1.

What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs

10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per
second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of
100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments.
10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per
second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding
100 meters per segment.
10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits
per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.

2. Explain the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified
passive open
An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from
a client. A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection
from a specific client.
3. Explain the function of Transmission Control Block
A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of
information about each connection.
4. Explain a Management Information Base (MIB)
A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each
SNMP agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device's
status, its performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by
SNMP.
5. Explain anonymous FTP and why would you use it
Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login
and password. Usually, anonymous FTP
uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the
password usually requesting the user's ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous
FTP is used to enable a large number
of users to access files on the host without having
to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems
usually have strict controls over the areas
an anonymous user can access.
6. Explain a pseudo tty
A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through
Telnet or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no
connection can take place.
7. Explain REX
What advantage does REX offer other similar utilities

8. What does the Mount protocol do

The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which
a requested file resides. The message
is sent to the client from the server after reception
of a client's request.

9. Explain External Data Representation

External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC
message, used to ensure that the data is not
system-dependent.
10. Explain the Network Time Protocol ?

11. BOOTP helps a diskless workstation boot. How does it get a message to the
network looking for its IP address and the location of its operating system boot
files
BOOTP sends a UDP message with a subnetwork broadcast address and waits for
a reply from a server that gives it the IP address. The same message might contain
the name of the machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is
not specified, the workstation sends another UDP message to query the server.

12. Explain a DNS resource record

A resource record is an entry in a name server's database. There are several types
of resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information.
Resource records are maintained as ASCII files.

13. What protocol is used by DNS name servers

DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP
because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course,
transmission reliability suffers with UDP.

14. Explain the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways
Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways
connect the organization to the outside world.

15. Explain the HELLO protocol used for

The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing.
It is an alternative to the Routing Information Protocol.

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables

The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed
table must be manually modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table
changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the amount of manual
maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is
then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each
machine's table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest
problems for a network
administrator, although the table's contents can change without the administrator
being aware of the change.

17. Explain a TCP connection table

18. Explain source route

It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A
source route may
optionally be included in an IP datagram header.

19. Explain RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.

20. Explain SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)

It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial
line.

21. Explain Proxy ARP

It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the
originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond
router.

22. Explain OSPF

It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple
paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing
decisions.

23. Explain Kerberos

It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering
passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.

24. Explain a Multi-homed Host

It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP
addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host.

25. Explain NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)

It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is
used in the start of a Telnet session.
26. Explain Gateway-to-Gateway protocol
It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet
core routers.

27. Explain BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an
autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the
autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
28. Explain autonomous system
It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority
and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.

29. Explain EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify
the set of networks that can be reached
within or via each autonomous system.

30. Explain IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)

It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.

31. Explain Mail Gateway

It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic
mail delivery protocols.

32. Explain wide-mouth frog

Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC)
authentication protocol.

33. What are Digrams and Trigrams

The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re
and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g.
the, ing, and, and ion.
34. Explain silly window syndrome
It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are
passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on
the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.
35. Explain region
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call
regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to
destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal
structure of other regions.
36. Explain multicast routing
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is
called multicast routing.
37. Explain traffic shaping
One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be
made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another
open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be
transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.
38. Explain packet filter
Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra
functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets
meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are
dropped.
39. Explain virtual path
Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group
of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.
40. Explain virtual channel
Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination,
although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual
channel is virtual circuit.
41. Explain logical link control
One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by
the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link
between computers when they are sending data across the physical network
connection.
42. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model
It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.
43. Explain the difference between routable and non- routable protocols
Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large
networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks
and cannot be used with a router
44. Explain MAU
In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).
45. Explain 5-4-3 rule
In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no
more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments
only three of segments can be populated.
46. Explain the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from
a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental
packet delivery services offered by UDP.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP
for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP
and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits)
between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.
47. Explain the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses
Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255

48. Explain the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment
and IP datagram
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum
length of 60 bytes.
49. Explain difference between ARP and RARP
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address
with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical
address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that
includes the IP address of the receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol
(RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its
physical address.
50. Explain ICMP
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the
TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram
problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a
destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error
messages.
51. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite
The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport
layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the
network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the
datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and
finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.

52. Explain Project 802

It is a project started by IEEE to set standards that enable intercommunication
between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying
functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network
layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN protocols.
It consists of the following:
802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and
MANs across protocols.
802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer
which is non-architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined
LANs.
Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that
contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to
the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring
LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).
802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.
53. Explain Bandwidth
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can
carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.
54. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate
refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those
bits. baud rate = bit rate / N where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

55. Explain MAC address

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC)
layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the
network adapter card and is unique.

56. Explain attenuation

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called
attenuation.

57. Explain cladding

A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

58. Explain RAID

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

59. Explain NETBIOS and NETBEUI

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and
received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from
applications. NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol
designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

60. Explain redirector

Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them
into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.
61. Explain Beaconing
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations
on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving
the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.
62. Explain terminal emulation, in which layer it comes
Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

63. Explain frame relay, in which layer it comes

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

64. What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a
document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the
terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte
PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are
often called "triple X"
65. Explain SAP
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the
other layers of network protocol stack.

66. Explain subnet

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or
router.

67. Explain Brouter

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

68. How Gateway is different from Routers

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates
information between two completely different network architectures or data
formats.

69. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices

Repeater: Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at
physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak,
regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.
Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same
type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that
allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters
that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent
and control congestion.
Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs
of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers.
They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible
paths is the best for a particular transmission.
Gateways:
They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a
LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it
to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in
all seven layers of the OSI model.
70. Explain mesh network
A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to
provide multiple paths for data to travel.
71. Explain passive topology
When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are
referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example
for passive topology - linear bus.

72. What are the important topologies for networks

BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single
line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot
physical problems.
RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and
signal does not degrade as much as
in other topologies because each computer
regenerates it.

73. What are major types of networks and explain

Server-based network
Peer-to-peer network
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as
clients using the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely
on server computers to provide security and network administration

74. Explain Protocol Data Unit

The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU
contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service
access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are
addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and
sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field
specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a
supervisory frame (S - frame) or a
unnumbered frame (U - frame).
75. Explain difference between baseband and broadband transmission
In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a
single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies,
allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.
76. What are the possible ways of data exchange
(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.

77. What are the types of Transmission media

Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly
classified in to two categories.
Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include
twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of
these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium.
Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept
and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or
plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through
radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.
78. Explain point-to-point protocol
A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking
services including Internet service providers.

79. What are the two types of transmission technology available

(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point

80. Difference between the communication and transmission.

Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit
polarity, synchronization, clock etc. Communication means the meaning full
exchange of information between two communication media.