Home Work 4

Applications for 3D Structures

Requirements for the Work no. 4 Obtain the seismic response effect according to Earthquake Engineering Code P100-2006 for a 3D frame structure considering plan frames working together at floor levels. Horizontal seismic forces due to translation and torsional effects will be calculated for some vertical structural elements. The structures to be solved are shown in Appendix IVa. Notes: - The data for this work is normally the same as from Work no. 2 and Work no. 3. Other values might be imposed or added by the course coordinator. - Always use the international system of units (i.e. N, kg, m, s). In the case that there is data given in different units, please transform it into the international system. - More or different structures might be imposed by your classroom coordinator. - The work is usually given during the eighth week of the semester. The time to solve the work is six weeks.

z
n i 1 3 2 1 A B C
Figure 4.1. Example of a 3D framed structure

x
4

Data for each student: The same as during Work no. 2 and Work no. 3 (changes could be applied). General remarks: Be a 3D framed structure as that shown in the Figure 4.1. A horizontal seismic force (calculated conforming to P100-2006 for example) acting on x direction at level i, in the k-th mode of vibration is also presented in Figure 4.2
A

Fi,k,x
B

C 1 2 3 4

Figure 4.2. Seismic force acting on x direction at level i, in the k-th mode of vibration

The way to interpret the 3D work of the structure is shown in Figure 4.3. The seismic forces are acting laterally. The floors are working together through simple infinite stiff horizontal supports (double hinged links) that models the floors infinite in its plan stiffness hypothesis.
Fn,k,x Fi,k,x F1,k,x Frame A Frame B Frame C

n i 1

4 1

4 1

Figure 4.3. Model for frames' inter-connections and seismic action on x direction The (lateral) stiffnes matrix on x direction of the whole structure will be KL, x K L, A, x KL, B, x K L,C , x

where K L, A, x , K L, B, x and K L,C , x are the (lateral) stiffness matrices of frames A, B and C respectively. Knowing the mass of each floor, mi, and of lateral stiffness matrix K L, x the values of periods of vibrations Tk,x and of the modal shapes si,k,x can be computed. This is done solving the corresponding eigenproblem. On the other horizontal direction y, Figure 4.4 (similar to Figure 4.2) is showing the horizontal action on a current floor. Then, in Figure 4.5, the frames connected at the floor levels and moving on y direction are shown.

Fi,k,y
A

C 1 2 3 4

Figure 4.4. Seismic force acting on Y direction at level i, in the k-th mode of vibration

Fn,k,y Fi,k,y F1,k,y

Frame 1

n i 1

Frame 2

Frame 3

Frame 4

CA

CA

C A

Figure 4.5. Model for frames' inter-connections and seismic action on y direction

The (lateral) stiffnes matrix on y direction of the whole structure will be

K L, y

K L,1, y

K L , 2, y

K L,3, y

K L , 4, y

where K L,1, y , K L , 2, y , K L,3, y and K L , 4, y are the (lateral) stiffness matrices of frames 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. As in the case of x direction, knowing the mass of each floor, mi, and of lateral stiffness matrix K L , y the values of periods of vibrations Tk,y and of the modal shapes si,k,y can be computed. This is done solving the corresponding eigenproblem. Calculation of Seismic forces conforming to P100-2006: Please follow the steps from the Work no. 3, with the values of periods (Tk,x and Tk,y) and the modal shapes (si,k,x and si,k,y) calculated as shown before. For each floor, the mass center (MC) and the stiffness center (SC) must be established.
p p

mij d jx xMC
j 1 p

mij d jy

,
mij

yMC

j 1 p

mij
j 1

j 1

where j the current number of a column p the total number of columns mij the lamped mass on floor i at the joint with for the column j d jx the distance on x axis of the center of the column j

d jy the distance on y axis of the center of the column j

p j K ix d jx p j K iy d jx

xSC

j 1 p j K ix j 1

ySC

j 1 p j K iy j 1

where j K ix the level relative stiffness of the coumn j, on x direction

j ix

j 12 EI iy

hi3

j the inertia moment of the column j at the level i on y direction I iy

hi2 the height of the level i

j the level relative stiffness of the coumn j, on y direction K iy

j K iy

j 12 EI ix hi3

j I ix the inertia moment of the column j at the level i on x direction.

y xSC djx j
yj djy

Legend = structural vertical element (column)

xj SC

e0y ey

AP MC
ySC

Fx Fy

e0x ex Lx

Ly

Figure 4.6 Mass center (MC), stiffness center (SC) must and aplication point (AP) for a current floor. A current j vertical structural element (column) is also figured out

Then an aplication point (AP) of the seismic forces must be set (conforming the Code P100-2006), see Figure 4.6. The next relations are available eix e0ix e1ix , eiy e0iy e1iy where eix distance on x axis from the application point (AP) to the stiffness Center (SC), at level i e0 ix distance on x axis from the mass center (MC) to the stiffness Center (SC), at level i e1ix accidental excentricity on x direction at level i e1ix 0.05 Lix Lix length of the structure on x axis eiy distance on y axis from the application point (AP) to the stiffness Center (SC), at level i e0iy distance on y axis from the mass center (MC) to the stiffness Center (SC), at level i e1iy accidental excentricity on y direction at level i

e1iy

0.05 Liy

Liy length of the structure on y axis

y

rel,ix Fix
AP x SC MC

t
MC AP

SC

Mt

Figure 4.7. The translation and torsion effects of an horizontal seismic force

The forces from seismic action on a column j at the level i and on x/y direction will be composed from the influence from translation and torsion as shown by the next equations

These forces are used for dimensioning/check of the vertical structural members (columns). An example of solving a n d.o.f structure is presented next.

eiy
x

Example of solving a 3D structure In Figure 4.8, a 3D view of a structure that is the example for this part is presented. The data for this example was chosen mainly for academic proposes. E = 2.1106 daN/cm2 = 2.11011 N/m2 I = 105 cm4 = 10-3 m4 m1 = 105 kg, m2 = 2m1 I = 1, q = 5 TC = 0.7 s = 1. Position and values of lamped masses, geometric and elastic characteristics of each frame are shown in Figures 4.9 (showing the Frames 1,2,3 and 4), 4.10 (Frame A), 4.11 (Frame B) and 4.12 (Frame C). Data:

3D View
4m z x 4m

4
5m

3
5m

2
5m y

1
4m 4m

Figure 4.8. 3D view of the structure chosen for example of solving

Also, in Figures 4.13 and 4.14 there are shown the plans for the first and for the second floor. The values of lamped masses, elastic and geometric characteristics are indicated, too. Position and values of the vertical elements (columns) are mentioned in order to better determine the floors stiffness centers.

Frames 1 and 4
m1 2EI EI EI 2m1 2EI 4m EI m1

Frames 2 and (3)

2m1 2EI EI 2EI 3m1 (2m1) 2EI 1.5EI (EI) 3m2 (2m2) 2EI 4m 2EI 2EI 3EI 2EI 2EI (1.5EI) 4m m2 4m m1

m2 2EI 2EI 2EI

2m2 2EI

m2

2m2

4m

4m

4m

4m

Figure 4.9. Frames 1, 2 3 and 4. Masses, geometric and elastic characteristics

To establish the mass center (MC) and stiffness center positions (SC), the floors plans are useful (Figure 4.13 and 4.14). First floors mass center determination, conforming relations shown at the beginnig of this part (the mass m2 is reduced): meters meters
Frame A
m1 3EI EI EI 2m1 3EI EI 2m1 3EI EI 4m m2 3EI 4m 2EI 2EI m1

m2 3EI 2EI 2EI

2m2 3EI

2m2

5m

5m

5m

Figure 4.10. Frame A. Masses, geometric and elastic characteristics

Second floors mass center determination, conforming relations shown at the beginnig of this part (the mass m1 is reduced): meters meters

Frame B
2m1 3EI EI 2EI 3m1 3EI 2EI 2m1 3EI EI 4m 2m2 3EI 4m m1 3EI EI EI 4m m2 3EI 4m 1.5EI 2EI 3EI 2EI 2m1

2m2 3EI 2EI 3EI

3m2 3EI

2m2

5m

5m

5m

Figure 4.11. Frame B. Masses, geometric and elastic characteristics

Frame C
m1 3EI EI 1.5EI m1 3EI m1

m2 3EI 2EI 2EI

m2 3EI

m2

5m

5m

5m

Figure 4.12. Frame C. Masses, geometric and elastic characteristics

First Floor Plan

m2 2EI 3EI 2m2 2EI 2EI 2EI 3EI 2m2 2EI 3EI 2EI 2EI 2EI 2m2 4m 2m2 m2 4m x m1 EI 2EI EI 2m1 4m 2m1 m1 4m x m2

2EI

B
2EI 2EI 2EI

3EI

3m2 3EI 2EI 2EI

3EI

2m2 3EI 2EI 1.5EI

3EI

2EI 2EI 3EI 5m

m2

3EI 5m

m2

3EI 5m

m2

Figure 4.13. First floor plan. Masses, geometric and elastic characteristics

Second Floor Plan

m1 EI 3EI 2m1 EI 2EI 2EI 3EI 2m1 EI 3EI

2EI

B
EI 2EI EI m1

3EI

3m1 2EI 2EI 1.5EI

3EI

2m1 2EI 2EI EI

3EI

2EI EI 3EI 5m

3EI 5m

m1

3EI 5m

m1

Figure 4.14. Second floor plan. Masses, geometric and elastic characteristics

First floors stiffness center determination, conforming relations shown at the beginnig of this part ( is reduced): meters meters y xMC=7.37 xSC=7.45 0.75 AP2 0.40 0.40 MC SC AP4 0.83 0.67 x Lx=15.00
Figure 4.15. A representation of the mass center, stiffness center and applications points of seismic forces for the first floor

First Floor

0.75 AP1 0.74 Ly=8.00

yMC=4.42

Second floors stiffness center determination, conforming relations shown at the beginnig of this part ( is reduced): meters meters Distances between the mass centers and stiffness centers for each floor and directions: meters meters meters meters Accidental excentricities calculations (for the first and for the second floor):

ySC=4.08

AP3

0.06

meters meters y xMC=7.37 xSC=7.41 0.75 AP2 0.40 0.40 0.75 AP1 SC 0.53 MC AP4 0.79 0.71 x Lx=15.00
Figure 4.16. A representation of the mass center, stiffness center and applications points of seismic forces for the second floor

Second Floor

0.27

ySC=4.55

yMC=4.42

AP3

Total excentricities: meters meters meters meters In Figures 4.15 and 4.16, positions of mass centers, stiffness centers and applications points of seismical forces for the first and for the second floors are represeted.

Ly=8.00

Using the computer program shown in Appendix IV, the next was obtained on the console of Scilab environment, for each different frame of the example: Frames 1 and 4
******************************************* *** CALCULATION OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX *** ******************************************* Number of levels = 2 Number of spans = 2 E*I = 2.1e8 ** LEVEL HEIGHTS: Height of the level no.1= 4 Height of the level no.2= 4 ** SPAN LENGTHS: Length of the span no.1= 4 Length of the span no.2= 4 ** E*I ratio for COLUMNS: * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.1 Level 1, column 1, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 2, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 3, E*I ratio = 2 * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.2 Level 2, column 1, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 2, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 3, E*I ratio = 1 ** E*I ratio for BEAMS: * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.1 Floor 1, span 1, E*I ratio = 2 Floor 1, span 2, E*I ratio = 2 * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.2 Floor 2, span 1, E*I ratio = 2 Floor 2, span 2, E*I ratio = 2 maximum of the difference between simmetrical elements is 0 K = 1.0D+07 * 31.648049 - 11.098314 - 11.098314 8.7372349 Execution done.

Frame 2

******************************************* *** CALCULATION OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX *** ******************************************* Number of levels = 2 Number of spans = 2 E*I = 2.1e8 ** LEVEL HEIGHTS: Height of the level no.1= 4 Height of the level no.2= 4 ** SPAN LENGTHS: Length of the span no.1= 4 Length of the span no.2= 4 ** E*I ratio for COLUMNS: * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.1 Level 1, column 1, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 2, E*I ratio = 3 Level 1, column 3, E*I ratio = 2 * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.2 Level 2, column 1, E*I ratio = 1

Level 2, column 2, E*I ratio = 2 Level 2, column 3, E*I ratio = 1.5 ** E*I ratio for BEAMS: * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.1 Floor 1, span 1, E*I ratio = 2 Floor 1, span 2, E*I ratio = 2 * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.2 Floor 2, span 1, E*I ratio = 2 Floor 2, span 2, E*I ratio = 2 maximum of the difference between simmetrical elements is 0 K = 1.0D+11 * 4.0210637 - 1.5511824 - 1.5511824 1.2062802 Execution done.

Frame 3
******************************************* *** CALCULATION OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX *** ******************************************* Number of levels = 2 Number of spans = 2 E*I = 2.1e8 ** LEVEL HEIGHTS: Height of the level no.1= 4 Height of the level no.2= 4 ** SPAN LENGTHS: Length of the span no.1= 4 Length of the span no.2= 4 ** E*I ratio for COLUMNS: * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.1 Level 1, column 1, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 2, E*I ratio = 3 Level 1, column 3, E*I ratio = 1.5 * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.2 Level 2, column 1, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 2, E*I ratio = 2 Level 2, column 3, E*I ratio = 1 ** E*I ratio for BEAMS: * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.1 Floor 1, span 1, E*I ratio = 2 Floor 1, span 2, E*I ratio = 2 * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.2 Floor 2, span 1, E*I ratio = 2 Floor 2, span 2, E*I ratio = 2 maximum of the difference between simmetrical elements is 0 K = 1.0D+08 * 3.7101287 - 1.4173245 - 1.4173245 1.1167863 Execution done.

Frame A

******************************************* *** CALCULATION OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX *** ******************************************* Number of levels = 2 Number of spans = 3 E*I = 2.1e8 ** LEVEL HEIGHTS:

Height of the level no.1= 4 Height of the level no.2= 4 ** SPAN LENGTHS: Length of the span no.1= 5 Length of the span no.2= 5 Length of the span no.3= 5 ** E*I ratio for COLUMNS: * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.1 Level 1, column 1, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 2, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 3, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 4, E*I ratio = 2 * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.2 Level 2, column 1, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 2, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 3, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 4, E*I ratio = 1 ** E*I ratio for BEAMS: * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.1 Floor 1, span 1, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 1, span 2, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 1, span 3, E*I ratio = 3 * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.2 Floor 2, span 1, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 2, span 2, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 2, span 3, E*I ratio = 3 maximum of the difference between simmetrical elements is 0 K = 1.0D+08 * 4.3294327 - 1.513303 - 1.513303 1.2411297 Execution done.

Frame B
******************************************* *** CALCULATION OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX *** ******************************************* Number of levels = 2 Number of spans = 3 E*I = 2.1e8 ** LEVEL HEIGHTS: Height of the level no.1= 4 Height of the level no.2= 4 ** SPAN LENGTHS: Length of the span no.1= 5 Length of the span no.2= 5 Length of the span no.3= 5 ** E*I ratio for COLUMNS: * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.1 Level 1, column 1, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 2, E*I ratio = 3 Level 1, column 3, E*I ratio = 3 Level 1, column 4, E*I ratio = 2 * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.2 Level 2, column 1, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 2, E*I ratio = 2 Level 2, column 3, E*I ratio = 2 Level 2, column 4, E*I ratio = 1 ** E*I ratio for BEAMS: * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.1 Floor 1, span 1, E*I ratio = 3

Floor 1, span 2, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 1, span 3, E*I ratio = 3 * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.2 Floor 2, span 1, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 2, span 2, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 2, span 3, E*I ratio = 3 maximum of the difference between simmetrical elements is 0 K = 1.0D+08 * 5.7267139 - 2.1716949 - 2.1716949 1.7502779 Execution done.

Frame C
******************************************* *** CALCULATION OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX *** ******************************************* Number of levels = 2 Number of spans = 3 E*I = 2.1e8 ** LEVEL HEIGHTS: Height of the level no.1= 4 Height of the level no.2= 4 ** SPAN LENGTHS: Length of the span no.1= 5 Length of the span no.2= 5 Length of the span no.3= 5 ** E*I ratio for COLUMNS: * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.1 Level 1, column 1, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 2, E*I ratio = 2 Level 1, column 3, E*I ratio = 1.5 Level 1, column 4, E*I ratio = 2 * E*I ratio for columns at LEVEL no.2 Level 2, column 1, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 2, E*I ratio = 1.5 Level 2, column 3, E*I ratio = 1 Level 2, column 4, E*I ratio = 1 ** E*I ratio for BEAMS: * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.1 Floor 1, span 1, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 1, span 2, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 1, span 3, E*I ratio = 3 * E*I ratio for beams at FLOOR no.2 Floor 2, span 1, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 2, span 2, E*I ratio = 3 Floor 2, span 3, E*I ratio = 3 maximum of the difference between simmetrical elements is 0 K = 1.0D+08 * 4.3275675 - 1.6536029 - 1.6536029 1.3718141 Execution done.

Therefore, the next stiffness matrices were obtained: N/m

N/m N/m N/m N/m N/m The stiffness matrix on direction x and y is calculated: N/m N/m Then, knowing the mass matrix (the same on both directions): kg the eigenvalues and eigenvectors lead to: On x direction: rad/s, s, , m/s2, N, N, N, On y direction: rad/s, s, , m/s2, N, N, N, s, rad/s, Hz, kg, m/s2, N, N, N. Hz, kg, s, rad/s, Hz, kg, m/s2, N, N, N. Hz, kg,

For this example, only one column will be taken into account: that one located at the intersection of axes 2 and B. For any other column the calculations are very similar. Also, in order to simplify, only the eccentricities e1x=0.77 m, e1y=0.74 m, e2x=0.71 m, e2y=0.27 m will be considered. Position of the column 2B is x2B = 5 m on x axis and y2B = 4 m on y axis. On both directions the moments of inertia are 3EI at the first level and 2EI at the second level. Forces for each direction of seismic action and for each mode of vibration on the column 2B at each level will be calculated. In calculations, or is reduced. On x direction, the generic relation is (see the beginning of this part):

Mode 1: - Level 2: e2y=0.27 m, m,

N,

N.

N - Level 1: e1y=0.74 m, m, m

N Mode 2: - Level 2: e2y=0.27 m, m, m N, N.

N - Level 1: e1y=0.74 m, m, m

N On y direction, the generic relation is (see the beginning of this part):

Mode 1: - Level 2: e2x=0.71 m, m,

N,

N.

N - Level 1: e1x=0.77 m, m, m

N Mode 2: - Level 2: e2x=0.71 m, m, m N, N.

N - Level 1: e1x=0.77 m, m, m

N
x direction
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 1

y direction
Mode 2

2EI

2EI

2EI

2EI

Figure 4.17. Application of seismic forces on the 2B column

3EI

3EI

3EI

3EI