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    9 Biomolecules

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    CBSE123.CO.NR
    This document provides information about biomolecules and their classification. It discusses that biomolecules are carbon compounds found in living tissues and examples include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and amino acids. Biomolecules are classified as micromolecules which have molecular weights below 1000, or macromolecules which have molecular weights above 1000 such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. The document then goes into further detail about specific biomolecules like amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides, and proteins.

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    9 Biomolecules

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    CBSE123.CO.NR
    7K views24 pages
    This document provides information about biomolecules and their classification. It discusses that biomolecules are carbon compounds found in living tissues and examples include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and amino acids. Biomolecules are classified as micromolecules which have molecular weights below 1000, or macromolecules which have molecular weights above 1000 such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. The document then goes into further detail about specific biomolecules like amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides, and proteins.

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    This document provides information about biomolecules and their classification. It discusses that biomolecules are carbon compounds found in living tissues and examples include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and amino acids. Biomolecules are classified as micromolecules which have molecular weights below 1000, or macromolecules which have molecular weights above 1000 such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. The document then goes into further detail about specific biomolecules like amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides, and proteins.

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    Download as pps, pdf, or txt
    7K views24 pages

    9 Biomolecules

    Uploaded by

    CBSE123.CO.NR
    This document provides information about biomolecules and their classification. It discusses that biomolecules are carbon compounds found in living tissues and examples include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and amino acids. Biomolecules are classified as micromolecules which have molecular weights below 1000, or macromolecules which have molecular weights above 1000 such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. The document then goes into further detail about specific biomolecules like amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides, and proteins.

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    BIOMOLECULES

    PREPARED BY
    S RATH PGT BIO
    K V III BBSR

    http://students-learn.blogspot.com/

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 1
    Biomolecules of cells
     All carbon compounds that are found in
    the living tissues are called Biomolecules.
     Example-carbohydrate, fat, protein, amino
    acids, lipids etc.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 2
    Classification of
    Biomolecules
    BIOMOLECULES

    MICROMOLECULES MACROMOLECULES
    Mol. Wt.< 1000 Mol. Wt. >1000

    Amino acid nucleotides


    Polysaccharides, proteins
    Sugars , lipids
    Nucleic acids
    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 3
    Amino acids

     These are organic compounds which


    contain an amino group and an acidic
    group .
     They are substituted methane with 4
    substituent groups occupying the 4
    valency positions of the carbon; these
    are hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino
    group & a variable group designated as
    R group.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 4
    Amino acids

     There are 20 amino acids occur in protein.


     A specific characteristic property of amino
    acids is the ionizable nature of amino and
    carboxyl group, so the structure of amino
    acids changes in solutions of different pHs.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 5
    Types of amino acids
     Basic – lysine arginine
     Acidic – glutamic acid aspartic acid
     Neutral – alanine glycine valine
     Aromatic – phenyl alanine , tyrosine,
    tryptophan

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 6
    Sugars

     Simplest sugars are monosaccharides,


    which cannot be hydrolysed further
    composed of 3-7 carbon atoms. E.g.
    glyceraldehydes, ribose, glucose,
    fructose etc.
     They have either free aldehyde or
    ketone group which reduce cupric ion to
    cuprous ion ,called reducing sugar.
    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 7
    Sugars

     Oligosaccharides may have two or a few


    monosaccharides.
     Bond between two monosaccharides is
    called glycosidic bond.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 8
    lipids
    lipids

    Straight chain Fused hydrocarbon


    compound Ring e.g. cholesterol

    simple compound

    oil phospholipids

    fats glycolipids

    waxes
    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY
    sphingolipids 9
    Nucleotides
     Organic compounds with heterocyclic rings.
     A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a
    pentose sugar and a phosphate group.
     A nucleoside has a nitrogenous base attached to
    a pentose sugar.
     The nitrogenous bases are called adenine,
    guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil
     Polymerised nucleotides form DNA and RNA
    which are the genetic material.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 10
    Primary and secondary
    metabolites
     Metabolites may be primary or secondary type.
     Primary metabolites have identifiable functions
    and play specific roles in the normal physiological
    processes. E.g. amino acids, nitrogenous bases,
    nucleic acids etc.
     Secondary metabolites are products of certain
    metabolic pathways. E.g. pigments, rubber, gums,
    resins, carotenoids etc.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 11
    Polysaccharides
     These are a class of organic compounds
    (carbohydrates) which are long chain polymers
    of monosaccharides.
     They are of two types: homopolysaccharides,
    heteropolysaccharides
     Homopolysaccharides- cellulose, starch, inulin
     Heteropolysaccharides- chitin

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 12
    Proteins
     They are heteropolymers containing a string or
    strings of amino acids.
     A peptide bond formed between the carboxyl
    group and the amino group of successive amino
    acids, joins the amino acids together.
     Proteins result from the 20 amino acids ,
    depending on the no.of amino acids and
    sequence of amino acids.
     There are 4 levels of protein structure.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 13
    Primary structure of protein
     Protein exists as a long chain of amino acids
    arranged in a particular sequence.
     It is nonfunctional.
     Position of amino acid in a protein is obtain
    from this.
     1st a. a is called N-terminal and last is called C-
    terminal a. a.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 14
    Secondary structure of
    protein
     There is interaction between every fourth a. a
    by formation of hydrogen bond. The
    polypeptide has a helical shape. E.g. keratin.
     Only right handed helix are formed.
     If two or more chains are held together by
    intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the structure
    is called pleated sheet. E.g. silk fibres.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 15
    Tertiary structure of
    protein

     When a polypeptide chain becomes further


    stabilised by folding and coiling by the
    formation of ionic or hydrophobic bonds or
    disulphide bridges, the protein is said to be
    tertiary structure.
     E.g. amylase, pepsin and other enzymes.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 16
    Quaternary structure of
    protein

     When a protein has many sub units, each


    having primary, sec. And tertiary st. of its own,
    the protein is said to be quaternary.
     E.g. haemoglobin, insulin

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 17
    Enzymes
     They are proteins that catalyse biochemical
    reaction, so called biocatalysts.
     Specific for their substrate.
     Each enzyme require a specific (optimum) pH &
    temp.
     Accelerate a reaction by reducing the activation
    energy.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 18
    Nomenclature of enzyme
     Named by adding the suffix ‘ase’ to the substrate.
    E.g. sucrase
     According to the physiological activity it
    catalyses. E.g. oxidase, dehydrogenase
     The source from which they are obtained.
    E.g.papain from papaya.

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 19
    Classification of enzyme
     Oxidoreductase
     Transferase
     Hydrolases
     Lyases
     Isomerasees
     ligases

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 20
    Mechanism of enzyme
    action
     Three dimensional structure of enzyme has one
    or more active site where the substrate binds.
     Active site acts as ‘ lock’ into which substrate fits
    in like a ‘key’.
     The point where substrate binds is called
    ‘substrate binding site’.
     Substrate binding causes lowering of activation
    energy & reaction to proceed at a faster rate.
     Binding of substrate induces the enzyme to alter
    its shape and fit more tightly.
     Breaking of chemical bond of substrate and
    formation of E-P complex.
     Enzyme releases product and free enzyme take
    up another molecule.
    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 21
    Activation energy requirement
    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 22
    Factors affecting enzyme
    action
     Temperature
     pH
     Substrate concentration
     chemicals

    BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 23
    Vmax

    velocity

    (s)
    Effect of substrate BIOMOLECULES-CLASS
    concentration XI BIOLOGY 24

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