj;ij
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
9. Neu; KOntz;
fSf;fhd
fzpjj;njhFj;
jwpTf; Nfhl;
ghl; il> KbT
fis epWT
tjw;fhd xU
Kiwahf
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
07
05
14
Ntisfs; .
0 6
0 2
Neu; KOntz; Rl;bAldhd <UWg;Gj; Njw;wk;.
Njw;wj;ij epWty; - Neub epWtYk; fzpj njhFj;jwp
Kiw epWtYk; .
<UWg; Gf; Fzfq; fs; > <UWg; Gf; Nfhitap d; tp up tp d;
Fzfq; fs; .
<UWg;G tpuptpd; ,ay;Gfs;
tpuptpYs;s cWg;Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;if> nghJ cWg;G
<UWg;G tpuptpd; gpuNahfk;.
<UWg; G tpuptpd; <UWg; Gf; Fzfq; fSf; fpilapyhd
njhlu; Gfs; .
tpuptpd; kpfg;ngupa FzfKk;> kpfg;ngupa cWg;Gk;.
nka;naz;fSldhd rkdpypfs;
nka;naz; Nfhl;bd; kPJ rkdpypfisf; Fwpj;jy;.
Mapilf; Fwpg;gPL %yk; rkdpypfisf; fhl;Ljy;.
Kj; Jkp tpjp
Mapilfs;
rkdpypfspy; mbg;gil KbTfs;
10.1 Neu; KOntz; Rl;bf;fhd
<UWg;G tpuptpd; mbg;gil
,ay;Gfisg; gw;wp gFg;gha;T
nra; thu; .
10.2 <UWg;G tpuptpd; mbg;gilg;
gz;Gfis Muha;thu;.
11.1 rkdpypfs; njhlu; ghd mbg; gil
KbGfisg; ngWthu;.
10. Neu; KOntz;
Rl; bAldhd
<UWg; G tpupit
gFg; gha; T
nra; thu; .
11 nka; naz; f-
Sldhd rkdpyp
fisf; nfhz; l
gpurpdq; fisj;
jPu;g;gjw;F cupa
Njw; wq; fis
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
15
Ntisfs; .
11.2 vspa ml;rufzpjr;
rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l
rkdpypg; gpurpdq;fis
Muha;thu;.
11.3 kl;Lr;rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l
rkdpypfSldhd gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
12.1 jhaq;fs; njhlu;ghd
mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghLfis
tpgupg;ghu;.
vspa ml;rufzpjr; rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l rkdpypfs;
Vfgupkhzr; rhu; GfSldhd> ,Ugbr; rhu; Gfs; tpfpjKW
rhu;GfSldhd rkdpypfisf; ifahSjy;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l rkdpypfspd; jPu;Tfisf; fhz;ghu;.
kl;Lf;fSldhd rkdpypfs;
nka;naz;nzhd;wpd; kl;Lk; mjd; jdpg; ngWkhdKk;
kl;Lf;fSldhd vspa rkdpypfisf; ifahSjy;.
ml; rufzp j KiwahfTk; > tiuG KiwahfTk;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rkdpypfspd; jPu;Tfisf; fhzy;.
tiutpyf;fzKk;> Fwpg;gPLk;
epiu> epuy;> %yfq;fs;
tupir
epiuj; jhak;> epuy; jhak;> rJuj; jhak;
,uz;L jhaq;fspd; rkk;
jhaq;fspd; $l;ly;
$l;lYf;fhd xUg;ghL
g+r;rpaj; jhak;
$l;ly; tpjpfs;> $l;ly; milj;jJ> guptu;j;jidahdJ>
Nru; j; jpahdJ
02
04
12. jhaq; fis
ml; rufzpjj;
njhFjpnahd;wh
ff; ifahs;;thu;.
16
Ntisfs; .
12.2 rJuj; jhaq;fSld; njhlu;
ghd tpNrl tiffis tpsf;
Fthu; .
12.3 jhankhd; wp d; ep iykhw; W>
Neu;khiw tpgupg;ghu;.
xU vz;zpahftpUf;f vd;gjd; fUj;J
$l;lypd; Nky; vz;zpg; ngUf;fk; guk;gy; tpjpf;F
cl;gl;lJ.
jhaq;fspd; ngUf;fk;
ngUf;fYf;fhd xUg;ghL
ngUf;fypd; tiutpyf;fzk;
ngUf;fy; tpjpfs;> ngUf;fy; milj;jJ> guptu;j;jid
my; yhjJ> Nru; j; jp ahdJ. (,tw; wp d; ep Wty; fs;
Njitapy; iy)
rJuj; jhaq;fs;
ru;t rkd;ghl;Lj; jhak;
%iytpl;lj; jhak;
rkr;rPu;j; jhak;
Xuhar; rkr;rPu;j; jhak;
Kf;Nfhzj; jhak; (Nky; Kf; Nfhzj; jhak;> fPo;
Kf;Nfhzj; jhak;)
jhankhd;wpd; epiykhw;W
jhankhd;wpd; Neu;khW
jhankhd;wpd;
tpNrltif jhak;
0 6
02
17
Ntisfs; .
jhaq; fis cgNahfp j; J ,uz; L khwp fSldhd
Vfgupkhz rkd;ghl;Lr; Nrhbiaj; jPu;g;ghu;.
rkd;ghLfspd; tiuGfs;
Kbtpyp vz;zpf;ifahd jPu;Tfs; fhzg;gly;
jhaq; fis cgNahfpj; J %d; W khwpfSldhd Vfgupkhz
xUq;fik rkd;ghLfisj; jPuj;jy;.
tiutpyf; fzk; > JzpNfhitfspd; gz;Gfis
tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jYk;> fzpj;jy;fSk;.
,U khwpfisf; nfhz; l rkd; ghLfisj; jP u; g; gjw; F
JzpNfhitfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
JzpNfhitfspd; gz;Gfis tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jYk;>
fzpj; jy; fSk; .
fw;gid myFk;> fw;gid vz;fSk;
rpf;fnyz;iz mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
rpf;fnyz;nzhd;wpd; nka;g;gFjp> fw;gidg; gFjp
,U rpf;fnyz;fspd; rkk;
12.4 xUq; fik rkd; ghLfsp d;
jP u; Tfisg; ngWtjw; F jhaq;
fisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
13.1 JzpNfhitnahd;wpd; ,ay;G
fis tpgupg;ghu;.
14.1 vz; njhFjpia tpupTgLj;
Jthu; .
13. gp urp dq; fisj;
jP u; g; gjw; fhd xU
fzpj khjpupahf
Jzp Nfhitfisf;
ifahs; thu; .
14. rpf; fnyz;
njhFjpiag;
gFg; gha; T
nra; thu; .
06
08
01
18
Ntisfs; .
14.2 rpf;fnyz; njhlu;ghd
ml;ru fzpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
14.3 rp f; fnyz; fsp d; $l; liy
Mfd; tupg;glk; %yk; Nfj;jpu
fzpj uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.
rpf;fnyz;fspy; ml;rufzpjr; nra;iffs;
Mfd; tupg;glj;ij mwpKfQ;nra;jy;
Mfd; tupg;glj;jpy; rpf;fnyz;izf; Nfj;jpufzpj
Kiwapy; tif Fwpj;jy;
MfTk; vd;gJ rpf;fnyz;zhfTkpUf;f> >
vd;gtw;iw Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwapy; tif Fwpj;jy;.
MfTk; vd;gd
rpf; fnyz; fshfTkpUf; f
vd;w rpf;fnyz;zpd; Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwahd
tifFwpg; G
,d; Nfj;jpufzpj tiff;Fwpg;G

01
02
19
Ntisfs; .
14.4 rpf; fnyz; fspd; ngUf; fy; >
tFj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Mfd;
tupg;glk; %yk; tpgupg;ghu;.
14.5 kh Wk; Gs; sp nah d; wp d;
xOf; fp d; rp f; fnyz; rkd;
ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
rpf;fnyz;nzhd;wpd; kl;Lk;> tPr;rKk; (tPrYk;)
vd;gtw;wpd; kl; Lk; > tP r; rKk;
vd;gtw;wpd; Nfj;jpu fzpj mikg;G
,w;fhd mikg;G
vd;gJ J}a rpf;fnyz;zhftpUg;gjw;F Ntz;ba
Nfj;jpufzpj epge;jidfs;.
MftpUf; f>
MftpUf;f>
MftpUf; f>
MftpUf; f>
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd xOf;Ffisf; Fwpf;Fk; njf;fhl;bd;
rkd; ghLfs;
05
04
20
Ntisfs; .
Nfhz mstPLfs;
Nfhzj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jYk;> Fwptof;Fk;
ghif> Miuad; mwpKfk;
tl;l tpy;ypd; ePsk;
Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsT

tl;lr;rhu;Gfs; (jpupNfhzfzpjr; rhu;Gfs;)
ahNjDnkhU Nfhzj;jpw;fhd MW tl;lr;rhu;Gfis
Ak; tiuaWj;jy;> Ml;rp> tPr;R
Nghd; w Nfhzq; fSf; fhd tl; lr;
rhu;Gfspd; (jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fspd;) ngWkhdq;fs;.
Nghd;w Nfhzq;fspd; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis
,d; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fshf vOjy;.
15. Nfhz mstPL
fSld;
,ize; j
njhlu; Gfisg;
ngWtjd;
%yk;
gpurpdq; fs;
jPu;g;ghu;.
16. tl; lr;
rhu; Gfis
tpgupg;ghu;.
03
03
03
04
16.1 tl;lr;rhu;Gfis ml;rufzpj
Kiwapy; tpgupg;ghu;.
16.2 vd;gJ $u;q;Nfhzk; vdpd;>
vd;gJ xw;iw vz;zhf
tpUf; f vd; w
Nfhzj; jpd; jpupNfhzfzpj
tpfpjq; fisAk; > epiwnaz;
zhftpUf;f vd;w
Nfhzj; jpd; jpupNfhzfzpj
tpfpjq;fisAk; ,d; jpup
Nfhzfzpj tpfpjq; fshfg;
ngWthu;.
21
Ntisfs; .
16.3 tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; elj;
ijfis tiuG %yk;
tpgupg;ghu;.
17.1 jpupNfhz fzpjf;
Nfhitfisr; RUf; Ftjw; F
igjfurpd; ru; t rkd; ghLfis
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
17.2 $l;ly;> fopj;jy; #j;jpuq;
fis cgNahfpj;J
jpupNfhz fzpjg; gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
17.3 ngUf;fy; #j;jpuq;fis
cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj;
tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfSk;> Mtu;j;jd ,ay;Gk;
tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfs;
vd;gtw;wpd; nghJj; jPu;Tfs;

igjfurpd; ru;t rkd;ghLfs;
jpupNfhz fzpj $l;ly;> fopj;jy; #j;jpuq;fs;
jpupNfhz fzpj ngUf;fy; #j;jpuq;fs;
17. jppupNfhz fzpj
ru; t rkd; ghL
fisf;
ifahs; thu; .
05
04
02
03
22
Ntisfs; .
jPu;g;ghu;.
17.4 ,ul;ilf;Nfhz> Kk;ikf;
Nfhz> miuf; Nfhzr;
#j;jpuq;fis cgNahfpj;J
jpupNfhz fzpjg;
gpurpdq;fisj;;jPu;g;ghu;.
,ul;ilf;Nfhz> Kk;ikf;Nfhz> miuf;Nfhzr;
#j; jpuq; fs;
ird; #j; jpuk;
Nfhird; #j;jpuk;
jpupNfhz fzpj rkd; ghLfis cgNahfpj; J jP u; f; ff; $ba
rkd; ghLfs; .
18. jpupNfhz
fzpjg;
gpurpdq; fisj;
jPu;g;gjw;F
ird; #j; jpuk; >
Nfhird;
#j; jpuk;
vd; gtw; iw
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
19. jpupNfhz
fzpjr;
rkd; ghLfisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
03
04
04
23
Ntisfs; .
21.1 mbg; gilj; njhlu; fis
tpgupg;ghu;.
21.2 $l; ly; ngUf; fy; njhlu;
fis tpgupg;ghu;.
21.3 Neu; KOntz;fspd; ngUf;
fq; fis cWg; Gf; fshf;
nfhz; l njhlu; fisf;
$l; Lthu; .
21.4 gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;
gLj; jp njhlu; fisf;
$l; Lthu; .
Neu;khW jpupNfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfs;
tiutpyf; fzk;
ru;t rkd;ghLfis epWTjy;.
$l; Lj; njhif
$l;ly; njhlu;> ngUf;fy; njhlu;
njhlu; fs;
$l;ly; - ngUf;fy; njhlu;fs;
vd;gdTk; mtw;wpd; gpuNahfq;fSk;
njhlu;fspd; $l;ly;
tpj;jpahr Kiw
gFjpg;gpd;d Kiw
fzpjj; njhFj; jwpT Kiw
njhlupfs;
xUq;fy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU
Kbtpyp cWg;Gf;fspd; $l;Lj; njhif
20. Neu; khW
jpupNfhz
fzpjr;
rhu; Gfis
cgNahfpj; J
gpurpdq; fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
21. njhlu;fisf;
$l;bg; ngwg;
gLk; NgWfis
tpgupg;ghu;.
06
04
02
03
10
24
Ntisfs; .
22.1 rhu; nghd; wp d; vy; iyia
tpgupg;ghu;.
22.2 vy; iyfs; gw; wp a Njw; wq;
fis cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
22.3 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F

vd;w Njw;wj;ij
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
22.4 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F

vd;w Njw;wj;ij
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
22.5 Kbtpyp vy;iyfis
22. rhu; nghd; wpd;
vy; iyiaj;
Jzpthu; .
vy;iy gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J
vy;iy gw;wpa KbTfs;;
rhu;Gfspd; $l;lypd;> tpj;jpahrj;jpd;> ngUf;fj;jpd;> <tpd;
vy; iyfs; .
,d; epWtYk;> gpuNahfKk;
,q;F n - tpfpjKW vz;
rhz; l; tpr; Njw; wk;
02
03
03
03
25
Ntisfs; .
tpgupg;ghu;.
22.6 Kbtp yp ap y; vy; iyfisf;
fhz;ghu;.
23.1 rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp gw;wpa
fUj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
23.2 mbg;gilj; jpupNfhz
fzpj rhu;Gfspd; ngWjpfis
Kjw; Nfhl;ghLfs; %yk;
Jzpthu; .
23.3 tifaP L gw; wp a Njw; wq;
,d; epWtYk;> gpuNahfKk;
Kbtpyp vy;iyfs;
(fpil> epiyf;Fj;J mZF NfhLfs; cl;gl)
MFifapy; tpfpjKW rhu;Gfspd; vy;iy

rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp
- Vw; wtpfpjk;
- tifaP l; Lf; Fzfk;
- vy;iy gw;wpa vz;zf;fUthfg; ngWjp
Kjw;Nfhl;ghLfspd; %yk; tifaply; @ > tl; lr;
03
04
04
23. nghUj;jkhd
Kiwfis
cgNahfpj; J
gy; NtW
rhu; Gfis
tifapLthu; .
26
Ntisfs; .
fisf; $wp mjid cg
Nahfpg;ghu;.
23.4 Neu; khW jp up Nfhzfzp j
rhu;GfisAk;> vd;
gtw; iwf; nfhz; l rhu; G
fisAk; tifapLthu;.
23.5 rq;fpyp tpjpia cg Nahfpj;J
cs; shu; rhu; GfisAk; gukhdr;
rkd; ghLfisAk; tifap L
thu; .
23.6 rhu; Gfsp d; cau; tup irg;
ngWjpfisg; ngWthu; .
24.1 'khw; w tP jNk" ngWjpahFk;
vd tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.
rhu;Gfs;. n - Neu;epiwnaz;
tifaPL gw;wpa Njw;wq;fs; (epWtypd;wp)
$l; ly; tpjp
ngUf;fy; tpjp
tFj;jy; tpjp
rq;fpyp tpjp
ngWjpfisf; fhzy;
Neu;khW rhu;Gfs;
vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l rhu;Gfs;
cs; shu; rhu; Gfs;
gukhdr; rhu;Gfs;;
gpd;dLk; tifaPL
cau; tupirg; ngWjpfs;
khw;w tPjq;fs;
05
03
03
03
27
Ntisfs; .
24.2 njhlyp fs; > gbj; jp wd;
fSf; Fk; > ngWjp fSf; Fk;
,ilap Ys; s njhlu; igf;
fz;Lgpbg;ghu;.
24.3 ngWjp fsp d; %yk; jp Uk;
gw;Gs;spia tpgupg;ghu;.
24.4 ngWkjp ia cgNahfp j; J
tisap fsp d; RtLfis
tiuthu; .
24.5 nray;Kiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
ngWjpfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
25.1 rhu; nghd; wp d; ngWjp Kuz;
gw; wp a fUj; jp d; Clhf
24. ngWjpfis
cgNahfpj; J
rhu; nghd; wpd;
elj; ijiag;
gFg; gha; T
nra; thu; .
njhlypfs;> nrt;td;fs;
cau;Tg; Gs;sp
,opTg; Gs;sp
tpgj; jpg; Gs; sp
tisapfspd; RtL
(fpil mZFNfhLfs;> epiyf;Fj;J mZFNfhLfs;
cl;gl)
cj;jkkhf;fy; gpurpdq;fs;
ngWjpapd; Neu;khW nra;ifahf
(rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp Kuzhf) njhifaPL
03
03
03
03
03
28
Ntisfs; .
njh ifaP l; Lg; NgWfis
ca;j;jwpthu;.
25.2 gp urp dq; fisj; jP u; g; gjw; F
njhifaPL gw;wpa KbTfis
cgNahfpg;ghu;.
25.3 Ez; fzpjj; jpd; mbg; gilj;
Njw; wq; fis cgNahfp j; J
tiuaWj; j njhifaP nlhd; wpd;
mbg; gil ,ay; Gfis
Muha;thu;.
25.4 nghUj; jkhd Kiwfisj;
njupTnra; J tpfpjKW rhu; G
fisj; njhifapLthu;.
25.5 jpupNfhzfzpjr; ru;t
rkd;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J
epak tbtq;fSf;F
xLf;Ftjd; %yk; jpup
Nfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfis
njhifapLthu; .
25.6 njhifaPl;bd; NghJ khwpia
khw;Wk; Kiwia
njhifaPl;L tpjpfs;
tiuaWj;j njhifaPLk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.
tiuaWj;j njhifaPL gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J
Ez;fzpjk; njhlu;ghd mbg; gilj; Njw;wk;
tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;ilj; JzpAk; NghJ cgNahfpf;
fg;gLk; KbGfs;
njhifapLk; Kiwfs; - I
gFjpapd; tifaPl;Lf; Fzfk; njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;
tiffs;
gFjpg;gpd;dq;fis cgNah fpj;jy;
njhifapLk; Kiwfs; - II
jpupNfhzfzpjr; ru;trkd;ghLfspd; gpuNahfk;
khwpf;Fg; gpujpaPL nra;tjd; %yk; njhifaPL
25. jug; gl; l
tiffSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd
Kiwfis
cgNahfpj; J
rhu; Gfis
njhifapLthu;.
03
03
02
05
03
29
Ntisfs; .
cgNahfpg; ghu;
25.7 gFjp aha; j; njhifap Lk;
Kiwia cgNah fp j; J
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;;g;ghu;.
25.8 njhifaP l; ilg; gpuNah fpj;J
tisap fsp dhy; vy; iyg;
gLj;jg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd;
gug;gsitj; Jzpthu;.
26.1 njf; fhl; bd; Ms; $w; Wj;
jsj; jp y; mike; j ,uz; L
Gs; spfSf; fpilapy; fhzg; gLk;
J}uj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
26.2 ,uz;L Gs;spfisj;
njhLf;Fk; Nfhl;Lj;
Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l
tpfpjg;gb gpupf;Fk; Gs;spapd;
Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;ghu;.
26.3 Neu; NfhLfsp dhy; vy; iyg;
gLj; jg; gl; l jsTUf; fsp d;
gFjpaha;j; njhifaply;
njhifaPl;bd; gpuNahfk;
tisapnahd;wpd; fPo; milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT
,uz;L tisapfSf;fpilapy; milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT
nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$Wfs;
nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;bd; mr;Rj; njhFjp
,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilapy; cs;s J}uk;.
jug; gl; l ,uz; L Gs; sp fisj; njhLf; Fk; Nfhl; Lj;
Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l tpfpjg;gb cl;Gwkhfg; gpupf;Fk;
Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs;.
jug; gl; l ,uz; L Gs; sp fisj; njhLf; Fk; Nfhl; Lj;
Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l tpfpjg;gb ntspg;Gwkhfg; gpupf;Fk;
Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs;.
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsT
04
05
04
01
03
26. nrt; tfj;
njf;fhl; bd;
mr;Rj; njhFjp
Fwpj;j vspa
Nfj;jpu fzpj
KbTfis
nghUj; jkhdthW
cgNahfpg; ghu;
30
Ntisfs; .
gug;gsTfisf; fhz;ghu;.
27.1 Neu; Nfhnlhd; wp d; rkd;
ghl;ilg; ngWthu;.
27.2 jug; gl; l ,uz; L Neu; NfhLfs;
ntl; Lk; Gs; sp ap D} lhfr;
nry; Yk; ah NjDnkh U
Nfhl; bd; rkd; ghl; ilg;
ngWthu;.
27.3 jug; gl; l Neu; Nfhnlhd; W
rhu;ghf ,uz;L Gs;spfspd;
mikTfisf; fhz;ghu;.
27.4 ,uz;L Neu;NfhLfSf; fpil
apy; mikAk; Nfhzj;ijf;
fhz;ghu;.
27.5 Gs; sp nahd; wp yp Ue; J Neu;
Nfhnlhd; wp w; Fs; s nrq;
Neu; NfhL
rha;T
gbj; jpwd;
mr;rpd; kPjhd> mr;rpd; kPjhd ntl;Lj; Jz;Lfs;
Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghLfs;
,uz;L Neu;NfhLfs; ntl;Lk; Gs;sp
,U Neu;NfhLfs; ntl;Lk; Gs;spapD}lhfr; nry;Yk;
Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL.
jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfs;> jug;;gl;l Nfhnlhd;wpd; xNu
gf; fj; jp y; my; yJ vjp u; g; gf; fq; fsp y; miktjw; F
Ntz;ba epge;jid.
,uz;L Neu;NfhLfSf;fpilapy; mikAk; Nfhzk;
rkhe; juf; NfhLfsp d; gbj; jp wd; fSf; fp ilap yhd
njhlu; G
nrq; Fj; jhd NfhLfspd; gbj; jpwd; fSf; fpilapyhd
njhlu; G
Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; gukhdr; rkd;ghL
Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J Neu;Nfhl;Lf; Fs;s nrq;Fj;Jj;
J}uk;
01
05
02
02
10
27. njf; fhl; bd;
Ms; $Wfspd;
%yk; Neu;
Nfhl; il
tpgupg;ghu;.
31
Ntisfs; .
Fj; Jj; J}uj; ijf; nfhz; L
Neu; Nfhnlhd; Wld; njhlu; ghd
tpNrl KbTfisg; ngWthu;.
28.1 tl; lnkhd; wp d; njf; fhl; bd;
rkd;ghl;ilg; fhz;ghu;.
28.2 tl;lnkhd;W rhu;ghf
Gs;spnahd;wpd; mikit
tpgupg;ghu;.
28.3 tl; lnkhd; W Fwp j; J Neu;
Nfhnlhd; wpd; mikit tpgupg;
ghu;.
28.4 ntsp g; Gs; sp nahd; wp yp Ue; J
Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ> Gs;spnahd; wpd; Mb tpk;gk;
xd;iwnahd;W ntl;Lk; ,uz;L Neu; NfhLfSf;fpilapy;
mikAk; Nfhzq;fspd; ,U$whf;fpfspd; rkd;ghLfs;
cw;gj;jpia ikakhfTk;> jug;gl;l MiuAk; nfhz;l
tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL
ikak;> Miu vd;gd jug;gl;Ls;s NghJ tl;lj;jpd;
rkd; ghL
tl;lj;jpd; nghJr;rkd;ghL> mjd; Miu> mjd; ikak;
tl;lnkhd;W rhu;ghf Gs;spnahd;wpd; mikT
Neu; Nfhnlhd; W tl; lnkhd; iw ntl; Ltjw; F> njhL
tjw;F> ntl;lhkypUg;gjw;F Ntz;ba epge;jid
tl; lj; jp d; kP Js; s Gs; sp nahd; wp y; tl; lj; jp w; fhd
njhlypapd; rkd;ghL
ntsp g; Gs; sp nahd; wp yp Ue; J tl; lj; jp w; F tiuAk;
njhlypfspd; ePsKk; mtw;wpd; rkd;ghLfSk;. njhLif
10
02
01
03
28. tl; lnkhd; wpd;
njf;fhl;bd;
rkd; ghl; ilg;
ngWthu; .
32
Ntisfs; .
tl; lj; jp w; F tiuAk;
njhlypfs; > njhL ehz; gw; wp
tpgupg;ghu;.
28.5 vd;w
rkd;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
28.6 ,uz;L tl;lq;fspd; mikT
fis tpgupg;ghu;.
28.7 vd; w rkd;
ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
ehzpd; rkd;ghL
tl; lnkhd; Wk; > Neu; Nfhnlhd; Wk; ntl; Lk; Gs; sp
fspD}lhfr; nry;Yk; tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL
,uz;L tl;lq;fspd; mikTfs;
,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntl;Ljy;
,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntl;lhjpUj;jy;
,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntsp g; Gwkhfj;
njhly;
,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwn ahd;W cl ; G w k h f j ;
njhly;
xU tl;lj;jpd; cl; Gwj; Nj kw; iwa tl;lk; mikjy;
,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W cl;Gwkhfj; njhly;
xU tl;lj;jpd; cl; Gwj; Nj kw; iwa tl;lk; mikjy;
ntl;Lk; ,U tl;lq;fSf;fpilNaahd Nfhzk;
nghJj; njhlypfs;
,uz; L tl; lq; fs; xd; iwnahd; W ntl; Lk; Gs; sp
fspD}lhfr; nry;Yk; tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL
nghJehzpd; rkd;ghL
04
03
10
33
Ntisfs; .
29.1 $k; GUf; fsp d; ep akr; rkd;
ghLfisg; ngWthu;.
gutisT> ePs;tisak;> mjpgutisT vd;gtw;wpd; epak
tbtq; fs; .
29. $k; GUf; fis
tpgupg;ghu;
02
06
34
Ntisfs; .
1. fhtp ml;ru
fzpjj;ijf;
ifahs; thu; .
03
01
vz;zpf; fzpaj;ijAk; vz;zpiaAk; mwpKfk;
nra; jy; .
fhtpf; fzpaj;ijAk;> fhtpiaAk; mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.
fhtpapd; gUkDk;> jpirAk;
fhtpf; Fwpg;gPL
ml;ru fzpj Kiwahf
Nfj;jpu fzpj Kiwahf
#dpaf;fhtp
fhtp xd;wpd; gUkDk; (kl;L) mjd; Fwpg;gPLk;
,uz;L fhtpfspd; rkk;
$l;lYf;fhd Kf;Nfhz tpjp
fhtp xd;iw vz;zpahy; ngUf;Fjy;
Gwkhw; Wf; fhtpfs;
,uz;L fhtpfspd; tpj;jpahrj;ijf; $l;lyhff; fhl;Ljy;.
myFf; fhtp
rkhe; juf; fhtpfs;
,uz;L fhtpfs; rkhe;jukhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd epge;jid
fs;
%d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fhtpfspd; $l;ly;
fhtpnahd; iw ahNjDk; ,U jpirfspy; gpupj; jYk; >
xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspy; gpupj;
jYk; .
fhtp tpjpfs;
,ize; j fzpjk; - II
35
Ntisfs; .
1.3 gpurpdq;fisj; jPuf;Fk; xU
cj;jpahfj; jhdf;fhtpfis
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
1.4 fhtp ap d; kP J tiuaWf;
fg;gl;l xU fzpjr; nra;if
ahf vz; zp g; ngUf; fk; >
fhtpg; ngUf; fk; vd; gtw; iw
tpgupg;ghu;.
jhdf; fhtp
vd; w njf; fhl; bd; mr; Rj; njhFjpiaf;
Fwpj;J jhdf;fhtpfs;
( myFf; fhtpfspd; mwpKfk;)
vz; zp g; ngUf; fk; > fhtp g; ngUf; fk; vd; gtw; wp d;
tiutpyf; fzk;
vz;zpg; ngUf;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
,U g+r; rpakw; w fhtpfs; > nrq; Fj; jhf ,Ug; gjw; F
epge; jid
fhtp ,d; jpirapyhd $W
vz;zpg; ngUf;fj;jpd; tpjpfs;
guptu;j;jid tpjp
guk;gy; tpjp
03
36
Ntisfs; .
2. rkepiyj;
jd; ik> rkepiy
aw; w jd; ik
vd; gtw; iwf;
fUj; Js; sthW
tho; f; ifapy;
gad; gLj; Jtjw;
fhf xUjs
tpirj;
njhFjpia
tptuzk;
nra; thu; .
;
2.1 ,uz; L tp irap d; %yk;
Jzp f; if xd; wp y; Vw; gLk;
jhf;fj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
2.2 xUjs tp irj; njhFjp
xd; wp d; %yk; Jzp f; if
xd;wpy; Vw;gLk; jhf; fj;ij
tpgupg;ghu;.
Jzpf;if gw;wpa vz;zf;fU
tpir gw;wpa vz;zf;fU
tpirapd; gupkhzKk; myFk; (jdp myF> GtpaPu;g;gyF)
tpirfspd; tiffs;
tpirfspd; tpisAs;
,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAs;
tpir ,izfu tpjp
,uz;L tpirfspd; rkepiy
tpirg; gpupg; G
jug;gl;l ,uz;L jpirfspy;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspy;
xUjs tpirj; njhFjpia xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd
,uz;L jpirfspy; gpupj;jy;.
xUjs tpirj; njhFjpapd; tpisAs; fhzy;
tpirg; gpupg;gpd; %yk;
tiugpd; %yk;
rkdpiyf;fhd epge;jidfs;
fhtpf;$l;ly; my;yJ ck;> ck
tpirg; gy;Nfhzpiag; g+u;j;jpahf;fy;
04
06
37
Ntisfs; .
2.3 Fwpg;gpl;l xU tifahf> xU
jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; %d;W tpir
fspd; fPo; Jzpf;if xd;wpd;
rkepiyia tpgupg;ghu;.
2.4 tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd; kPJ
jhf; Fk; tp irfsp d; tp is
Ais tpgupg;ghu;.
ahNjDk; ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAshdJ %d;whtJ
tpirf; Fg; gUkdpy; rkdhfTk; vjpu; j; jpirapYk; ,Uf; Fk; .
tpir Kf;Nfhzp tpjpAk; mjd; kWjiyAk; (epWty;
cl;gl)
,yhkpapd; Njw;wk;
tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd; kPJ jhf;Fk; xUjs tpirfs;
tpiwg;ghd cliy ,dq;fhzy;
tpir CLflj;jg;gLjd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL
tpirnahd;wpd; ngau;itAk;> Row;rpiaAk; tpsf;fy;
Gs; sp nahd; W gw; wp > tp irnahd; wp d; jp Ug; gj; ij
tiuaWj; jy; .
jpUg;gj;jpd; ngsjpff; fUj;J
Gs; sp nahd; W gw; wp > tp irnahd; wp d; jp Ug; gj; jp d;
gUkDk;> Nghf;Fk;
jpUg;gj;jpd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;
jpUg;gj;jpd; Nfj;jpufzpj tpsf;fk;
xUjs tpirj; njhFjpnahd; wpd; jsj; jpYs; s Gs; sp
nahd;W gw;wp tpirfspd; jpUg;gq;fspd; ml;ru fzpjf;
$l; Lj; njhif
tpirfspd; jpUg;gk; gw;wpa nghJf; Nfhl;ghL
06
04
38
Ntisfs; .
,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAs;
,uz;L tpirfSk; rkhe;juky;yhj NghJ
,uz;L tpirfSk; rkhe;jukhf
cs;s NghJ
epfu;e;j tpirfs;
epfuhj tpirfs;
,uz;L tpirfspd; rkepiy
,izapd; tiutpyf;fzk;
,izapd; jpUg;gj;jpd; gUkDk;> Nghf;Fk;
,iznahd; wpd; jpUg; gk; > jpUg; gk; vLf; fg; gLk; Gs; spiar;
rhuhjJ vd;gJ
xUjs ,izfs; ,uz;bd; rktd;ik
,uz;L ,izfspd; rkepiy
xUjs ,izapd; Nru;f;if
jug; gl; l Gs; spnahd; wpy; jhf; Fk; jdptpirnahd; W>
,d; ndhU Gs; sp nahd; wp D}lhfj; jhf; Fk; rkkhd
tpirnahd;Wf;Fk; ,iznahd;Wf;Fk; rkdhFk;.
,iznahd;Wk;> mt;tpizapd; jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; tpir
xd;Wk; mNj jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; gUkd;> jpir vd;gtw;wpy;
Kd; ida tpirf; Fr; rkdhd jdptpirf; F xLf; fg;
gLk; .
04
2.5 tpiwg; ghd clnyhd; wpd; kP J
jhf;Fk; ,uz;L tpirfspd;
tpisAis tpgupg;ghu;.
2.6 xUjs tpirj; njhFjp xd;
iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
39
Ntisfs; .
xUjs tpirj; njhFjp xd; W mNj jsj; jpy; cs; s
vNjr;irg; Gs;spnahd;wpy; jhf;Fk; mNj jsj;jpYs;s
vd;w tpirf;Fk; vd;w ,izf;Fk; xLf;
fg; gLk; .
xUjs tpirj; njhFjp xd; wpd; tpisAspd; gUkd; > jpir>
jhf;ff; Nfhl;bd; mikT
xUjs tpirj;njhFjpfs; ,uz;bd; rktd;ik
xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd;W
(i) jdp tp irnahd; whf xLq; Ftjw; F Ntz; ba
epge;jid >
(ii) ,izahf xUq;Ftjw;F
Ntz;ba epge;jid
(iii) rkepiyahtjw;F Ntz;ba epge;jid
10
40
Ntisfs; .
tp irfs; xUGs; sp ap y; re; jp f; f Ntz; Lk; my; yJ
rkhe;jukhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpir Kf;Nfhzp tpjpAk;> kWjiyAk;
yhkpapd; Njw;wk;
Nfhjhd; tpjp
Nfj;jpu fzpjg; gz;Gfs;
,U nrq; Fj; jhd jp irfsp y; gp up j; jy; vd; gtw; wp d;
gpuNahfk;
cuha;T tpirAk; mjd; ,ay;G fSk;
xg;gkhd> fulhd jsq;fis ,dq;fhzy;
cuha;tpd; ed;ikfSk;> jPikfSk;
vy;iy cuha;T tpir
cuha;T tpjpfs;
cuha;Tf; Fzfj;jpd; tiutpyf; fzk;
cuha;Tf; Nfhzk;
vspa %l;L tiffs;
RahjPd %l;bw;Fk;> tpiwg;ghd %l;bw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s
NtWghL
xg;gkhd %l;nlhd;wpy; Nfhy;fspd; kPJ jhf;Fk; tpirfs;
2.7 Fwp g; gp l; l xU tifahf>
tp iwg; ghd clnyhd; wp d;
kPJ jhf;Fk; xUjs %d;W
tp irfsp d; rkep iyia
tpgupg;ghu;.
2.8 rkepiyapd; kPJ cuha; tpd;
jhf; fj; ij mjd; ,ay; G
fspd; %yk; Muha;thu;.
2.9 xg;gkhd %l;Lf;fspd; kPJ
jhf; Fk; kWjhf; fq; fisj;
Jzptjw;F xUjs tpirj;
njhFjp fs; gw; wp a Nfhl;
ghLfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
10
10
10
41
Ntisfs; .
,Nyrhd Nfhy;fspdhyhd rl;lg;gliy ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
rl;lg;glypd; xt;nthU %l;bdJk; rkepiyf;F Ntz;ba
epge; jidfs; .
Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPL> jifg;G
tpirfspd; gUkd;fisf; fzpj;jy;.
xU NfhL gw;wpr; rkr;rPuhd js clnyhd;wpd; jpzpT
ikak;
rPuhd nky;ypa Nfhy; xd;wpd;
rPuhd nrt;tf tbthd mlnuhd;wpd;
rPuhdtl;l tbthd tisankhd;wpd;
rPuhd tl;l tbthd jl;nlhd;wpd;
jsnkhd;W gw;wpr; rkr;rPuhd jpz;knkhd;wpd; jpzpT
ikak;
rPuhd jpz;k (my;yJ nghs;) cUis xd;wpd;
rPuhd nghl; (my;yJ jpz;kf;) Nfhsk; xd;wpd;
js mlnuhd;iw> xt;nthU rpW %yfj;jpdJk; jpzpT
ikaKk; xNu Neu; Nfhl; bd; kP J mikAkhW rp W
%yfq;fshf Ntwhf;f KbAnkdpd;> mlupd; jpzpT
ikaKk; mNj Neu;Nfhl;bd; kPJ mikAk; vd;gijg;
gpuNahfpj;J jpzpTikak; fhzy;.
2.10 xg;gkhf %l;lg;gl;l ,Nyrhd
Nfhy; fsp dhyhd rl; lg; gl
nyhd; wp d; Nfhy; fsp Ys; s
jifg;Gf;fisj; Jzpthu;.
2.11 tiutpyf; fzj; ij
cgNahfpj;J rkr;rPuhd>
rPuhd jpz;kq;fspd; jpzpT
ikaj;ijj; Jzptjw;F
gy;NtW El;gq;fisg; gad;
gLj; Jthu; .
10
42
Ntisfs; .
rPuhd Kf;Nfhzp mlnuhd;wpd;
rPuhd ,izfu mlnuhd;wpd;
xt; nthU rpW %yfj; jpdJk; jpzpTikaKk; xNu
jsj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vdpd;> clypd; jpzpTikaKk;
mNj jsj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vd;gijg; gpuNahfpj;J
jpzpT ikak; fhzy;.
rPuhd nghl;$k;gpd;
njhlu;r;rpahd> rkr;rPuhd> rPuhd cly;fspd; jpzpT
ikak;
rpW %yfq;fshfg; gpupg;gjd; %yk;
rPuhd tl;ltpy;
rPuhd Miur;rpiw
rPuhd> rkr;rPuhd cly;fspd; jpzpT ikak;
rPuhd nghl; (my;yJ jpz;k) $k;G
rPuhd nghs; (my;yJ jpz;k) miuf; Nfhsk;
jsnkhd;wpd; Row;rp
<u;it ikaj;ij mwpKfQ;nra;jy;
jpzpT ikaKk; <u; it ikaKk; xd; Wld; xd; W
nghUe;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ
rPuhd $l;Lly;fspd; jpzpT ikak; (<u;it ikak;)
rP uhd vQ; rpa cly; fspd; jpzpT ikak; (<u; it ikak; )
2.12 tiutpyf;fzk;> njhifaPL
vd;gdtw;iw cgNahfpj;J
vspa Nfj;jpufzpj cly;
fspd; jpzpT ikaj;ijf;
fhz;ghu;.
2.13 jpzpT ikaKk; <u;it ika
Kk; nghUe; Jtij vLj; Jf;
nfhz; L $l; L cly; fspd; >
vQ;rpa cly;fspd; jpzpT
ikaj; ij (<u; it ikaj; ijf; )
fhz;ghu;.
10
08
04
43
Ntisfs; .
2.14 rkepiyapy; cs;s cly;
fspd; cWjpj; jd;ikiaj;
jPu;khdpg;ghu;
3.1 Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ epfOk;
,af;fk; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq
;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F tiuGfis
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
3. ,af;fk; njhlu;
ghd epAw;wd;
khjpupia cg
Nahfpj;J>
jsnkhd; wpy;
epfOk; ,ay; ghd
,af;f tif
fis tpsf;
Fthu; .
,io %yk; njhq;Fk; nghUl;fspd; rkepiy
jsnkhd;wpy; ehg;gj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fspd; rkepiy
cWjpg; ghL
mbg; gilf; fzpaq; fshd eP sk; > jpzpT> Neuk; vd; gdTk;
mtw;wpd; gupkhzq;fs;> myFfs; vd;gdTk;
J}uKk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;
fjp Ak; mjd; gup khzKk; myFk; > ruhrup f; fjp >
fzepiyf;fjp> rPuhd fjp
jhd Ms;$Wfs;
,lg;ngau;r;rpAk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;
NtfKk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;
ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy Ntfk;> rPuhd Ntfk;
,lg;ngau;r;rp - Neu tiuG
,uz;L epiyfSf;fpilapy; cs;s ruhrup Ntfk;
Gs;spnahd;wpYs;s fzepiy Ntfk;
ruhrup Mu; KLfy; > fzep iy Mu; KLfy; > rP uhd
Mu;KLfy;> rPuhd mku;KLfy;
Mu;KLfypd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;
Ntf - Neu tiuG
ve;jnthU fzj;jpYk; Ntf - Neu tiugpd; gbj;jpwd;
= fzepiy Mu;KLfy;
ve; jnthU Neu MapilapYk; Neu mr; Rf; Fk; tiuGf; Fk;
,ilapy; mlf; fg; gLk; gug; gsT = me; j Neu Mapilapy;
cz;lhd ,lg;ngau;r;rp
gy; NtW tifr; re; ju; g; gq; fSf; Fkhd Ntf - Neu tiuG
04
10
44
Ntisfs; .
3.2 Neu;Nfhl;baf;fk; njhlu;ghd
gp urp dq; fisj; jP u; g; gjw; F
,af; fr; rkd; gh Lfis
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
3.3 Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;
Fk; Jzp f; iffSf; fp il
apyhd njhlu;gpaf;fj;ij
Muha;thu;.
xUik Mu;KLfYldhd #j;jpuq;fisg; ngWjy;.
tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; %yk;
Ntf - Neu tiugpd; %yk;
xUikg; GtpaPu;g;G Mu;KLfypd; fPo; epiyf;Fj;J ,af;fk;
tiuig cgNahfp j; J> ,af; fr; rkd; ghLfis
cgNahfpj; J
xU gupkhz ,af;fj;jpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk;
Neu; Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ njhlu;gpaf;fk;
njhlu;G ,lg;ngau;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
njhlu;G Ntff; Nfhl;ghL
njhlu;G Mu;KLfy; Nfhl;ghL
njhlu;G Mu;KLfy; xUikahf ; ,Uf;Fk; tiffspy;
,af; fr; rkd; ghLfisAk; > tiuGfisAk; gpu Nahfpj; jy;
08
07
45
Ntisfs; .
3.4 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk;
xU Jzp f; ifap d; ,af;
fj;ij tpgupg;;ghu;.
3.5 jsnkhd; wpd; kPJ ,aq; Fk;
xU Jzpf;if njhlu;ghf
kw; WnkhU Jzp f; ifap d;
,af;fj;ijj; Jzpthu;.
jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; Gs;sp nahd;wpd; njf;fhl;bd;
Ms; $WfSf; Fk; > KidT Ms; $WfSf; Fk; ,il
apYs;s njhlu;G
cw;gj;jpg; Gs;sp Fwpj;J> ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd;
jhdf;fhtpAk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhtpAk;.
jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy
Ntfk;
Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; Nfhz Ntfk;
jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Mu;KLfy;> fzepiy
Mu;KLfy;> Nfhz Mu;KLfy;
Neuj; jpd; rhu; ghf jhdf; fhtp jug; gl; bUf; f> Ntfk; >
Mu;KLfy; vd;gtw;iwf; fhzy;.
,U gupkhz ,af;fnkhd;wpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk;
njhlu;ghf ,lg; ngau;r;rp> Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy;
jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; ,uz;L nghUl;fspy; xd;W
njhlu;ghf kw;iwajd; ,af;fk;
njhlu;gpaf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs;
,lg;ngau;r;rp
Ntfj; jp w; F
Mu; KLfypw; F
xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; ghij
xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; Ntfk;
06
06
46
Ntisfs; .
3.4 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk;
xU Jzp f; ifap d; ,af;
fj;ij tpgupg;;ghu;.
3.5 jsnkhd; wpd; kPJ ,aq; Fk;
xU Jzpf;if njhlu;ghf
kw; WnkhU Jzp f; ifap d;
,af;fj;ijj; Jzpthu;.
jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; Gs;sp nahd;wpd; njf;fhl;bd;
Ms; $WfSf; Fk; > KidT Ms; $WfSf; Fk; ,il
apYs;s njhlu;G
cw;gj;jpg; Gs;sp Fwpj;J> ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd;
jhdf;fhtpAk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhtpAk;.
jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy
Ntfk;
Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; Nfhz Ntfk;
jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Mu;KLfy;> fzepiy
Mu;KLfy;> Nfhz Mu;KLfy;
Neuj; jpd; rhu; ghf jhdf; fhtp jug; gl; bUf; f> Ntfk; >
Mu;KLfy; vd;gtw;iwf; fhzy;.
njhlu;ghf ,lg; ngau;r;rp> Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy;
jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; ,uz;L nghUl;fspy; xd;W
njhlu;ghf kw;iwajd; ,af;fk;
njhlu;gpaf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs;
,lg;ngau;r;rp
Ntfj; jp w; F
Mu; KLfypw; F
xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; ghij
xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; Ntfk;
06
06
47
Ntisfs; .
xNu fpiltPr;irj; jUk; ,uz;L vwpaw; Nfhzq;fs;
cz;L vd;gJ
mjp$ba fpil tPr;R
vwpapy; ghijapd; rkd;ghL
epAw;wdpd; KjyhtJ ,af;f tpjp
tpir gw;wpa vz;zf;fU
jpzpT> ce;jk; vd;gd gw;wpa vz;zf;fU
rlj;Jt khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk;
epAw; wdpd; ,uz; lhtJ ,af; ftpjp> ,af; ftpaypd;
mbg;gilr; rkd;ghL
tpiria msf;Fk; jdp myFk;> GtpaPu;g;gyFk;
epiw> jpzpT vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; cs;s NtWghL
epAw;wdpd; %d;whtJ ,af;ftpjp
epAw;wdpd; tpjpfspd; gpuNahfk;
(xUik tpirapd; fPo; kl;Lk;)
nky;ypa ePsh ,iofshy; ,izf;fg;gl;l / njhLif
apypUf;Fk; cly;fspd; ,af;fk;
3.9 rlj;Jtr; rl;lnkhd;W
njhlu;ghf epfOk; ,af;f
nkhd;iw tpgupg;gjw;fhf
epAw;wdpd; tpjpfisg;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
08
15
48
Ntisfs; .
3.10 nghwpKiwr; rf; jpia
tptuzk; nra;thu;.
Ntiy gw;wpa fUj;J
khwh tp irnahd; wp dhy; nra; ag; gLk; Ntiyap d;
tiutpyf; fzk;
Ntiyapd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;
rf;jp gw;wpa fUj;J
rf;jpapd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;
nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; xU tifahf ,af;fr; rf;jp
,af;fr; rf;jpapd; tiutpyf;fzk;
,af;fr; rf;jpf;fhd Nfhit
,af;fr; rf;jpf;fhd Ntiy rf;jpr; rkd; ghL
tpua tpir (Dissipative force), fhg;G epiy tpir
nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; xU tifahf mOj;jr; rf;jp
mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; tiutpyf;fzk;
GtpaPu;g;G mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; tiu tpyf;fzk;
mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd Nfhit
mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd Ntiy rf;jpr; rkd;ghL
<u;;f;fg;gl;l ,ioapd; kPs;jd;ik mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd
Nfhit
tpir xd; wpdhy; nghUnshd; wpd; kP J GtpaP u; g; Gf; F
vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy> mOj;jr; rf;jpf;F rkd;
vd; gJ
Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; kPJ GtpaPu;g;G tpirf;F vjpuhfr;
nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy mj;Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;fg; ghij
iar; rhuhjJ vd;gJ
nghwpKiwr; rf; jpf; fhg; Gg; Nfhl; ghLk; mjd; gpuNahfKk;
08
49
Ntisfs; .
3.11 cupa re; ju; g; gq; fspy; tYtpd;
gad;ghl;il mwpe;J gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
3.12 fzj;jhf;nfhd;wpd; tpisit
tptuzk; nra;thu;.
tY gw;wpa fUj;J
tYtpd; gupkhzKk;> myFk;
tYtpd; epak myfpd; (cthw;W) tiutpyf;fzk;
cQw; Wk; tpir (Tractive force)
(khwh cQw; Wk; tp ir Ntfk; ) vd; w
rkd;ghl;ilg; ngwYk;> mjd; gpuNahfKk;.
khwh tpirnahd;wpd; fzj;jhf;fhdJ tpirapdJk; mJ
jhf;Fk; Neuj;jpdJk; ngUf;fk; vdTk;> ce;j khw;wk;
vdTk; tiuaWf; fg; gLk; vd; gJTk; > ,t; tiutp yf;
fzq; fs; ,uz; Lk; xd; Wf; nfhd; W rktYthdit
vd; gJTk; .
fzj;jhf;fpd; gupkhzKk; myFk;
fzj;jhf;if xU fhtpahf tiuaWj;jy;.
Vfgupkhz ce;jf; fhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL
fzj; jhf; fpd; njhopw; ghl; lhy; Vw; gLk; ,af; fr; rf; jp el; lk;
07
08
50
Ntisfs; .
3.13 Neub kPs;jd;ik nkhj;jiy
tptuzk; nra;tjw;F epAw;w
dpd; kPsikT tpjpiag;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
3.14 ep iyf; Fj; J tl; l ,af; fj;
ijg; gad; $bajhf mikj;
Jf; nfhs;tjw;F cupa Nfhl;
ghLfis Muha;thu;.
epAw;wdpd; kPsikT tpjp
kPsikTf; Fzfk;
epiw kPsikT tif
MFk;NghJ rf;jp ehl;lk; Vw;gLk;
xg; gkhd kP sikTf; Nfhzq; fSf; F ,ilap yhd
nkhj; jy;
xg; gkhd kP sikTf; Nfhsnkhd; Wf; Fk; xg; gkhd
jsnkhd;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; nrt;td; nkhj;jy;.
tl;lj;jpd; topNa ,aq;Fk; nghUspd; NfhzNtfk; >
Nfhz Mu;KLfy; vd;gJ
tl;lj;jpd; topNa ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd; Ntfk;>
Mu; KLfy;
tl;lj;jpd; topNa rPuhd fjpAld; ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if
xd;wpd; Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy;
tl;l ,af;fj;ijg; NgZtjw;F Ntz;ba xU epge;jid>
ikaNehf;fpa tpir vd;gJ
xg;gkhd fpilj;jsk; xd;wpd; kPJs;s epiyj;j Gs;spf;F
,izf; fg;gl;l ,Nyrhd ,ionahd;wpd; kWKidf;F
,izf;fg;gl;l Jzpf;if xd;wpd; ,af;fk;
$k;G Cry;
15
10
51
Ntisfs; .
3.15 epiyf; Fj; J tl; l ,af;
fj; jpd; elj; ijapy; jhf;
fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzp
nahd; whf Muk; gf; fjp
iaf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;thu;.
3.16 nghUj;jkhd fzpj khjpup
fis cgNahfpj; J vspik
apirapaf;fk; ,ir ,af;
fnkhd; iwg; gFg; gha; T
nra; thu; .
epiyf;Fj;J tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; rf;jpf; fhg;G tpjpiag;
gad; gLj; Jjy; .
epiyf; Fj; J tl; l ,af; fj; jpy; vd; gijg;
gad; gLj; jy; .
xg;gkhd Nfhsnkhd;wpd; ntsp Nkw;gug;gpy; ,af;fk;
xg;gkhd nghl;Nfhsnkhd;wpd; cs; Nkw;gug;gpd; ,af;fk;
epiyj;j Gs;spnahd;Wld; xU Kid ,izf;fg;gl;l
,ionahd;wpd; kWKidapy; njhq;ftplg;gl;l Jzpf;if
nahd;wpd; epiyf;Fj;J ,af;fk;
epiyj;j epiyf;Fj;J tisankhd;wpy; Nfhu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s
Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;fk;
vsp ikap irap af; fnkhd; iw tiuaWj; jYk; mjd;
ikaKk;
rpwg;gpay;Gr; rkd;ghLk; mjd; nghJj; jPu;Tk;
Ntfk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpapd; xU rhu;G Mf
tPr;rKk; miyT fhyKk;
,lg;ngau;r;rp> Neuj;jpd; xU rhu;ghf
tPr;rk;> Neuj;jpd; xU rhu;G Mf
vspikapirapaf;fj;ij> rPuhd tl;l ,af;fnkhd;wpd;
%yk; tpsf;Fthu;.
Neuk; fhzy;.
10
06
52
Ntisfs; .
3.17 fpilf;Nfhnlhd;wpd; topNa
eilngWk; vspa ,ir ,af;
fnkhd;wpd; jd;ikia mjd;
rpwg;gpay;GfspD}lhf tpgupg;
ghu;.
3.18 epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhnlhd;wpd;
topNa epfOk; vspa ,ir
,af; fj; jp d; jd; ikia
mjd; rpwg;gpay;GfspD}lhf
tpgupg;ghu;.
4.1 vOkhw; Wg; gup Nrhjid
xd;wpd; epfo;r;rpfis tpsf;
Fthu; .
Cf;fpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,io nahd;wpd; ,Oit>
tpy;nyhd;wpd; ,Oit my;yJ cijg;G vd;gtw;iwf;
fhzy; .
kP s; jd; ik tpirfspd; fP o; kl; Lk; cs; s Jzpf; if xd; wpd;
fpilahd vspa ,ir ,af;fk;.
Jzpf;ifnahd;W kPs;jd;ik tpirapd; fPOk;> mjdJ
epiwapd; fP Ok; epiyf; Fj; Jf; Nfhnlhd; wpd; topNa
epfo;j;Jk; vspa ,ir ,af;fk;.
vspa ,ir ,af;fk;> GtpaPu;g;gpd; fPo; RahjPd ,af;fk;
Mfpa ,U tif ,af;fq;fspdJk; Nru;f;if.
epfo;jfT gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J.
vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjidapd; tiu tpyf;fzk;.
khjpupntsp> khjpupg;Gs;sp vd;gtw;iw tiuaWj;jy;.
KbTs;s khjpup ntsp
Kbtpy; yh khjpup ntsp
epfo;r;rpfs;
tiutpyf; fzk;
vspa epfo;r;rp
#dpa epfo;r;rp
cWjp epfo;r;rp
06
06
4.0 vOkhw; Wg;
gupNrhjid
xd;wpd; epfo;r;rp
fis tpsf;F
tjw;F fzpj
khjpupfisf;
gad; gLj; Jthu; .
53
Ntisfs; .
epug;G epfo;r;rp
$l;L epfo;r;rp
,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; xd;wpg;G
,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; ,ilntl;L
jk;Ks; GwePf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs;
rk Neu;jfTs;s NgWfs;
epfo;r;rp ntsp
epfo;jfT gw;wpa gz;ila tiutpyf;fzk;
,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpYs;s FiwghLfs;
gupNrhjid Kiw epfo;jfT gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;
,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpYs;s FiwghLfs;
epfo;jfT gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd tiutpyf;fzk;
,t; tiutpyf; fzj; jpd; Kf; fpaj; Jtk;
epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fs;> epWtYld;

vdpd;
4.2 vOkhw; Wg; gupNrhjid njhlu;
ghd gp urp dq; fisj; jP u; g;
gjw;F> epfo;jfTfs; njhlu;
ghd khjpupfis cgNahfpg;
ghu;.
04
04
54
Ntisfs; .
4.3 jug;gl;l epge;jidapd; fPo;
xU vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid
apd; epfo;r;rp xd;wpd; epfo;
jfitj; Jzptjw; F epge;
jid epfo;jfT gw;wpa
vz;zf;fUit cgNahfpg;
ghu;.
epge;jid epfo;jftpd; tiutpyf;fzk;
epge;jid epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd Njw;wk; epWtYld;
vdpd;
epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd ngUf;fy; tpjp
MftpUf;f

08
55
Ntisfs; .
4.4 vOkhw; Wg; gup Nrhjid
xd; wp d; ,uz; L my; yJ
,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l epfo;r;rp
fspd; rhuhikiaj; Jzp
tjw;F epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd
khjpupfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
4.5 re; ju; g; gq; fSf; F Vw; wthW
Ngrp d; Njw; wj; ij
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhik
%d;W epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhik
khjpupntspapd; gpupg;G
nkhj;j epfo;jfT gw;wpa Njw;wk;> epWtYld;
Ngrpd; Njw;wk;> epWtYld;
06
06
56
Ntisfs; .
5.0 jP u; khdpf; Fk;
jpwid Nkk;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;
tjw; F tpQ; Qhd
Kiw khjpupfis
cgNahfpg; ghu; .
5.1 Gs;sp tpguq;fspd;
jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;.
5.2 jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;
tjw; fhfj; juTfisf;
ifahs;thu;.
5.3 juTfisAk; jfty; fis
Ak; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
5.4 juTfisAk; jfty; fis
Ak; ml;ltizg; gLj;Jthu;.
Gs;sptpguq;fs; vd;why; ahJ?
Gs;sptpguq;fspd; jd;ik
tptuzg; Gs;sptpguq;fs;
mDkhdg; Gs;sptpguq;fs;
juTfSk; jfty;fSk;
gupNrhjidfSk; juTfSk;
gupNrhjidfs;
juTfspd; tiffs;
gpd;dfj; juTfs;
njhlu; juTfs;
jfty; fs;
juTfSf; Fk; jfty; fSf; Fk; ,ilapYs; s nghUz; ik
juTfis tifg;gLj;jy;
nghUl; fis xOq; FgLj; Jk; nra; if xd; whf juTfis
tifg; gLj; jy;
juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fk;
juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; mbg;gil
juTfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fs;
kPbwd; ml;ltiz xd;iw mikj;jy;
$l;lkhf;fg;glhj kPbwd; guk;gy;
$l;lkhf;fg;gl;l kPbwd; guk;gy;
01
01
01
01
57
Ntisfs; .
5.5 juTfisAk; jfty; fisAk;
tupg; glq; fs; %yk; fhl; Lthu; .
5.6 ika ehl; l mstP LfSs;
xd;whf ,ilia tpgupg;ghu;.
5.7 rhu; mikT mstPl;Lg; ngW
khdq;fs; %yk; kPbwd; guk;
giy tpgupg;ghu;.
5.8 kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;W njhlu;
ghd KbTfis vLg;gjw;Fk;
nghUj; jkhd ika ehl; l
mstPLfisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tiuG
ryhif tiuG
tl; l tiuG
tiyAU tiuak;
Nfhl;L tiuG
ngl;b tiuG
kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; $l;lypil
epiwNaw;wpa ,il
Mfhuk;
,ilak;
fhyizfs;
rjkizfs;
ikaehl;l mstPLfspd; rhu; mstPLfs;
04
03
04
02
58
Ntisfs; .
5.9 tp yfyp d; msitfisg;
ghtp j; J guk; gnyhd; wp d;
tpyfiy tpgupg;ghu;.
5.10 Xuha mstP Lfsp d; %yk;
guk; gnyhd; wpd; tbtj; ijj;
Jzpthu; .
guk;gy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfs;
guk;gy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
guk;gy; mstPl;L tiffs;
tPr;R
miuf;fhyizapil tPr;R
,il tpyfy;
epak tpyfy;
khww;wpwd;
$l;L ,il
$l;L epaktpyfy;
Gs; sp
Xuha mstPLfs;
gpardpd; Xuha mstPLfs;
02
02
4.0 fw; wy; fw; gpj; jy; Kiwik
khztu; fs; ,g; ghl newpapD}lhf vjpu; ghu; j; j tpisitg; ngWtij ,yFthf; f gy; NtW tpjkhd fw; gpj; jy cghaq; fisg;
gad; gLj; j Ntz; Lk; . khztu; fs; > jq; fsJ fzpjj; njhlu; ghlypy; Nkk; gl Ntz; Lkhapd; jkJ rf khztu; fSlDk; MrpupaUlDk;
nghUs; tpsq;f fye;Jiuahly;> jPu;T fhzy;> tpsf;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; re;ju;g;gk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
vOj;jpy; khj;jpukd;wp tha;%yj; njhlu;ghly;> glq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;> vz;> FwpaPL> nrhw;gpuNahfq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; njhlu;ghly; epfo;j;j Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
khztu; fs; gy; topfspy; fw; fpwhu; fs; > khztu; fs; fl; Gyd; > nrtpg; Gyd; clw; jir mirTfs; my; yJ gy; NtW Gyd; fspD}lhff;
fw;fpwhu;fs;. fw;wy; ghzp tPr;Rf;fspy; gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. kpfg; nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaj;ijj;
jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ,f;fhuzpfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; Kiwapy; fyhr;rhu
r%fg; gpd;dzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;NtWghLfs; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;L> gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fzpj mwpT jpwd; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpapy; rfy
khztu;fSk; rktha;g;igg; ngwKbAk;.
tFg;nghd;wpy; KOkhztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; epfOk; NghJ ngupa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfoKbAk;. khztu;fs; jkJ
FOtpYs;s Vida mq;fj;jtu;fSld;> ,ilj;njhlu;GWk; NghJ rpwpa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. khztd; xUtd;
,d;ndhU khztDld; my;yJ MrpupaUld; ,ilj;njhlu;GWk; NghJ jdpegu; kl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. vdNt rfy
xOq;FfSk; fzpj tFg;giwapy; jj;jkf;Fupa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.
59
5.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs; ifAk; epfo; ; r; rpj; jpl; lq; fSk;
fzpjf; fw;wy; khztu;f;F fUj;Jr; nrwpe;j njhlu;Gila njhd;whfj; jpfo;tjw;F tFg;giw Ntiy Kw;whf mwpT> jpwd;
tpUj; jp vd; gtw; wpy; jq; fpAs; sjhf mikahJ. njhlu; ghly; > ,izg; G> epahapj; jy; (fhuzpj; jy; ) gpur; rpid jP u; j; jy; Nghd; wtw; iw
cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy $wg;gl;l ehd;F ,yf;FfSk; khztu;fspd; rpe;jid> elj;ijr; nraw;ghL vd;gd
Nkk;glr; nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.
rhjhuz tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYf;F mg;ghy; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fPo;tUk; ,izg;ghl tpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs; fw;wy;
nraw;ghl;by; xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; gq;Nfw;fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. mit
khztu; gbg;G tl;lq;fs;
fzpjf; FOf;fs;
fzpjg; ghriwfs;
Nghl;bfs; (Njrpa> ru;tNjr)
E}y; epiya cgNahfk;
tFg;giwr; Rtu; mwpf;iffs; (ntspaPLfs;)
fzpj Ma;T $lk;
nray; miwfs;
fzpjk; rhu;e;j rupj;jpu juTfs; Nrfupj;jy;
gy; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; cgNahfk;
nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;
fpilf;ff;$ba trjpfl;Nfw;g Nkw;$wpa nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;baJ fzpj Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,r;
nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jk; NghJ MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; mJ njhlu;ghd ntsp Ml;fsplkpUe;Jk; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;Jk;
cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mg;gbg;gl;l nraw;ghLfis xOq;fhd mbg;gilapy; xOq;FgLj;J tjw;F xt;nthU
ghlrhiyAk; fzpjk; rhu; e; j jj; jkf; Fupa nfhs; iffis cUthf; fpf; nfhs; s Ntz; Lk; . xt; nthU ghlrhiyapd; gq; fspg; gpdhYk;
cUthf;fg;gl ,Uf;fpd;w KOikahd ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahf ,J mikAk;. fzpjk; rhu;e;j nfhs;ifia
cUthf;Ftjpy; ghlrhiy gpd;tUtdtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mitahtd: ghlrhiyg; ngsjPfr;
#oYk;> mjd; Rw;Wg;GwKk; khztu;fsJ NjitfSk; mf;fiwfSk; ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila rKjhak;. Mszptsr;
Nritfs;. ghlrhiyf;F tha;g;ghd epWtdq;fs; vd;gdthFk;.
60
6.0 fzpg; gP Lk; kjpg; gP Lk;
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkd epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
vd; gd cs; slq; Fk; tpjj; jpy; fzpg; gP l; Lf; fUtpfis Mf; fuP jpahfj; jahupj; J eilKiwg; gLj; j Ntz; Lnkd vjpu; ghu; f; fg; gLfpd; wJ.
,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ juk; 13 ,d; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Njrpa kl;lf; fzpg;gPlhd f.ngh.cau;jug; guPl;irf;FupajhfNt
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; elj;jg;gLfpd;w
KjyhtJ guPl;ir 2011 Mk; tUlj;jpy; ,lk;ngwTs;sJ.
,g;guPl;irf;Fupa tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpd; mikg;G> khjpup gw;wpa NJitahd tptuq;fs; ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd;
%yk; toq;fg;gLk;.
61
Fwpg;gPLfs;
gpd;tUk; fzpjf; Fwpg;gPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
1. njhilf; Fwpg;gPL
%yfk;
%yfkd; W
x
1
, x
2
, ... vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l njhil
{ } : . . . x ... MFkhWs;s vy;yh x IAk; nfhz;l njhil
njhil A apYs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
#dpaj;njhil
mfpyj;njhil
A
-1
njhil A apdJ epug;gp
Neu;KO vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
KO vz;fspd; njhil
Neu; KO vz;fspd; njhil {1, 2, 3, . . . }
kl;L n KO vz;fspd; njhil
tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil
Neu; tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil
Neu; tpfpjKW vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil
nka; vz;fspd; njhil
Neu; nka; vz;fspd; njhil
62
Neu;nka; vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil
n klq; Ffs;
rpf;fy; vz;fspd; njhil
njhilg;gpupT
Kiwikj; njhilg;gpupT
njhilg;gpuptd;W
Kiwikj; njhilg;gpuptd;W
xd;wpg;G
,ilntl; L
[a,b] %ba Mapil
(a,b] Mapil
[a, b) Mapil
(a, b) jpwe;j Mapil
njhlu;G R ;,dhy; y, ,w;F njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
,w;F rktYthdJ (rktd;ikj; njhlu;Gfspy;)
2. gytpd FwpaPLfs;
= rkd;
rkdd; W
ru;trkd; my;yJ xUq;fpirT
mz;zsthf rkd;
rkTUthdJ
tpfpjrkd;
rpwpJ
63
rpwpJ my;yJ rkd; ngupjd;W
ngupJ
ngupJ my;yJ rkd; rpwpjd;W
Kbtpyp
md; W
p cl;fpil q (p vdpd; q)
p ,UKf cl;fpil q ( ,w;F rktYthdJ vdpd;> kl;Lk;
p my;yJ q
p ck; q ck;
vz;Nfhl;by; jpwe;j Mapil
vz;Nfhl;by; %ba Mapil
3. nra;iffs;
a +b IAk; IAk; $l;Ljy; rf
a - b ,ypUe;J If; fopj;jy; ra
vd;gtw;wpd; ngUf;fk;
I My; gpupj;jy;
vd;gtw;wpd; tpfpjk;
a
1
+a
2
+
3
a +. . . . +a
n
nka;naz; ,d; Neu;tu;f;f%yk;
nka;naz; ,d; kl;L
64
n! fhuzpak;
<UWg;Gf;Fzfk;

nghUl;fspypUe;J xU Kiwapy; vLj;j nghUl;fspd; tupir khw;wk;
nghUl;fspypUe;J nghUl;fis xU Kiwapy; vLg;gjw;fhd Nru;khdk;
4. rhu; Gfs;
f rhu; G
f(x) x ,y; rhu;G f ,d; ngWkhdk;
f : A B rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> A apd; xt;nthU %yfKk; njhil B ,y; tpk;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
f : x y rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> %yfk; x MdJ y ,w;F glkhf;fg;gL fpwJ.
rhu;G f ,d; Neu;khW
gof f ,dJk; Nru;j;jpr;rhu;G
gof (x) = g (f(x)) vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ
vy; iy f (x) x MdJ mZf f(x) ,d; vy;iy
x ,dJ xU Vw;wk;
x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; ngWjp
x If; Fwpj;J y ,d;
n
MtJ ngWjp
65
x If; Fwpj;J f(x) ,d; KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ ...n MtJ ngWjpfs;
x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; tiuawhj njhifaPL
x ,d; ngWkhdk; a ,w;Fk; y ,w;Fkpilapy;
,Uf;ifapy; y ,d; tiuaWj;j njhifaPL Neuj;ijf; Fwpj;J x ,d; Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;> ...
ngWjpfs;
5. mLf;Ff; Fwpr; rhu;GfSk; klf;ifr; rhu;GfSk;
,aw;if klf;ifapd; mb
x ,dJ mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;G
x ,d; mb ,yhd klf;if
x ,d; ,aw;if klf;if
x ,d; mb 10 ,d; klf;if
6. tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;
tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;
Neu;khW tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;
66
7. rpf;fy; vz;fs;
i -1 ,d; tu;f;f%yk;
Z xU rpf;fy; vz;>
Re Z Z ,d; nka;g;gFjp
I m Z Z ,d; fw;;gidg;gFjp, I m (x+iy) = y
Z ,d; kl;L
arg Z Z ,d; tPry;
Arg Z Z ,d; jiyik tPry;
Z
-1
Z ,d; rpf;fy; cld;Gzup
8. jhaq; fs;
M M jhak;
M
-1
rJuj;jhak; M ,d; Neu;khW
M
T
jhak; M ,d; epiykhw;W
det M rJuj;jhak; M ,d; JzpNfhit
67
9. fhtpfs;
fhtp
fhtp gUkdpYk; jpirapYk; jpir nfhz;l Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lk; AB My; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ
fhtp ,d; jpirapy; myFf;fhtp
njf;fhl;bapd; Ms;$w;Wf;fs; topNa myFf;fhtpfs;
fhtp ,d; gUkd;
fhtp AB ,d; gUkd;
, ,d; vz;zpg; ngUf;fk;
, ,d; fhtpg; ngUf;fk;
vd;gtw;wpd; Kk;ik vz;zpg; ngUf;fk;
10. epfo;jfTk; Gs;sptpgutpaYk;
A , B, C Mfpad epfo;r;rpfs;
epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; xd;wpg;G
epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; ,ilntl;L
P(A) epfo;r;rp A apd; epfo;jfT
A
1
epfo;r;rp A apd; epug;gp> A my;y vd;w epfo;r;rp
epfo;r;rp B epfo;e;Js;sJ vd jug;gbd;> epfo;r;rp A epfo;tjw;fhd epfo;jfT
vOkhw;W khwpfs;
vOkhw;W khwpfs; ,d; ngWkhdq;fs;
x
1
, x
2
, . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs;
f
1
, f
2
, . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs; x
1
, x
2
. . . eilngWk; kPs;jpwd;fs;
68

Tamil. Combined Maths Syllabus

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fy; tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj; jpuk;

vd;gtw;wpd; nghJj; jPu;Tfs;

MFifapy; tpfpjKW rhu;Gfspd; vy;iy

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