E - Div 5 Work of Soils

DIVISION 5 EARTH WORKS 61
5.1 Scope 61
5.2 Site Preparation 61
5.2.1 Description 61
5.2.2 Inspection And Survey Works 61
5.2.3 Equipments 62
5.2.4 Environment Protection 62
5.2.5 Protection Of Utilities And Properties 62
5.2.6 Removed Materials Ownership 62
5.2.7 Removal Or Transfer Of Utilities 64
5.2.8 Removal Of Materials, Debris, Plants And Trees 65
5.2.9 Removal Of Structures And Obstructions 66
5.2.10 Disposal Of Removed Materials 68
5.2.11 Works Acceptance 68
5.2.12 Measurement 69
5.2.13 Payment 70
5.3 Excavation Works 71
5.3.2 Preliminary Works 71
5.3.3 Types Of Excavation 72
5.3.4 Equipments 72
5.3.5 Excavated Materials 73
5.3.6 Execution Of Common Excavation 74
5.3.7 Rock Excavations 76
5.3.7.1 Mechanical Ripping 76
5.3.7.2 Chemical Fracturing 77
5.3.7.3 Blasting Rock Excavation 77
5.3.7.3.1 Preliminary Works 77
5.3.7.3.2 Work Plan 80
5.3.7.3.3 Execution 81
5.3.8 Structural Excavations 84
5.3.9 Finishing Requirements 85
5.3.12 Payment 87
5.4 Fill Works 88
5.4.2 Road Embankment 88
5.4.2.1 Surface Preparation 88
5.4.2.2 Materials 89
5.4.2.3 Borrow Pits 91
5.4.2.4 Water 91
5.4.2.5 Equipments 91
5.4.2.6 Construction 92
5.4.3 Roadbed Preparation 97
5.4.4 Structural Backfill 97
EXIT
5.4.5 Compaction Experimental Sections 99
5.4.6 Maintaining Of Embankment 99
5.4.7 Finishing Requirements 99
5.4.8 Works Acceptances 100
5.4.10 Payment 102
5.5 Subgrade 102
5.5.2 Untreated Subgrade 102
5.5.2.1 Description 102
5.5.2.5 Maintaining Of The Constructed Layers 105
5.5.2.6 Finishing Requirements 105
5.5.2.7 Works Acceptance 106
5.5.2.8 Measurement 106
5.5.2.9 Payment 107
5.5.3 Lime Treated Subgrade 108
5.5.3.4 J ob Mix Design Formula 110
5.5.3.5 Experimental Section 111
5.5.3.7 Safety Requirements 116
5.5.3.9 Works Acceptances 116
5.5.3.11 Payment 117
5.5.4 Cement Treated Subgrade 119
5.5.4.3 J ob Mix Design Formula 120
5.5.4.4 Weather Limitations 121
5.5.4.5 Traffic Control 121
5.5.4.7 Experimental Section 122
5.5.4.10 Works Acceptances 127
5.5.4.12 Payment 129
5.6 Civil Works In Utilities Projects 129
5.6.2 Preliminary Works 130
5.6.3 Trench Excavation 130
5.6.4 Backfill 133
5.6.5 Pavement Re-Construction 136
EXIT
5.6.8 Payment 137
5.7 Water Drainage 139
5.7.2 Surface Drainage 140
5.7.2.1 Surface Slopes 140
5.7.2.2 Surface Side Drains 140
5.7.2.3 Surface Drainage Systems 141
5.7.2.3.1 Materials 141
5.7.2.3.2 Construction 144
5.7.3 Under Drains Works 149
5.7.4 Edge Drains 154
5.7.5 Filter Layers 157
5.7.5.1 Filter Layers From Untreated Aggregate 157
5.7.5.2 Cement Treated Filter Layers 158
5.7.5.3 Asphalt Treated Filter Layers 158
5.7.6 Culverts 159
5.7.9 Payment 168
5.8 Slope Rip Rap And Protection 169
5.8.2 General Requirements 169
5.8.3 Stone Rip Rap 169
5.8.3.3 Execution 171
5.8.4 Concrete Rip Rap 172
5.8.4.2 Cast Insitu Concrete Rip Rap 173
5.8.4.3 Premix Concrete Rip Rap 173
5.8.4.4 Rip Rap With Concrete In Bags 173
5.8.5 Culvert Inlet And Outlet Lining 174
5.8.8 Payment 175

EXIT
General Specifications of Urban Roads Construction Division 5- Earth Works
Ministry of Municipal & Rural Affairs Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 61
DIVISION 5

EARTH WORKS

5.1 Scope:
This Division consists of site preparation, earth works and water drainage works,
and includes the following sections:
- Site preparation
- Excavation
- Embankment
- Subgrade
- Civil works for utilities
- Water drainage works
- Slope rip rap and protection

5.2 Site Preparation:

5.2.1 Description:
This section consists of site preparation and includes inspection and survey
works, protection, transfer or removal of utilities, removal of materials, debris, plants,
trees, structures and obstructions from the right of way.

Site preparation shall be carried out according to special specification, this
general specifications and specifications for utilities issued by the client. Contractor
shall undertake the works inconformity with the conditions and instructions issued by
the authorities concerned the environment preservation like the noise levels, air
pollution, vibration and dust. Contractor shall protect water resources from pollution,
and take all actions which provide safety for employees, neighborhood and highway
users and to complete temporary structures which permit the movement of vehicle and
pedestrian traffic throughout the construction period.

5.2.2 Inspection and survey works:
Immediately after contract assignment, Contractor shall inspect the site to
explore the general conditions and to set out the suitable plan for performing the works,
and carry out the necessary survey for fixing the road centerline and the related
structures, determining levels and dimensions, and link the neighboring buildings and
structures with the road alignment, and he shall determine the plans, longitudinal and
lateral cross sections and identify the project boundaries.

Contractor, in coordination with the Ministry and the clients representatives,
shall specify all utility lines existing within the boundaries of the project according to
the types and depths. Contractor shall hold a Coordination meetings with the authorities
related to these utilities to obtain the required release regarding transfer/removal of the
existing utilities and services, or to preserve and protect them according to
specifications approved by those authorities.

Contractor shall identify and estimate the quantity of waste and plants to be
cleared from the site and identify the number of trees to be removed and replanted in
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other places, or to keep them in the same location and he shall mark all trees and other
structures assigned to be kept in their places.

Contractor in coordination with the Engineer shall specify sites for storing the
removed elements and preserving them for use in the same project or other projects,
new sites for planting the removed trees and site for dumping removed materials. These
sites shall be specified in the contract documents or approved by the Ministry.
Contractor shall obtain a written agreement from the site's owners for the locations used
for the disposal of debris and wastes when these locations have not been identified
previously.

The removal of waste materials and structures include hazardous materials shall
be made using proper methods. These materials shall be identified in coordination with
the Ministry and with the health and environment preservation authorities.

After completion of his investigation and survey works, Contractor shall prepare
a complete report which shall include the following:
1. Survey results and drawings including plans, longitudinal profile and cross-
sections and identify the relative distances to the near by buildings, various
utilities elements, structures, trees with a distinction between those which shall
be removed and those which shall be preserved or transferred.
2. List of structures and obstructions existing within work zones which should be
removed or preserved.
3. List for all lines and elements of various public utilities to be removed or
transferred.
4. List for materials and elements to be removed or dismantled and preserved and
delivered to the Ministry or to relevant authorities.
5. Approved minutes of coordination meetings with authorities related to structures
and public utilities. The requested approvals for the transfer or removal methods
and copies of the conditions and specifications approved by those authorities
shall be included.
6. A list for sites, material quantities and structures which may be classified as
hazardous to public health or environment and which should be removed or
disposed and related approved specifications.
7. A list of sites in which the cleaned and removed materials shall be dumped and a
copies of the written agreement from the owners of those sites.
8. Contractors detailed plan and time schedule for clearing, removal, transfer or
preserving works of utilities and structures.

Contractor is not allowed to start cleaning and removal works before receiving the
Engineers approval about the report, work plan, and time schedule. The Contractor
shall be responsible for the results of any damages arising from his failure in executing
the preliminary works or construction activities and he shall pay the cost of carrying out
all repair works.

5.2.3 Equipments:
Contractor shall, on the basis of exploration, survey works and the work plan
approved by the Engineer, provide all equipments and materials capable of carrying out
removal works of debris, materials, plants and trees, removal or transfer or preservation
of utilities and removal of structures and obstructions. These equipments, and tools
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required for the work shall be in a good technical condition and it shall include milling
scraping, loading, transporting and unloading equipments, and equipment required for
the cutting, removal and cleaning trees, roots plants and grass, equipments required for
removal of buildings, and all other equipments required for the construction.

5.2.4 Environment Protection:
Removal works shall be carried out according to the conditions and instructions
issued by authorities concerned with environment preservation as to noise level, air
pollution, vibration, dust and water sources protection from contamination. In addition
Contractor shall take all the measures, construct the temporary structures and detours
which insure vehicular traffic and pedestrian flows.

5.2.5 Protection of utilities and properties:
Contractor shall take all the required arrangements and carry out all the
necessary works to protect utilities such as of electrical lines, communication lines,
water and sewer lines which lie within the right of way and the public utilities which lie
near work's zone which may be affected by construction activities using suitable
methods including manual methods. And he shall carry out the temporary or permanent
transfer works for these utilities according to a plan set out by him and approved by
concerned authority.

Contractor shall be responsible for any damages, resulting from construction
activities, affect the utilities indicated on the drawings or indicated in the coordination
meeting minutes with relevant authorities and he shall carry out all repair works on his
own account without having the right to claim any additional compensation for this
item. Contractor shall, halt construction activities in utility area when any damage was
occurred for utilities or when finding un-identified utilities, and inform the Engineer
who informs relevant authorities, and he has no right to recommence the work before
receiving the required instructions in this regard.

The contractor shall protect all the existing neighboring structures from any
damages which may results due to construction activities throughout the project period
and he shall install the temporary fences which separate work zone from neighboring
property when indicated in the special specifications, and preserve all the existing walls
and gates and not to remove or replace them with other temporary ones before
agreement of the owners or before the ends of the notification period which shall not be
less than 30 days.

Contractor shall be responsibility for any damage occurred due to construction
activities on the neighboring buildings and structures or to those which were required to
be preserved within work limits and he shall carry out repair works and pay necessary
costs for this and he has no right to claim any additional costs for this.

5.2.6 Removed materials ownership:
The inspection and survey report shall include a list of all materials and elements
which shall be dismantled, maintained, and delivered to the client.

The ownership of all removed elements or materials shall be to the Ministry
unless otherwise clearly stated in the special specifications or minutes of coordination.

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Contractor shall take all required precautions and arrangements for dismantling,
cleaning and storing the materials and elements using suitable methods which do not
expose them to any damage or rendering their using.

The special specifications and contract documents shall identify the method and
amount of compensation to be incurred by the Contractor for the materials and elements
required to be dismantled or to be delivered or reinstalled, which have been damaged as
a result of the construction activities.

Contractor shall pay the required compensation for the materials or elements
which have been damaged and the ministry or the concerned authority may approve that
contractor can replace the damaged materials with other suitable materials similar or
better in quality.

5.2.7 Removal or transfer of utilities:
Contractor- in coordination with the Ministry and in attendance of the relevant
authority, shall inspect site and identify all utilities structures, elements and lines such
as telephone, electricity, water, sewage and fire hydrants and he shall use all related
information and drawings available with the relevant agencies concerned with the
public utilities at site and he shall indicate these lines on the drawings according to their
classification, materials, diameters, levels and depths as specified in the drawings and
investigation reports which shall be approved by the Contractor, Engineer and owners
of the utilities.

Also he shall identify the utilities and their elements reports approve these from
all concerned authorities. In addition Contractor shall obtain the specifications and
special conditions for utilities from the concerned authorities and prepare a work plan
that includes method, equipments, machines and materials which he shall use to carry
out the removal or transfer works and the procedures which he shall follow to protect
those utility lines which shall be preserved.

Except otherwise the special specifications indicate, relevant utilities
specifications or written instructions of the client, all utilities lying within the project
works zone, at a less than sixty (60) centimeter depth of the base layer levels shall be
removed or transferred or protected.

Removal, transferring, protection or preservation works of utility lines and their
structures shall be carried out according to the work plan prepared by the Contractor
and accepted by the authority and the Engineer. These works shall be executed under
the supervision of the authority's representative, and any fill works shall not commence
around and over the utility lines which were transferred and protected, before being
handed over to the authority's representative and verified according to the technical
specifications for such works and completion of all required tests. Fill works around
pipes and manholes shall be done according to technical specifications for installing
public utilities and specifications approved by the concerned authorities or section (5.6)
of this division.

In case special specifications or minutes of coordination meeting with the
authority, indicate dismantling of pipes, culverts, gutters, manhole covers and pumps
store them, completion of this work shall be done by using the proper means and
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equipments which do not inflict damage to these elements. These elements shall be
cleaned, transported, and stored at locations approved by the authority client or special
specifications. Delivery of these elements shall be handed to their owners according to
handing over minutes signed by the concerned parties.
Existing electricity towers and posts, telephones, transfer chambers and stations
and all ancillary structures and elements shall be removed according to the
specifications, methods and through using the equipments and machines approved by
the concerned authorities and under the supervision of representatives from these
authorities. These works shall be completed by qualified technicians. Contractor shall
take all necessary measures and precautions for the safety of employees, neighborhood
and pedestrians.

The removal, protection or transfer of existing utilities shall be carried out
according to a time schedule and method approved by the concerned authorities and
these shall insure continuity or minimum interruption of their services. Users of this
service shall be informed by dates and periods of stopping service through the
information media approved by the concerned authorities, all on the Contractors own
account. In addition Contractor shall pay the responsibility for any damages which may
results from his works or his failing to fulfill the sufficient coordination.

Any structures used by pedestrians or vehicles shall not be removed before
taking the necessary arrangements to insure the continuity for traffic.

In case Contractor finds any public utilities lines or elements which have not
previously been located during the inspection or survey or coordination with the client,
he shall immediately report these to the Engineer and the concerned authority and stop
work at that area till he receives the approved decision in this regard and he shall report
any damage or fault that may occur to the existing services elements or structures
during execution of the works and carry out the required procedures, arrangements, and
repair works according to the Engineers and the concerned authority instructions.

Contractor alone incurs costs for repair or replacement of utilities, structures,
and elements, specified in the minutes and drawings, which are damaged as a result of
his works. However, those facilities which were not specified shall be repaired by him
according to the specifications and instructions of the concerned authority and he shall
be paid for this according to the agreed prices with these authorities.

Contractor shall fill all the trenches and pits resulting from removal works,
wells, absorption pits, catch basins, and building basements which lie within work
boundaries or conflict with these, by using fill materials, methods and specifications
stipulated in the special specifications or in the general specifications for layers of
similar depths from the finished highway surface.

5.2.8 Removal of materials, debris, plants and trees:
These works include removal of all debris, plants and grass; trees cutting or
preserving or replanting in other locations.

Before starting work, Contractor shall take all the necessary arrangements to
protect neighboring structures and buildings from any damage results from the
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construction activities and he shall protect trees and other elements to be preserved from
any damage throughout the project period.

Contractor shall clear the highway right of way and its various structures from
any ingredients, debris of building materials, or products of any works which may be
existed within right of way and obstruct completion of work. These materials shall be
collected, loaded, transported and disposed at the approved sites.

In case any materials that may be hazardous to the health of the employees or
pedestrians are encountered, contractor shall take the necessary protection arrangements
for the employees and pedestrians and to carry out collection, loading and transporting
and disposal of hazardous materials according to the health and environmental approved
standards and at the approved sites.

Contractor shall commence removal of trees specified to be removed or grubbed
in contract documents or the instructions of the Engineer and planting in specified areas
within or outside the project. These trees shall be protected from any damage during
extraction, transportation, storage or planting and this shall be done by trained personnel
and by using equipments approved for such work. Contractor shall remove the
remaining roots of removed or extracted trees to a depth no less than one (1) meter from
the lowest level of the Subgrade layer.

Pits resulting from trees removal shall be filled with suitable material which
complies with the next layer materials at fill areas and these materials shall be
compacted to the next layers compaction degree.

Contractor shall dispose all removed and undesired materials from the
boundaries of the highway works immediately and transport these to the approved sites.
It is not permissible to collect these for long periods within urban areas.

Contractor-during all work stages-shall take the required procedure to protect
neighborhood and pedestrians and to carry out works which reduce dust by spraying
water or any other method approved by the Engineer.

Contractor shall separate and store materials indicated by contract documents in
certain areas and with a method specified in the special specifications or according to
the Engineers recommendations. Except otherwise contract documents stipulate,
Contractor has the right to act as to getting use of the cleaning and removal products
such as wood and trees.

5.2.9 Removal of structures and obstructions:
These works shall include removal of all obstructions, buildings and structures
within or conflict with the projects works or its utilization. All these works shall be
carried out according to the requirements of special specifications and these general
specifications, of these structures and obstructions.

Contract documents and inspection/survey reports will include a complete
inventory for the obstructions and structures which should be removed or dismantled
and stored, the structure and elements to be removed and copies of the minutes of
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coordination meeting with the authorities and their acceptance for the works to be
executed and specification condition related to the work.

Contractor, before starting removal works, shall submit a detailed work plan
which describes the execution method, equipments, and machines list, methods and
sites for transporting debris and waste materials, sites for transporting and storing the
materials and elements to be preserved, protection arrangements for elements and
structures which shall be preserved, public safety, environment protection procedures,
plan, and methods for the disposal of hazardous materials. The plan shall not contradict
with laws, regulations and instructions being implemented. It is not permissible to
commence removal works before obtaining all the written approvals from authorities
related to the structures and obstructions and submission of these to the Engineer and
receiving his written acceptance for the work plan.

Contractor shall remove all structures, obstructions from the areas shown on the
drawings to a depth no less than sixty (60) centimeter below natural ground at fill
sections or below the excavation level except otherwise the special specifications
indicate.

Contractor shall submit a technical study from an approved authorized agency
which includes methods for removing buildings, bridges, and other similar structures,
the special specifications, required protection and support arrangements for buildings
which shall be preserved or those which might be affected by the works. Contractor is
not allowed to commence these works before receiving the written acceptance of the
Engineer and he bares full responsibility for any damage which might occur to
employees or structures and buildings as a result of his work.

Buildings, bridges, structures and fences within the projects boundaries or
ancillary works shall be removed according to the approved technical study using the
methods and equipments which do not lead to damage to neighboring buildings and
structures. Public and private agencies which own the buildings and structures shall be
notified, before a period not less than thirty (30) days from commencement of the
removal works, with the necessity to evacuate these buildings and structures, dismantle
systems and equipments and transfer existing property and objects. Contractor has no
right to commence the works before verifying the completion of this requirement.

Breaking of concrete elements of buildings and structures shall be done by using
hydraulic and air compressors or any other method accepted by the Engineer to the
required pieces with dimensions and weights which allow their transportation and
disposal to the specified locations. Metal structures shall be dismantled and their
components marked with numbers and codes in such way that it could be reused.

When removing, pavements, curbs, and middle islands, works shall be carried
out according to contract documents and approved work plan using the methods and
equipments suitable for these works.

It is preferable to remove asphalt concrete layers using milling and grinding
machines which enable fragmentation, transportation and storage of materials at the
Ministrys approved sites for reuse.

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It is not permissible to use removed materials in the works except after verifying
their compliance with the requirements related to materials of these works.

The disassembling of all traffic safety and control elements which lie within
work boundaries, or which conflict the works shall be carried out by the methods and
equipments which dont result in deformation or not prevent their reusing in the future.
This includes dismantling of panels, posts, metal/concrete protective barriers, light
signals, direction/warning signals and any other element which the special
specifications specify for disassembling and removing for the purpose reusing.

Removed materials which might be useful shall be loaded, transported, and
stored in the locations shown on the drawings or areas specified by the Ministry in
compliance with the instructions and regulations implemented by the Ministry and
instructions concerned with environment protection.

Contractor shall pay full responsibility for any damage which may occur to the
public and neighboring buildings and structures as a result of removal works.

5.2.10 Disposal of removed materials:
Contractor shall dispose all removed materials and transport them immediately
to the disposal approved locations and it is not permissible to store these materials
within the project boundaries or within the boundaries of the city, municipality or
public/private properties.

When burning of removed wastes and materials is required it shall be done in
sites specified and approved by the Engineer, according to an approved plan which
fulfills safety requirements and environmental preservation conditions. It is not
permissible to burn materials within project works boundaries or within the boundaries
of the city, municipality or near buildings and structures. Contractor shall be held fully
responsible for any damages which arise from this. The burning waste shall be disposed
according to the standard requirements in the approved sites.

Contractor must separate the materials which have special conditions to be
dispose according to environmental requirements and burying, dispose it according to
related specifications, conditions and instructions.

5.2.11 Works Acceptance:
Contractor shall apply quality control for site preparation work through carrying
out all the required procedures to insure that used materials, completion methods and
completed works fulfill quality requirements stipulated in the special specifications and
clients specifications or general specifications and other contract documents.

The Ministry shall apply quality assurance and verify the Contractor quality
control procedures either through direct supervision or by carrying out neutrally quality
assurance procedures using test on representative samples and in adequate numbers to
judge about the quality level and accept or reject the executed works according to the
principles detailed in Division (17) of these general specifications except otherwise
specified in the special specifications and other contract documents.

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1. Quality Control:
Contractor shall apply quality control on the constructed works and he shall
monitor, record, and analyze results and draw quality charts for critical properties and
he shall carry out all the tests and measurements for measurable and testable works and
investigate immeasurable and un-testable works.

Contractor shall submit to the Engineer copies for all the measurements and tests
promptly and he shall apply all the items indicated in subsection (17.1.1) of these
general specifications.

2. Quality Assurance:
Ministry, at any time, has the right to assure the quality of materials and
constructed works through carrying out or ordering others to carry out under its
supervision the tests and measurements for constructed works. The Ministry has the
right to review Contractors quality control records and compare these records with
quality assurance data to assure quality according to what is specified in Division (17)
of these general specifications. The ministry has the right to inspect Contractors
laboratory equipments, technical staff, and methods of investigations, testing to insure
the efficiency of Contractors staff, equipments and degree of conformity of
investigation, testing and construction methods with approved methods.

5.2.12 Measurement:
Measurement shall be carried out for site preparation works for actual work
specified in the special specifications and the investigation and survey report approved
by the Engineer. It is not allowed to make any measurements for the purpose of
payment for quantities and constructed works outside the specified locations in the
contract documents or those which are not approved in the investigation /survey report
approved by the Engineer except when the Contractor has been assigned in writing.

The special specifications and other contract documents shall include a table for
work items and measuring units. Except when the special specifications otherwise
indicate, measurement shall be carried out for the actually executed and technically
accepted works according to the following:

1- Removal works for existing buildings, structures, pavements and
clearance works, removal of debris, and grass, are measured in square
meters. Area of multi-story buildings is calculated by multiplying the
area of one story by the number of the floors.
2- Works of removal or transfer for utilities lines, removal of fences and
gates or removal, dismantling, cleaning, storing and preservation of
various safety barriers and protective barriers are measured in linear
meters and this includes all the elements, materials and ancillary
structures except when contract document indicate otherwise.
3- Works for removing, dismantling, cleaning and storing elements which
are required to be dismantled, stored and preserved or delivered to the
concerned authorities or the Ministry are measured by numbers.
4- Works of trimming trees or extracting and replanting them in other
locations or preserve them are measured by number and trees are
considered to be all the trees with an average diameter of more than
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15cm. Below this diameter trees are considered plants even if these were
required to be extracted and replanted or preserved.
5- Works for dismantling, cleaning or removal of electricity posts and
towers, telephones and light signals are measured by number for actually
executed works. This includes dismantling or removal, cleaning,
transportation, storage works and coordination works with the concerned
authorities to insure the continuity of service.
6- Dismantling or removal of transformer stations, power stations, panels
and reinstallation works when the special specifications stipulate for this
are measured by number if possible according to power.

5.2.13 Payment:
Payment shall be done for site preparation works according to actually
constructed works which are included in the special specifications and in the approved
investigation and survey report minutes of meeting and in accordance with contract
prices. These prices shall be considered as complete compensation for the completion of
all the works according to the special specifications or these general specifications or
the special specifications of the owners of utilities, structures and lines including
preparation of required reports and studies, provision of machines, equipments and
labor , completion of all the temporary detours and paths, safety arrangements, support
works and all other requirements for the completion of the works plus transportation
and disposal of produce or storage and/or reassembling of the elements in addition to all
revenues, fees and payments to third parties.

The following work items table shall be considered only as an example, and the
special specifications and contract documents shall include a table for work items to be
measured and paid. Payment shall be according to one or more of the f items indicated
in Table (5.2.1).

Table (5.2.1): Items for site preparation works

Work
Item No.
Work item Measuring Unit
5.2.1 Public utilities and lines removal Linear Meter
5.2.2
Transfer of utilities lines (shall be classified
according to types)
Linear Meter
5.2.3 Preservation for public utilities lines Linear Meter
5.2.4
Dismantling of electricity or telephone posts and
towers
Number
5.2.5
Dismantling of traffic signals plus different
components
Number
5.2.6 Removal of signals and traffic control elements Number
5.2.7 Removal of safety barriers Linear Meter
5.2.8 Removal pavements layers, foot path, etc Square meters
5.2.9 Removal of fences & gates Linear Meter
5.2.10
Cleaning of debris, materials, plants & grass
removal
Square Meters
5.2.11 Removal and replanting of trees Number
5.2.12 Removal of buildings & structures Square Meters
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5.3 Excavation Works:

5.3.1 Description:
This section includes removal for materials within work boundaries according to
the dimensions, levels and lateral cross sections indicated in the drawings and other
contract documents or specified by the engineer. These works include excavation works
required for the completion of the highway and all its elements, structures and water
drainage structures whatever materials and soils to be excavated. Including loading and
transporting of excavated materials to locations of their use or storage or disposal at the
approved sites.

Any information about surface or subsurface soil shown on drawings or in the
projects special specifications or the technical reports submitted during discussions
with the engineer are considered as primary information and shall not be taken as a
basis for the estimation of prices. Work plan preparation and the time schedule.
Contractor shall prepare his prices, choose equipments and execution methods and
prepare his work plan and time schedule on the basis of the information which he
obtains from his own studies.

5.3.2 Preliminary works:
Contractor, starting of excavation works, shall complete site preparation works
indicated in section (5.2) of this division or according to the special specifications.

Contractor shall link excavation work boundaries with neighboring structures
and building, inspect types of soil to be excavated and submit a full report on
investigation/survey works together with drawings, cross sections, levels, boundaries
for excavation slopes.

Contractor shall, on the basis of types of soil to be excavated, excavation depths,
external limits of the final excavation slopes, topography, distance between buildings or
fences or neighboring property boundaries and excavation, choose excavation method
that do not cause any damages to existing buildings and structures or affect neighboring
property. And submit the required support studies for the protection of buildings,
structures and utilities which might be damaged as a result of executed works and the
studies/solutions required for supporting excavation sides during construction together
with all details and particular specifications for these works. It shall include methods
and equipments for the disposal of waters during excavation, methods for protection and
transferring utility and uncompleted utilities lines during the site preparation phase. No
additional payment shall be made to the Contractor for this studies except otherwise
indicated in the special specifications.

Contractor shall submit, on the basis of inspection, survey and study, the
detailed work plan, the list for the equipments and machines, traffic control plan, sites
and details of pedestrian sidewalk, barriers around excavation areas and type of warning
lighting for work areas, within a period not less than 30 days from commencement of
protection and supporting works.

It is not permissible for the contractor to commence excavation works before the
approval of the work plan by the engineer, time schedule and finishing of enforcement,
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protection, detours, and traffic control works, and before obtaining the excavation
permission from the concerned authorities.
Contractor alone indorse full responsibility for any person injury or damages,
caused by executed works, on structures, public utilities, and public/private property
which lie within or near the projects work boundaries and which are required to be
preserved.

5.3.3 Types of Excavation:
Excavations shall be divided into the following types according to excavation
methods, type of excavated soil or nature of the structure except otherwise is indicated
in the special specifications.

1. Common excavations:
Excavations are considered as common when carried out in all non-rocky soils
such as clay, silt, sand and aggregate materials or loose and soft rocks by using common
excavation methods and equipments such as bulldozers and similar excavation
equipments without the need for ripping or blasting.

2. Rock excavation:
This shall include excavation in hard and solid rocks such as hard lime or shale
or basalt rocks which can not be excavated through using heavy and technically
efficient excavation equipment not more than 5 years old with a horse power of 350 for
open excavations or a drilling machine of 250 HP for trench excavations or confined
pits or when the rate of distribution of seismic waves velocity in the material to be
excavated exceeds 2000 m/sec, excavation in this case, shall be done by using ripping
machines and/or blasting.

3. Structural Excavation:
These include excavation works required for completing various structures such
as bridge foundations, retaining walls and culverts if separate pay item is included in
special specifications or project quantities and can be classified in to common or rock
excavation.

5.3.4 Equipments:
Contractor shall provide all equipments and machines required for the
completion of different excavation works, in enough numbers and types capable for
carrying out the works according to the work plan and time schedule approved by
Engineer. These equipments shall be capable of working in on site and suitable for soil
types in excavation site and available space areas for execution. And it shall not
adversely affect neighboring buildings and properties and the Contractor shall be
responsible for any damages which may caused as a result of used method of
excavation.

The Contractor equipment shall not lead to extra noise, air pollution or vibration
levels higher than the tolerance limits specified in the approved manuals, specifications
and environmental instructions. The Contractor equipment shall includes drilling
machines, bulldozers and/or grinding equipments, loaders, dumping trucks, water
pumps, pipes and tankers as required for work constructions according to the approved
specification.

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5.3.5 Excavated materials:
Contractor shall be responsible to mention in the plan of works his proposal for
using excavated materials elsewhere in the project, where surplus and unsuitable
excavated materials shall be disposed on definite sites after a written agreement is
obtained from property owner.

Excavated materials suggested to be used shall comply with materials
requirements, liquid limit, plasticity index, California bearing ratio, salt content,
swelling and grain size graduation and it is not permissible to use excavated materials
before carrying out all the necessary tests on representative samples to verify their
compliance with the specifications required for the work in which proposed to be used
or according to various sections of this general specifications or special specifications or
as directed by the Engineer.

When using excavated materials it should be directly transported from
excavation site to the site of work or stored at specified sites approved by the engineer
and the Contractor shall take all the required precautions to prevent mixing of these
materials with unsuitable ones during excavation or transportation or storage.

The Engineers acceptance for using any excavation materials is considered as a
preliminary and it should be finally approved on the basis of tests carried out on
samples from the actually hauled materials to the work site. Contractor shall remove
any materials which are not in compliance with work specifications, remove any
executed works in which these materials were used and replace them with suitable
materials conform to the specifications and reconstruct the removed parts with
technically acceptable materials according to the specifications for those works without
having the right to claim any additional cost.

Contractor shall transport all unsuitable and surplus materials immediately at the
approved locations; the dispose materials shall be graded and compacted in such a way
that it becomes uniform with surrounding terrains. The hauling operation shall be done
through specified routes using covered dumping trucks. It is not allowed to dispose
excavation materials or stockpile them within urban areas boundaries or in valley. The
disposal of these materials should not lead to any damage to public or private property.

When some industrial wastes or similar materials encountered in the project it
shall be disposed according to the instructions and requirements followed by
health/environmental authorities requirements.

No additional amounts shall be paid for disposal of surplus or unsuitable
materials and their costs shall be included in excavation prices except otherwise

When the special specifications or other contract documents indicate that the
disposal of unsuitable or surplus materials shall be disposed in certain sites lie within
certain distance, while during the work execution it was found that these locations are
not allowed for use, then the price amendments should be made according to the ratio
and proportion of the of hauling distances.

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5.3.6 Execution of common excavation:
Contractor shall carry out common excavation works by using suitable
equipments and machines and approved work plan according to dimensions, levels and
slopes indicated in drawings and other contract documents and he shall prepare
excavation bottom and finishing their side slopes according to the dimensions and levels
as indicated on the drawings, in the contract documents and general specifications.

Before commencement of excavation works, contractor shall obtain excavation
permission and complete all the preliminary works indicated in item (5.3.2) of this
section.

When special specifications or the Engineer require contractor shall commence
removal of vegetation top soil suitable for planting to a depth not less than fifteen (15)
centimeter, hauling and storing it in approved locations as directed by the engineer. No
additional payment shall be paid for the Contractor corresponding these items except
otherwise indicated by the special specifications.

Contractor shall take all the necessary precautions and arrangements to prevent
failure of excavation slopes and furnish suitable enforcement according to soil type,
depth and slope of excavation.

Contractor shall carry on his expense if not otherwise specified in the special
specifications and submit a study on slopes stability prepared by an approved
specialized agency when the depth of excavation exceeds three (3) meter or when the
excavation edge is near to buildings or structures which may be affected, except
otherwise this study was included in contract documents. This study is considered to be
charged on excavation work items, except otherwise indicate special specifications.

Loose aggregate, clay and silty soils are considered as susceptible to failure, so
when back slope of the excavation exceeds 1 vertical to 2 horizontal (1:2) the side
slopes should be supported in these soils.

Contractor shall prevent movement and stopping of equipments and traffic near
excavation edge and separate it with suitable barriers, with the minimum save distance
between the excavation edge and the nearest parts of chains or wheel which does not
leads to damages in excavation edges , this distance in no case should not be less than
one and half (1.5) meter.

Contractor shall not use any vibratory machines near excavation areas consist of
sand or loose gravelly-soil to prevent failure or loosening of slopes of the excavation.

Contractor shall take all the required precautionary arrangements to prevent
water, whatever its source; from reaching excavation sides or bottom and he shall
dewater the excavation bottom by pumping, or drains or any other effective method
approved by Engineer. Special precautions shall be taken for the excavation in high
water level areas to prevent water from reaching the excavation area and more
consideration should be give to the extra pressure arising from water in the design of
side slopes and side supports.

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In case the Engineer or Contractor notice that the excavation side is subjected to
slide or failure, contractor shall evacuate all employees and equipments and halt the
work, until on his expense submits a suitable solution for the problem, and he shall be
responsible for any damages which might arise due to his failure in providing a suitable
protection arrangements for employees and structures.

When contractor encounters any underground previously unknown structures or
utility he shall halt the work at that area and inform the Engineer who shall inform the
concerned authorities and approve the suitable solution in coordination with those
authorities and contractor shall complete all the required works to remove or transfer or
preserve the structure or public utility according to the approved solution agreed upon,
except otherwise indicated in the contract documents.

Whenever carrying excavation works near utilities, structures or lines contractor
shall take all required arrangements and suitable excavation method such as using of
light equipments or manual excavation to avoid any damage which may occur to the
structure or public utilities. It is absolutely prohibited to excavate near foundations of
buildings, structures and public utilities and expose their foundations before completing
the necessary supporting works according to the technical study prepared by a
specialized agency and approved by the Engineer.

Contractor shall finish excavation according to the levels, depths, dimensions
and slopes indicated in the drawings and other contract documents. Excavation sides
and bottom should be leveled and cleaned from loose and susceptible sliding materials
as specified in the specification, and he shall inspect and test the bottom of the
excavation and maintain it in clean and dry situation until construction of the
subsequent layers.

Contractor test the material below bottom of the excavation to ensure its
conformity with the requirements of the following layer to be constructed, and when it
is technically accepted the contractor shall pulverize the bottom of the excavation to a
depth not less than 20 cm, wetting up to optimum moisture content and compacting it to
a degree not less than 95 % of the maximum dry density according to modified proctor
test.

When materials beneath the bottom level of excavation are not suitable as a
roadbed according to item 5.4.3 requirements "road bed preparation" of this division
contractor shall excavate these materials to the lines, levels and depths instructed by the
Engineer providing that the depth of the excavation should not be less than sixty (60)
centimeter for collector, arterial and main roads, and not less than thirty (30) centimeter
for local roads below the bottom level of subgrade surface. The excavated materials
shall be removed and disposed according to Disposal of surplus and unsuitable
materials item in the general specifications, and substituted by suitable processed,
compacted roadbed or Subgrade material as required in section 5.4 "embankment" from
these specifications.

However, when excavation depth exceeds the specified depth below subgrade
layer the contractor shall level the bottom of the excavation and backfill the extra
excavation in layers having thickness not more than 15 cm using material comply with
roadbed or subgrade material requirements according to layer depth, then contractor
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shall level, wet and compact the to a full depth of the layer to not less than 95% of the
maximum dry density according to modified Proctors test for the used material , and it
is not allowed using of sandy soil for backfilling the extra excavation.

When excavation is done in loose sandy soil contractor shall carry out
excavation in such a way that its side slope shall not exceed 1 vertical to 6 horizontal.
Sides and bottom of excavation shall be protected and confined by using materials
indicated on the drawings and special specifications providing that their classification is
no less than A-1-a, or A-1-b, or A-2-4, with plasticity index not exceeding 10%
according to dimensions and thickness indicated on the drawings or as instructed by the
Engineer providing that thickness should not be less than twenty (20) centimeter. No
additional payment shall be paid for these works and their prices should be included in
the excavation price.

5.3.7 Rock excavations
This work consists of excavation works for materials classified as rocky,
including preparation of all technical studies, reports, formation of side slopes, removal
of materials susceptible to failure, traffic protection and control devices, supporting and
finishing these works according to the dimensions, levels and slopes indicated in the
drawings and other contract documents, using grinding and/or blasting, methods.

Rock excavation may be performed by one of the following methods:
Mechanical ripping
Chemical fracturing
Blasting

Contractor shall, before commencement of the rock excavation works by a
period not less than thirty (30) days, submit to Engineer his work plan, time schedule,
equipment and devices list, protection plan and arrangements proposed to be used
together with a study prepared by a specialized agency approved by the Ministry about
rock layers, proposed methods of excavation and method of protection of buildings,
structures and public utility lines (which might be affected by excavation works) and
supporting procedures. Contractor is not allowed to commence the works before the
approval of the work plan by the engineer and the concerned authorities of public
utilities and structures.

5.3.7.1 Mechanical ripping:
Contractor shall perform rock excavation by ripping when the project period and
rock types allow the use of this method. Rocks are considered as susceptible to ripping
excavation if velocity of the seismic wave in the excavated rocks varies between 2000
to 3000 m/sec.

Contractor shall provide an adequate numbers of suitable rippers for the rocks
nature and with an adequate number to perform excavation works according to the
approved time schedule and within the boundaries, dimensions and levels indicated on
the drawings. The vibrations caused by ripping work shall not result in any damage to
the structures, buildings and utility, and the Contractor shall perform all the necessary
protection and supporting works on his own account and he alone incurs any damages
that might arise from his work.

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Excavation works shall be from up to downward throughout excavation limits
and the excavation machines and stages of the work should be distributed in such a way
that prevents a failure of the rock layers. Contractor shall furnish trained labor to
perform the work, and shall provide all safety and protection requirements to instruct all
employees within the work zone.

Rock boulders shall be removed and loaded after ripping and transported by
trucks to the approved sites using suitable machines, it is not permissible to stockpile
excavated material within the projects areas or urban areas.

5.3.7.2 Chemical fracturing:
The fracturing excavation may be used when it is stated in the special
specifications or if it is proposed by the contractor in technical study shows the reason,
advantages, specifications, method of construction and the general requirements, with
dates and results of previous construction in similar sites and including the
environmental measurements such as, vibrations, gasses and their effect on the health.

The materials proposed to use should be from the type that approved in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and country of production for such works.

Such works will be performed by qualified contractors who have previous
experience under the supervision of an approved technical authority.

5.3.7.3 Blasting rock excavation:
This work consists of breaking rock boulders to construct fixed and stable
excavation sides using controlled blasting to form back slopes for excavation sides
through executing cutting surfaces that match the approved slopes in the excavated rock
layers.

It is permissible to perform rock excavation using blasting in urban areas only if
necessary and in rocks which can not be excavated with any other method.

Rock excavation works shall be performed according to the vital regulations and
laws in the kingdom and should be carried out by specialized, qualified and approved
firms and on the basis of a technical study prepared by a qualified specialized agency.

5.3.7.3.1 Preliminary works:
Before commencement of blasting works, contractor shall complete the
following preliminary works:

1. Blasting consultant:
Contractor shall seek for a consultant specialized in rock blasting or an approved
qualified technical agency to monitor records and analyze reports of seismographic
vibrations caused by the blasting works and submit his/its name and qualifications to the
Engineer for approval before commencement of work. The proposed consultant shall
have the adequate experience in blasting activities and the ability to analyze vibration
records, ground motion and energy transmission path emanating from blasting
activities. The minimum qualifying requirements for consultant shall be Bachelor of
Science Degree (BSC), with accredited courses in at least three of the following
disciplines: Seismology, Geophysics, Geophysical Eng., Vibration Eng., Soil or/and
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Rock Mechanics, Foundations and/or Explosives Engineer. He shall perform the
required certificates to prove his previous experience in blasting works.
Consultant shall direct and instruct the contractor in its operations to control
vibrations within the approved limits and he is in charge of making the preliminary blast
survey, monitoring and recording vibrations, preparation of reports and submitting
recommendations to the contractor on daily basis, describing level of observed
vibrations attributed to project blasting activities and their subsequent effects on
surrounding structures.

2. Survey works:
The blasting consultant shall conduct full survey for all buildings, structures,
utilities and water tanks in the area adjacent to the site within the one hundred fifty
(150) meter distance, to describe its existing condition before blasting and to record and
evaluate all cracks and other defects according to the approved method preparing a
technical condition survey report signed by the contractor and submitted to the Engineer
for review and approval.

Contractor shall issue an advertisement about the blasting in the mass media and
submits a notice to adjacent properties owners or tenants, the concerned authorities and
the engineer, identifying the project, date and time of the blasting, site location and the
blasting contractor. The announcement will be displayed in exposed areas near the site
before a period no less than7 days from the blasting date.

Contractor, after completion of rock excavation works, shall carry out post-blast
survey for the site and neighboring structures to determine their condition after blasting
to identify any damages that may occur due to blasting operation. Notice shall be given
to the concerned authorities, the Engineer and owners/tenants of the properties and
buildings near by, specifying the date for the final survey after blasting.

3. Control and monitoring of vibrations:
Contractor undertakes to abide with the vibration limits approved in these
general specifications and the special specifications. The Contractor shall incorporate
the vibration limits and the velocity of particles in the blasting plan, and adjust the
blasting plan whenever the vibration values not comply with the approved limits. The
following items shall be considered:

a) The maximum peak particle velocity for ground vibrations, in any of the three
mutually perpendicular components for above ground residential structure, shall
not exceed the limits indicated in Table 5.3.1. The indicated limits for these
vibrations shall be reduced for old buildings, eroded utilities and computer
buildings, to the limits estimated by the specialized agency in the blasting plan.

b) The maximum peak particle velocity of ground vibrations for the three mutually
perpendicular components for underground public utility and non-residential
structures shall not exceed 50 mm/sec.

c) Whenever there are some structures in the area which requires special vibrations
requirements contractor shall coordinate with owners of these structures to get
the approved limits.

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Table 5.3.1: Ground Vibration Limits for Residential and Building Structures

Max. particle peak velocity (mm/Sec)
Type of structure
frequency below (40Hz)
frequency (40Hz)
or greater
New buildings 19 50
Reinforced concrete or steel
buildings
50 100
Wells and water strata layers 25 50
Old buildings 13 50

d) Contractor shall not conduct any blasting operation within thirty (30) meter from
concrete structures which are newly completed (less than 7 days) without
approval from the Engineer.

e) The peak air pressure resulting from the blasting shall not exceed 128 dB in the
residential area.

4. Vibration monitoring Instruments
Contractor shall provide the required vibration measurement systems to monitor
and record vibrations produced by blasting activities. These systems should be ready for
operation, calibrated and should fulfill the following conditions:

a) Measure, display and provide permanent records on strip chart of particle
velocity components.
b) Measure the three mutually perpendicular velocity components for the particle
velocity in the vertical, perpendicular and radial directions.
c) The systems should have a velocity frequency response varying between 2-150
Hz and be capable of measuring peak particle velocity of up to 250 mm/sec.
d) Calibration certificates and date for last calibration from an approved center
shall be attached.
e) The system shall be calibrated according to the periods approved from the
specialized agencies, providing that this period shall not exceeds one year,
regardless of the utilization type, and the calibration should be carried according
to regulations implemented in K. S. A.
f) The operation manuals, requirements and the degree of accuracy approved by
the manufacturers shall be attached with the proposed instruments.
g) The operation of these instruments shall be performed by trained and qualified
technicians and contractor shall submit the credited experience certificates of
those operators.

5. Maintaining and Storing Blasting Materials and Equipments:
All the blasting, explosives storage, blasting instruments and their transportation
operations shall be conducted according to these general specifications, ministry of
interior regulations and authorized agencies in K. S. A. And it is not permissible for the
contractor to own or store any explosives at the project site or in his private property
except after obtaining acceptance from the relevant security authorities.
All blasting materials and equipments shall be provided with special records and
cards including production date, validity date, requirements for maintaining, storing and
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transporting, requirements and methods for use. All these information shall be approved
and endorsed by the manufacturers and authorized agencies.

Contractor on his own responsibility shall keep supply and consumption records
for blasting materials, equipments and the used quantities and he shall be responsible
for any failure or damages may occur due blasting activity.

5.3.7.3.2 Work plan:
Contractor shall submit a study, prepared by an approved specialized authority
on the basis of the site investigation and the required geological studies, , Before not
less than 30 days from commencement of executing blasting operations, it should
includes method of blasting, ways of security and protection, methods of protection
and/or support for surrounding structures and public utilities, protection and supporting
for excavation sides from any damages that may occur due to blasting operations. The
study should be attached with a copy of the manuals, instructions applied by the
authorities, blasting requirements and acceptance of the relevant authorities for the
execution of the works. Contractor has no right to start works before obtaining approval
from the concerned authorities and the Engineer for the work plan.
The work plan shall includes the following:

1- Control blasting sequence and schedule including the general method for
excavation lift heights, starting location, dates and the estimated rate of progress.
2- Written evidence of the licensing, experience, and qualifications, of the blasting
teams and names/experience of the persons who shall be responsible for loading
and firing of each shot.
3- Names and qualifications of the persons responsible for designing and directing
blasting operations performed by the contractor.
4- Name and qualifications of the blasting consultant proposed for performing
primary survey works before blasting.
5- Name and qualifications of independent blasting consultant proposed for use in
monitoring blast vibrations. A sample of a previous vibration analysis or report
or both shall be included with the qualifications. The report shall also includes
an evidence shows the ability of the consultant to analyze blasting operations.
6- A listing of instatements and devices which blasting consultant proposes to use
to monitor vibrations and control blasting together with performance
specifications, instruments user manuals supplied by the manufacturer.
7- A proposed form for the blasting daily record which will be approved by the
Engineer according to instructions for blasting issued by the authorized agencies
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

In addition the plan should include the following basic details:

1. A diagrammatic description of the typical blasting pattern to be used for the
required rock excavation, including the pre-splitting and control patterns, as
required. This description shall include the spacing, between holes in the pre-
split lines and production lines. And the methods of control the cap delays and
time separating between blasting of each row or hole.
2. description of loading plan for a typical production and pre-splitting blasting
including, for each type of hole the fuse and cap locations, the percent strength
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and type of primer, the proposed hole diameter, name and quantity of explosive,
and anticipated location and depth of stemming.
3. Sub-drilling depth, explosive quantities, primer, and initiators, initiation
sequence including delay times and delay systems, and manufacturers data
sheets for all explosives, primers, and initiator to be used.
4. Specifications of stemming and metal covering grid materials any other
materials suitable for preventing rock throwing resulting from blasting.

The blasting plan shall -after its approval- form the basis for all blasting
operations in the project, this plan may be changed according to judgment of the
Contractor or the Engineer or the specialized authority, after stopping of the blasting
operations.

Approval of the blasting plan does not relieve the contractor of full
responsibility for the blasting operation results, accuracy and adequacy.

When the blasting excavation method is approved the overburden materials
covering the rock shall be removed or cross-sectional trenches shall be drilled to the full
depth of the materials covering rock with a distance separate each section providing that
the space between each cross-section neither less than five (5) meters nor greater than
ten (10) meters to provide the possibility of forming the cross sections of the rocks in
their original position. Suitable self propelled equipments may be used to form these
cross-sections and any removed rock before the formation of these cross-sections shall
be considered as common excavations.

5.3.7.3.3 Execution
Blasting excavation shall be conducted according to all laws and regulations
implemented in the kingdom, an approval from the authorities shall be obtained and
blasting operations shall be performed in the presence of their representatives.

Back slopes and side formations for cutting location shall be constructed as
specified on the drawings or as instructed by the Engineer in a proper and safe way
without exposing the life of inhabitants or their property to danger.

The Engineer has the right at all times to stop the contractors blasting
operations when the applied method does not produce the approved excavation sides or
does not meet security and safety conditions or leads to exposing the population,
buildings and structures to danger.

Contractor shall inform the engineer with the blasting program before a period
not less than 24 hours and to inform him with the stand by condition before no less than
30 minutes from the blasting.

Warning signals shall be placed or applied for persons near the blasting area at
least before 3 minutes from starting of each blasting operation, and contractor shall use
amplifiers or horns which can be heard clearly from a distance not less than three
hundred (300) meter.
Prior starting of any blasting operation contractor shall cover the rock proposed
for blasting with special covers or earth layer or any material that prevents scattering of
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rocks. The control method of rock scattering shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer.

1. Experimental Blasting:
Prior starting of the blasting works, Contractor shall prepare an experimental
section with sufficient length not less than thirty (30) meter for the purpose of verifying
the accuracy of the prepared blasting plans. All drilling, charging of blasting holes with
the specified quantities and locations, and controlled blasting operations shall be
conducted according to the approved work plan. The blasting and monitoring consultant
shall prepare a complete report contains all the records of monitoring and the results of
blasting.
The work plan should be revised whenever the experimental blasting results not
achieve the specified requirements and goals, the Contractor in such case shall submit to
the Engineer a modified plan prepared by the specialized authority or the blasting
consultant.

2. Pre-blasting meeting:
A pre-blasting meeting shall be held prior to the start of any drilling or blasting
activity. The purpose of the meeting shall be to review the blasting procedure and
vibration monitoring requirements and to facilitate coordination between all parties
involved. Individuals attending the pre-blasting meeting should include Contractors
representatives, the ministry, blasting consultant, the security authorities, any utility
affected by the blasting operation and any other personnel the engineer deems
appropriate.

3. Drilling:
Prior the starting of the drilling and blasting operations, loose materials,
disintegrated rocks and large boulders on the surface of the rock subjected to blasting,
within the limits approved in the drawings shall be removed to a distance not less than
ten (10) meter far away from the outside of the expected rocks splitting or cracking
limits, or as directed by the Engineer.

Drilling shall be conducted according to the work plan and the blasting study
prepared by the specialized agency and the blasting consultant, which is approved by
the Engineer and authorized agencies. It shall be conducted using the suitable
equipments capable of drilling the holes within the approved dimensions, depths and
slopes.

Except otherwise indicated in the special specifications, hole diameters should
not exceed arrange of thirty to fifty (30-50) millimeters in urban areas and seventy five
(75) millimeters outside these areas.

However, when conducting rock excavation in utility areas using blasting, the
hole diameters should not exceed one sixty (1/60) of the approved excavation width.
The distance between the holes in the same blasting line shall not be more than
ninety (90) centimeter according to the specified slopes and depth of the blasting layer
to be removed, while the excavation angle shall be maintained in all the holes so that the
deviation between any two holes does not exceed three hundred (300) millimeter in ten
(10) meters. Holes shall not deviate from their specified locations by more than two
hundred twenty five (225) millimeter and when the number of the deviated holes is
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increased, the height of layer to be blasted and the drilling procedure should be
modified to comply with the approved limits providing that the height of the blasted
layer at any time does not exceed ten (10) meters. Lines of splitting shall be specified
for any next layer in such way that the inside offset distance shall be six hundred (600)
millimeter from the previous pre-split face.
No payment shall be made for any additional excavation located outside the
approved line limits fixed over the blasted or over the next layer.

4. Blasting:
Prior placing of the charge each hole shall be inspected and tested to its entire
length to ascertain the possible presence of any obstructions and each hole shall be
cleared to the whole depth from obstacles. All necessary precautions shall be exercised
so as to prevent depresses from falling in to the holes prior to loading and so that the
placing of the charge does not cause caving of materials in to the walls of the holes
before reaching its bottom. Adjustments shall be made to the distances between
blasting holes, distribution of explosives quantities and types, procedure and sequence
of blasting according splitting properties, composition and origin of the rock, so as to
obtain the required side slope of the excavation.

Continuous column cartridge explosives specially manufactured for presplitting
shall be used for all presplitting and maximum diameter of the explosive used in presplit
holes shall not be greater than the half of the hole's diameter and it is permissible for the
bottom charge to be larger than the line charge over it.

The upper portion of all holes from the top most charge to the hole's collar, shall
be stemmed with granular materials.
When the charge of the controlled blasting is fired with the detonation cord the
cord shall extend to the full depth of each hole and when full or fractional dynamite
cartridges are used with detonating cord, the dynamite shall be securely affixed to the
cord.
All the space in each blast hole not occupied by the explosive charge in shall be
filled with stemming materials. Stemming materials shall be clean stone chips having
gradation as indicated in Table 5.3.2 or any approved aggregate materials.

Table 5.3.2: Gradation of stemming materials

Sieve size (millimeter) percentage by weight Passing
9.5 (3/8 inch) 100
4.75 (No.4) 20 - 25
2.36 (No.8) 0-10

Controlled blasting operations shall be conducted according to the work plan
and blasting plan approved in the study or that which has been amended after the
experimental blasting. All holes of controlled blasting can be detonate simultaneously
or delayed providing the hole to hole delay is not more than twenty five (25)
milliseconds. The detonation of the different charges shall precede each other within the
section by a minimum of twenty five (25) milliseconds.

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The line of the blast holes immediately adjacent to the presplitting slope holes
will be (1.2) meter from an on plane approximately parallel to the plane of the
presplitting slope holes.

Contractor with the approval of the Engineer and blasting consultant can use
blasting to trim the edges resulted by the controlled blasting, providing that the
difference in delay between the trim line and the nearest production blasting shall not be
less than 25 millisecond and not greater than 75 millisecond.

The Engineer has the right to halt blasting operations whenever that blasting
results are not satisfactory or if the Contractor did not take the adequate precautions to
perform the works according to the approved plan and the Contractor has no right to
resume the work before the agreement of the Engineer.

5. Monitoring report:
Following each blast, the Contractor shall submit the blasting results monitoring
report to the Engineer. In the event the seismic vibrations caused by the Contractors
operations approached or exceed the established limits, the Engineer shall require the
Contractor to modify the blasting plan. The blasting consultant should assist the
Contractor in the design of the blasting operations to eliminate the problems and avoid
liability claims.

Within 24 hours following each blasting operation, the Contractor shall submit
to the Engineer a report shows the details of the operation as shot, including the
information required in the approved basting log and results of the monitoring at each
instruments location including the maximum peak particle velocity, vibration chart
records during blasting marked with the date, time, site, location of the equipments and
location of the seismograph and name of the operator.

6. Removing or stabilizing of materials:
Contractor shall remove or stabilize all unsuitable loose materials, rock
fragments and pieces even if theses were outside the approved blasting line and limits
according to the Engineer opinion after any blasting operation. It is not permissible to
drill for the next operation until the removal works are completed.

Rock excavation shall be finished so that it produce level, uniform and stable
surface that comply with the dimensions, slopes and levels indicated in the drawings
and contract documents.

5.3.8 Structural excavations
When the special specifications or contract documents require structural
excavations such excavations shall be performed according to dimensions indicated in
the drawings or special specifications.

Contract shall take all the arrangements and procedures required for supporting
the excavation sides against failure, using the supporting methods indicated in the
contract documents or as directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall prepare with or
without the assistance of a specialized agency, soil study and submit the suitable
method of supporting of excavation and work plan which should include execution
method and types/numbers of the equipments used to perform the excavation and
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supporting works. Contractor has no right to commence the work before obtaining the
written approval for the soil reports, supporting solutions and work plan. No additional
payment shall be paid for the Contractor for preparing these reports or supporting study,
except otherwise stated clearly in the contract documents.

The excavation dimensions shall be adequate for carrying out the specified
work, fixing the frameworks for concrete, insulation, and backfill works, according to
the particular specifications and this specification. The dimensions of the excavation
should not be less than the external dimension for the structure plus 0.5 m or the
distance specified in the study, plans and special specifications whichever the greater,
and the contractor shall provide safely entrances and exits for equipments and labors.

Contractor shall maintain the bottom of the excavation in dry state until concrete
casting and insulation works are completed. This can be performed either with pumping
or making special barriers or any other method accepted by the Engineer.

Contractor prior the starting of the work shall verify the existence of utility or
foundations or structures that may be affected with the excavation works. All the
required protection precautions shall be taken to protect the public utility lines and
structures or their foundations. When contractor encounters such utilities or structures
he shall stop the work and inform the Engineer, and he has no right to restart the work
before approval of the required solutions and measures is released by the concerned
authorities and the Engineer.

5.3.9 Finishing requirements:
The dimensions of excavation should comply with the cross section shown on
the drawings and in the other contract documents or as approved in writing by the
Engineer. These dimensions shall be sufficient for construction of all roadways'
elements, sidewalks, islands and the other elements indicated in contract documents.

Contractor shall measure dimensions, levels and slope of the excavation through
of the cross sectional level taken with distances of not more than twenty (25) meters,
providing that the number of sections is no less than five (5) for each (2000) m
2
of the
completed works and the spot points in each section shall not be less than five (5),
including all the distinguished points, and excavation toe points at natural ground.

The levels of the bottom of the excavation shall not differ from the specified
levels by more than one (1) centimeter in common excavation or two (2) centimeter for
rock excavation, providing that this does not lead to any reduction in the thickness of
the next structural layers.
Slopes of cut shall be finished within variation limits of fifteen (15) centimeters
for common excavation or twenty (20) centimeters for rock excavation from the limits
indicated in contract documents or approved in writing from the Engineer.

Contractor shall control the quality of excavation through performing all the
required measures which insure that the used materials, methods and the completed
works meet the quality requirements specified in these specifications and other contract
documents.

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The Ministry has a right to insure the quality by verifying that the contractor has
performed the quality control procedures in the correct way either through direct
supervision of quality control activities or carrying out quality assurance procedures
neutrally on a sufficient number of representative samples to judge the level of
construction and to decide acceptance or rejection of the executed work on the basis
detailed in division (17) of this specifications except otherwise indicated in the special
specifications and other contract documents.

1. Quality control:
Contractor shall control the quality of materials and executed works, and
monitor, record and analyze results, draw quality charts for critical properties and
perform all measurements.

Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of all the measurements,
reports tests results and he shall apply all the articles stated in item 17.1.1 of this
specifications. Quality control works shall include the critical properties indicated in
Table (5.3.3).

2. Quality assurance:
The Ministry has the right at any time to insure the quality of the materials and
completed works through carrying out or ordering others under its direct supervision to
carry out the necessary tests and measurements, and checking the completed work for
each or some quality control items specified in Table (5.3.3).

Ministry has the right to review contractors quality control records and to
compare these records statistically with the results obtained by the adopted quality
assurance procedure and as specified in division (17) of this specifications. Also it has
the right to inspect contractors equipments, his technical staff, and methods of
measurement and execution, to insure the efficiency of Contractors technical staff and
equipments and degree of compliance of his measurements and execution methods with
the approved requirements.

Quality assurance procedures shall include confirmation of the correctness of
reports using measurements at random location and visual inspection.

Works shall be accepted with the prices specified in the contract or with lower
prices or might be rejected according to the quality levels through applying the
statistical method specified in division (17) of this specifications except otherwise
specified by the special specifications.

5.3.11 Measurement:
The completed excavation works shall be measured in cubic meters within the
excavation limits indicated in the drawings or other contract documents or as approved
by the engineer. Computation should be made using end area method or any other
method approved by the Engineer. It is not permissible to carry out any measurements
located outside the specified limits for the purpose of payment. Unless otherwise
indicated in the special specifications measurements for the structural specifications
shall be performed according to the external limits of the structure and no volumes shall
be measured out of these limits.
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Table 5.3.3: Excavation works quality control procedures

5.3.12 Payment:
Payment shall be made for actual quantities of completed and technically
accepted work within the limits and dimensions approved, and according to the contract
prices or reduced prices as a result of application of quality assurance procedures as
stated in the contract documents.

Paid amounts are considered as a full compensation for execution and finishing
of all works including study and supporting works, provision and operation of the
machines and equipments, labor, tests and measurements, interests, revenues, fees and
payments to third parties and all requirements to carry out the works according to
drawings, this specifications, special specifications and other contract documents.

Payment shall be made according to, but not limited to, one or more of the items
listed in Table (5.3.4) without conflict with contract documents.

Table No. (5.3.4): Excavation work items
Item No. Work item Unit
5.3.1 Common excavations Cubic meter
5.3.2 Rock excavation Cubic meter
5.3.3
Structural excavation (can be classified to
common and rock excavations)
Cubic meter
Work Properties Test method
Location of
samples
Number of samples Requirements
Excavated
materials
All properties
required for
the work in
which
excavated
materials
proposed to be
used
Test methods required
for approval of
materials at source for
target work.
In the site of
the
excavation.
Number of samples
for approving material
required in work item
in which excavation
material proposed to
be used
According to
materials
requirements
for the work in
which
materials is
proposed to be
used.
Classifications
AASHTO
M-145
Density-
Moisture
Relationship
AASHTO
T-180
In the site of
the
excavation
One test at starting
compaction of the
bottom and one test
each week or when a
change in the
properties of the soil
in the bottom of the
excavation is noticed.
Field density
at the bottom
of the
excavation
AASHT T-191/
T-310-01
or any approved non-
destructive test
One tests every
2000m
2
or each daily
works which is the
lesser.
Item 5.3.6
levels of the
bottom
Excavation
Constructed
Works
Side slopes
Survey measurements
At work site

One cross-section for
every 2000 m
2
of the
excavations bottom
surface or one cross-
section every 25m
interval which is
lesser.
Item 5.3.8
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5.4 Fill works:

5.4.1 Description:
This section includes construction of the natural ground level or the surface on
which the embankment will be constructed and hauling, wetting, spreading, grading and
compacting of technically accepted materials in layers to construct road embankment
and structures backfill and execution of road bed preparation according to the
dimensions, levels and slopes indicated in the drawings, special specifications and these
specifications and to maintain surfaces and performed layers until next layers are
constructed.

5.4.2 Road embankment
The road embankment in this specification is the fill that constructed over the
natural ground or existing surfaces and lies below the bottom level of subgrade layer
and the road embankment is consists of performing of technically acceptable materials,
wetting, spreading and compacting it in layers according to limits, dimensions,
thickness, levels and slopes shown in the plans, contract documents and this general
specifications. The embankment dimensions shall be adequate for executing the road
and all its elements such as sidewalks, islands, and other elements and shall comply
with the dimensions indicated in the drawings and other contract documents.

5.4.2.1 Surface Preparation
Prior to starting of road embankment and roadbed preparation works the
contractor shall finish all site preparation works indicated in section 5.1 from this
section or special specifications and contract documents. All these works shall be tested
and handed over to the engineer.

Contractor prior starting construction of road embankment shall prepare the
surface on which the embankment is to be constructed and carry out the required tests to
verify suitability and capability of the native soil to bear the road embankment and
subsequent works and prepare the surfaces and grading them to receive the embankment
works.

When test results show that roadbed soil in its current state is not suitable for to
resist the pressure from the road and all its elements and traffic loading over it like
Sabkha or soil susceptible to swelling and failure, such soil shall be treated with the
suitable method and to depth required, using one or more of the following methods:

1. Mixing of unsuitable materials with high quality materials to improve their
properties.
2. Removal of unsuitable materials and replacing them with suitable materials.
3. Use of rock material.
4. Plowing to the suitable depth and stabilized with lime or cement.
5. Using of Geotextile materials.
6. Use surcharge embankment and sand drain when period and embankment height
allow this.

The required treatment method and depth shall be according to the technical
report prepared by a specialized agency. Contractor shall follow the treatment method
specified in the special specification and plans or the results of that study which is the
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strictest. In any case the contractor shall perform a technical report prepared by
specialized agency includes, soil properties, treatment method, construction phases and
the specifications. The cost of this study is considered included on the contract item
prices except otherwise indicated in contract documents.

When the embankment height from the bottom of subgrade layer to the natural
ground surface is less than 60 cm and the test results of uppermost 30 cm of the local
soil shows that it conform to requirement of embankment material the contractor shall
plow, wet, spread the native soil to a depth of 20 cm from the surface and compact it up
to 95% percent compaction of the maximum dry density and at a moisture content not
differ by more than 3% from the optimum moisture content specified by Proctor test
AASHTO T-180.

When embankment is constructed on existing asphalt or concrete surface the
contractor prior to starting of embankment shall ensure that these surfaces and the soil
below has enough capacity to resist the changes resulted from road construction and
traffic loads over it, and if the soil below the existing pavement layers is not suitable
these soil shall be treated or substituted as specified above and when it is suitable the
existing surface shall be prepared according to the required embankment thickness up to
the bottom of the Subgrade according to the following, except otherwise indicated in the
special specifications, according to embankment height:

1. Less than (20) centimeter:
The existing surface shall be removed using methods mentioned in section (5-1)
of this division, then the embankment layers under the removed surface shall be plowed
to a depth not less than 15 cm, wetted, spread, leveled, and compacted to not less than
95% of the maximum dry density according to the modified Proctor test method
AASHTO T-180.

2. Between twenty and forty (20 - 40) centimeters:
The existing surface is scarified to a level which allows the stability of the
embankment materials over the surface using grader or any other equipment indicated
in the special specifications or accepted by the Engineer.

3. More than forty (40) centimeters:
Embankment is constructed directly over the existing surface.

5.4.2.2 Materials:
Materials used in road embankment construction, shall be capable to form a
stable and balanced road embankment within the approved dimensions and side slopes.
Soil type used in embankment construction shall not be less than A-4 according to
AASHTO M-145 classification with a maximum size not greater than 8 cm and it shall
be free from organic, plant, decay materials, metal waste and debris.

Materials used in embankment construction at water flooded areas or areas with
high water table level, shall be durable or non-plastic materials of type not less than
A-2-4 according to AASHTO M 145 classification.

The used materials could be from excavation or hauled from barrow pit areas
and the contractor prior starting hauling operations of any material needed to be used
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shall submit a technical report attached with tests results of the material to be used
showing it conformity with the general and special specifications and he is not allowed
to start material hauling and construction before the approval of the engineer per
material type and source.

The initial tests for embankment materials before transported to the site shall
include classification (AASHTO M 145), and Proctor tests (AASHTO T-180) method
for determining maximum dry density and optimum moisture content.

Whenever possible the materials excavated within the project limits shall be
used in the road embankment, if they were suitable and compatible with the
embankment specifications.

It is permissible to mix excavated materials with each other or with a good
quality borrow pit materials to improve its properties and modify its classification. It is
not permissible to mix embankment materials within the right of way, and it shall be
mixed at specified locations accepted by the Engineer. The mixed material shall be
verified for its consistency and conformity to specifications according to tests results
carried on representative samples and the number of tests required shall not be less than
the number of tests required in source as shown in Table 5.4.3.

The following materials are considered as unsuitable for embankment:

1. Materials which can not be spread and compacted in layers to the required
density regardless of their classification.
2. Milling materials from old pavement layers (RAP) are considered not suitable
for embankment in areas specified for planting or for backfilling over public
utilities or beside structures.
3. Material affected by water, that contain a high content of sulfates or chlorides
exceed (0.5%) by weight of soil according to AASHTO T (290-291) test are
considered unsuitable as backfill materials for concrete structures.
4. Materials which contain organic materials of more than 2% according to
AASHTO T-194 test.
5. Materials susceptible to volume changes in which the shrinkage limit is more
than 10%, and of relative swelling more than 1.5% or of a liquid limit exceeds
40% or of a plasticity index greater than 25 %.

Sand materials of type A-3 according to AASHTO M 145 classification may be
used in embankments construction providing that it should be confined and protected
from erosion by using cohesive materials-classified as A-4 or better- and compacted to
the required density. It is not permissible to use sand materials A-3 in uppermost 30 cm
of the embankment

It is possible to use rock materials in embankment construction at specified
locations, and it is not allowed to use rock in embankment in the upper thirty (30)
centimeter of the embankment or in structure backfill or in the sixty (60) centimeter
over or under culverts and under public utility.

It is not permissible to use rocks with maximum dimension exceeds hundred
(100) centimeter in any layer of the embankment. The used rock materials shall be
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dense, solid and sound, not affected with water and suitable for spreading and
compaction according to the specifications. The gradation shall permits the gaps
between large rocks to be filled with small ones. The soil type used for filling and
leveling the surface of rock layers shall be of class A-2-4 or better except otherwise

5.4.2.3 Borrow pits:
Contractor shall take the accepted borrow materials from the borrow bit
specified in the drawings or contract documents or any other proposed and approved
sites. All borrow pit locations shall be outside urban area and it is not allowed to take
borrow materials from areas adjacent to the road in the urban areas or from the area
within the inlet or outlet of drains or from the flat or depression areas. Borrowing
activities shall not lead to any change in the direction of water flow or to deforming the
natural general environmental view of the area.

Contractor shall, before starting of the works in the borrow pits, obtain a written
release from public or private owners of the proposed borrow locations and submit a
technical report to the Engineer shows the test results of representative samples
determine the degree of compliance with the specifications and availability of the
sufficient quantities. Contractor has no right to start taking materials before obtaining
the acceptance of the Engineer.

Contractor shall follow environmental conditions and standard requirements
during barrowing operations and undertake all the required arrangement to follow the
environmental requirement and conditions during borrowing activities and shall take the
required arrangements to lessen dust due to these activities.

At the end of the borrowing works, Contractor shall level and compact borrow
pit site in such way that it shall be in conformity with the surrounding environment and
topography. The cost of this work shall be included in the costs of other embankment
item.

5.4.2.4 Water:
Whenever possible, the best type of water available in the project area shall be
used for materials wetting and mixing. It is permissible to use salty water, sea water and
Sabkha water, providing that the total content of salts in the mixed soil not exceed one
(1 %) percent more than the allowed content in the soil having contact with the
structures. The use of such soil should not lead to failure when exposed to floods or
submersion. The verification process shall be base on test results carried on
representative soil samples after wetting it by that water.

5.4.2.5 Equipments:
Contractor shall provide all the machines and equipments required for
excavation, loading, transporting, wetting, processing, leveling compacting and
finishing the embankment materials to the required density, and compaction and
finishing of the side slopes. These equipments shall be in sufficient numbers and types
for the embankment construction according to, contract documents and these
specifications within the periods approved in the time schedule. The Engineer has the
right to require the replacement of any incapable machine or equipment for the work
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execution. These machines and equipments shall include for example bulldozers, trucks,
graders, water spray tanks and rollers.

5.4.2.6 Construction:
Contractor, prior materials hauling and starting construction of embankment
shall finish site preparation as indicated in section (5-1) of this Division and prepare the
roadbed and handing over these works. Contractor shall furnish the control devices
required for traffic regulation during construction activities. Contractor shall submit to
the Engineer materials test results, work plan, list of machines and equipments intended
to be use. It is not permissible for the Contractor to commence construction works
without a written acceptance from the Engineer about embankment materials, work
plan, time schedule, machines and equipments.

Contractor shall choose the construction method and types of equipments which
do not brought any damage to the structures or near by public utilities. Contractor shall
be responsible for any damages arise due his works.

When constructing an embankment regardless of its height in rolling natural
ground or adjacent to existing road sides with side sloped exceeds one vertical to four
horizontal the sloped section shall be cut in horizontal step shape with a width not less
than 1.5 meter which should be enough for movement of spreading equipments and it
shall be wetted and compacted to the required degree of compaction.

The depth of step shall not be less than 20 cm and the embankment in these
areas shall be constructed to the full width of all road and its elements in echelon forms
in layers with thickness not exceeding 20 cm and it shall be compacted up to required
compaction degree which comply with layer level, to satisfy the required bond between
embankment layers for the full width of the road and its elements and prevent the
slippage along the tangential line.

In case of slope construction as horizontal trenches, the end of these trenches
shall cut off in order to obtain the natural grade complaint with the tangential line for
this slope, and this requires making leveling using graders and compact their using steel
rollers to get the suitable compaction ratio. The material excavated from the step
forming whenever comply with specifications can be used in embankment construction
and no measurement shall be taken for step forming works for purpose of payment
unless otherwise indicated in the special specification.

Whenever an embankment construction located in soft areas not suitable for
equipments passing, and when embankment levels and adjacent area allow, Contractor
shall construct rock or aggregate layers which are not affected with water. The total
thickness of these layers shall not be more than the thickness required for movement of
construction equipments without considerable deformations. No additional payments
shall be paid for this item. The Engineer has the right, if necessary, to advise the
Contractor to use light machines and equipments.

When constructing an embankment below water level the materials used shall be
composed of solid rock or aggregate which are not affected by water. Embankment
materials shall be spread in one layer for the full required width up to the approved
level, while the embankment part over water level shall be executed after filling the
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voids between rocks with materials of smaller size and constructing a capping layer
separates the rock layer and other embankment layer. The thickness of this capping
layer shall not be less than thirty (30) centimeter, so that it prevents embankment
material and subsequent works material to penetrate in to the rock layer.

Contractor shall, except otherwise indicated in the special specifications,
construct the embankment according to the requirements indicated in the following
paragraphs:

1. Soil embankment:
Embankment are classified in these specifications as soil embankment when the
percentage by weight of rock pieces with maximum size more than fifteen (15)
centimeter exceeds 25 %.

Materials shall be transported, by trucks or any other equipment, in such a way
that prevents contamination on the used roads, and shall not cause any interruption to
public traffic. The loads of these trucks shall be discharged in the form of heap,
distributed on the surface over which the embankment shall be constructed, in such way
that it gives a thickness not more than the approved thickness for each layer.

It is possible to supply materials either dry or wet, and it is permissible to spread
materials heaps, initially, using bulldozer but the spreading for the full width shall be
only by graders or equivalent machines.

These materials shall be uniformly wetted during mixing, with adequate
quantities of water, until the moisture content shall be more than the optimum moisture,
to compensate for expected evaporation.

The thickness of any soil embankment layer before compaction shall not exceed
(20) centimeter for the upper embankment layers specified as 30 cm for local roads and
(60) cm for the arterial, collector, industrial area roads and parking areas for heavy
trucks below the bottom level of the subgrade layer. While the thickness of any layer
which lie below that levels before compaction shall not exceed twenty (30) centimeter,
regardless of material classification.

Compaction shall be made by rollers having weight and type suitable to the type
of material used, to achieve the required compaction level. The soil moisture content
during compaction shall not differ from the optimum moisture content specified by
Modified Proctor test (AASHTO T-180), by more than ( 2-3) percent.

Soil-aggregate materials which contain a small amount of clay shall be
compacted using vibratory rollers, but soft soil materials which contain a high percent
of clay shall be compacted using tire wheeled rollers or Sheep foot Rollers.

When constructing an embankment in confined areas for which large rollers can
not be used, the compaction equipments (including manually operated equipments) and
layer thickness shall be chosen to achieve the required density for the full layers depth.

Compaction shall continue until the required density is achieved. The required
field density shall be measured as a ratio from the maximum dry density obtained by
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modified Proctor test (AASHTO T-180), for the full depth and width of the layer of the
road embankment and its elements. The field density shall not be less than 95% for
embankment layers which lie within the upper 30 cm specified for the roadbed in local
roads and 60 cm in collector and arterial roads measured from the bottom of subgrade
level, or 90% for embankment layers lie below the upper specified depth.

The density for each layer shall be determined by sand cone method according
to (AASHTO T-191) test or the nuclear method according to AASHTO T 310-01 or any
other approved non-destructive test. The minimum number of readings when using
nuclear or non-destructive method at each location shall be not less than three (3) taken
at each area, and the average of these three readings is considered as the field density of
that location.

The minimum lower limit of compaction is considered for determining payment
factor using statistical as the above mentioned compaction degrees minus 2%.

2. Sand embankment:
Cohesion less sand materials which are classified as A-3 according to
AASHTO M-145 shall be not be used for construction of upper 30 cm of the road
embankments. The site conditions shall allow the using of such embankment materials
according to these specification and the special specifications.

Sand embankment sides shall be confined between cohesive materials classified
as A-4 or better in a form of steps, for their protection against erosion due to winds and
water during construction or pavement life. The width of these steps shall be sufficient
to accommodate construction equipments. It is possible, if the embankment side slopes
were not more than 25% and the site conditions allow provision of the required support
for compaction process, to increase the sand layers width initially, then cut to the final
width, and covering the side slopes/surface with cohesive protection layer having
thickness not less than thirty (30) centimeter and classified as A-2-4 or better. In this
case it is permissible to compact the protection layer in direction perpendicular to road
center line.

It is permissible if it is possible to fulfill the required degree of compaction to
spread the sand embankment in layers with a thickness up to fifty (50) centimeter and
compaction is initiated using wet or dry methods using self propelled vibratory rollers
or trailed with chain bulldozers, the pressure vibratory rollers shall not be less than
14000 kg/vibration with a rate of hundred (100) vibrations per minute. It is preferable if
the site conditions allow that to transport sand materials by scraper.

Measuring of density and evaluation of compaction, in non-cohesive drained soil
for which compaction does not lead to forming a clear curve of moisture/density
relationship, shall be done by minimum index density test and specific gravity test for
cohesion less free drained soil according to ASTM D 4254 method or any other
approved method and the soil dryness and looseness shall be verified during the test.

The field density and moisture content in compacted sand soil is determined
using sand cone method according to (AASHTO T-191) test or the nuclear method
(AASHTO T-310-01) or any other approved nondestructive test.

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The test shall be done by removing the upper 25 cm from the constructed layer
and measuring the density of the other 25 cm remaining bottom layer of sand
embankment. When using nuclear method or any other nondestructive method three
reading shall be in each location shall be taken and the average of these reading is taken
as the density of that place

The compaction of sand embankment shall continue until the following
minimum limits of field density are achieved:

74% for the 30 centimeters lying within the roadbed.
70% for layers below that level.


Contractor shall determine the method of compaction and the number of passing
required by using the available compaction equipment on the basis of an experimental
section which may be a part of the project works. Values obtained shall be considered
as a basis for the work whenever that materials or equipments are not changed.

3. Rock embankment
Embankment materials are classified as rock materials if the percent of rock
sizes which have a maximum dimension of more than fifteen (15) centimeter at a
certain site constitute more than 25% of the total volume of the materials used.

Rock embankment shall be limited to the parts shown on the drawings and in the
contract documents. It is not permissible to use rock embankment within the upper 30
centimeter of embankment below the Subgrade layer, and public utility lines areas or
backfill of structures or at areas where structures can be constructed later. But it can be
used if an aggregate embankment layer thickness of not less than 60 centimeter is
constructed to separates the rock embankment from the structures.

It is possible to use the following construction methods according to the percent
of rocks with maximum dimension exceeds fifteen (15) centimeter and the available
equipments:

1. When the percent of rocks with maximum dimension exceeds fifteen (15)
centimeter is less than 25%, materials shall be spread in layers with a thickness
before compaction not exceed 20 centimeter and all the rocks with a maximum
dimension of more than 20 centimeter shall be removed. Spaces between large
rocks shall be filled with earth materials of type A-2-4 or better according to
AASHTO M-145.
2. When the percent of rocks with maximum dimension exceed fifteen (15)
centimeter constitute more than 25%, or when the Engineer decides that the
used materials can not be spread in layers of 20 centimeter before compaction
then materials are spread in layers with a thickness does not exceed 1
1
/
3
of the
maximum size for the materials used or 100 cm whichever is lesser.

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Rock layers spreading shall be performed using heavy bulldozers in such a way
that insures a uniform distribution of the large rock pieces throughout the width, and
small pieces fill spaces between large pieces. All projected rocks shall be removed.

The thickness of rock embankment layers before compaction shall not exceed
the values indicated in Table 5.4.1 according to the available roller.

Table 5.4.1: Thickness of Rock Embankment layer according to available rollers

Maximum layer thickness before
compaction (Cm)
Minimum Weight of Roller
(kg)
40 2300-2900
60 2900-3600
80 3600-4300
100 4300-5000

Compaction of rock layers shall be performed by using heavy rollers and it shall
continue until the resulting settlement between consecutive passes becomes negligible
and not exceeding one (1) cm or 1 % of the layer thickness under compaction which is
the lesser, it is possible to be use the following numbers of passes and type of
equipment, if the thickness of rock embankment not exceed thirty (30) centimeter:

1. Four passes when using steel roller which has a weight of not less than 45
tons.
2. Four passes when using vibratory rollers having a dynamic power of not less
than 180 KN, and vibration frequency not less than 16 HRZ.
3. Eight passes when using the common steel roller weigh about 20 tons.
4. Eight passes by vibratory rollers having a dynamic power for each vibration
130 K N and a vibration frequency not less than 16 HRZ.

The above number of passes shall be increased with the increase of the
compacted layer thickness by 4 additional passes to the number mentioned in (1 and 2)
above, or eight (8) additional passes to the numbers mentioned in (3 and 4) above, for
each 15 centimeter increase in the compacted layer thickness .

Settlement Observation

When the roadbed (below rock embankment) is weak and susceptible to
settlement, Contractor shall observe the settlement during a period not less than one
month as follows:

1. After completion of the rock embankment to a uniform level surface, Contractor
shall measure the levels at five cross sections (minimum 5 points) at longitudinal
interval not more than 30 meters these measurements shall be linked with a
reference control point.
2. The measurements shall be taken at suitable time interval until the daily average
settlement does not exceed (0.5) mm for a period of one month. It is not allowed for
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the Contractor to construct any subsequent layers (Subgrade, Subbase, aggregate
base) except after achieving these specific criteria.

5.4.3 Roadbed preparation:
The roadbed in these specifications is defined as the soil on which the treated or
untreated subgrade shall be constructed. The roadbed shall consist from all or part of the
following elements according to location and design level:

1. The natural ground level.
2. Bottom of the excavation.
3. The existing road surfaces.
4. The upper part of road embankment.

Unless otherwise indicated in the special specification or other contract
documents the roadbed shall be considered as the upper 30 cm for the local roads and
60 cm for arterial and main collector roads and industrial areas roads and heavy trucks
parking areas measured from the bottom level of subgrade layer.

The roadbed preparation shall consists of all required works to bear adequately
the soil pressure fluctuation resulting from construction of the subsequent layers and
traffic loading, this works shall consist of all the areas that sustain the road and all its
elements like sidewalks and median within the dimensions, limits and levels indicated
in the drawings and other contract documents.

The road bed material shall be class A-4 or better according to AASHTO M-145
with California bearing ratio CBR grater than 3 % and swell under load equal to the
weight of layer constructed on it shall not be grater than 1 %.

The embankment lie within the road bed shall be constructed using the same
method used for the construction of the road embankment as indicated in paragraph
5.4.2.6 in this section with materials satisfying the required specified above. The
material shall be spread, and compacted in layers its thickness not exceeds 20 cm at
moisture content during compaction not differ by more than 2 % from the optimum and
the compaction shall continue until reaching a degree of compaction of 95 % of the
maximum dry density of the according to modified proctor test AASHTO T-180.

When the roadbed extension is in the natural ground or in the existing road
surface less than or equal 15 cm and the native soil satisfy the requirements of the
roadbed material, the soil shall be pulverized up to a depth of 15 cm, wetting, re-spread
and compacted up to 95 % degree of compaction of the maximum dry density specified
by the modified proctor test. If the existing soil is not suitable it shall be treated using
one of the methods stated in paragraph 5.4.2.1.

5.4.4 Structural Backfill:
This work consists of backfill for structures such as culverts, retaining walls and
bridge abutments, including material requirements and method of construction.

5.4.4.1 Materials:
Materials used in structural backfill shall be selected materials of A-2-4 type or
better and its plasticity index shall not be more than 5 when tested according to
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AASHTO T-90 test, which are not affected by water, free from organic materials and
the percent by weight of sulphates and carbonates is not more than 0.5 % according to
AASHTO T-(290-291). The backfill material shall not contain rock fragments having
maximum dimension of more than 8 centimeter.

The aggregate materials used in backfill for structures shall achieve the
gradation in Table (5.4.2) or any other gradation indicated in the special specifications.

Table 5.4.2: Gradation of materials used for structures backfill
Sieve size, mm (sieve No) Percent Passing by weight, %
75 (3 inches) 100
19 (3/4 inch) 60-100
2.36 (No. 8) 35-80
0.075 (No. 200) 0-12

It is permissible, if approved by the Engineer, to use dune sands in structural
backfill providing that the Contractor shall proves the possibility of using these
materials in regard of its confinement, compaction and protection from erosion of water
and winds and should not cause any adverse effects on the structure.

Materials and construction methods for the upper part of backfill layers which
are similar in depth from the road surface to the pavement layers depth (Subgrade,
Subbase, and aggregate base) shall achieve the requirements indicated in these general
specifications and special specifications.

Before commencing construction of structural backfill, Contractor should
complete all concrete and insulation works, testing and handing over these structures.
Concrete strength, at the time of starting backfill works shall be adequate for resisting
loads and pressures arising from discharging, spreading, and compaction of backfill
materials. This strength should not be less than 80% of the design strength unless
otherwise lower percent is specified in the special specification and the time elapsed
since the casting of concrete should not be less than 72 hours. Contractor shall obtain a
written permission from the Engineer for starting backfill works.

Contractor shall select construction method and the types of equipments capable
of executing backfill works without inflict any damage to the structures, according to
the requirements of these specifications and the special specifications.

Contractor shall be responsible for any damage arising from construction
method or equipments movement and he shall carry out on his expense all repairs
including re-construction of the damaged structures.

Backfill shall be executed according to the dimensions and thickness indicated
in the drawings, contract documents and special specifications or these general
specifications.

Backfill materials shall be spread in layers with thickness suits the used
compaction equipment and should not exceed 15 cm. Contractor shall use light
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compaction equipments including manually operated in areas where rollers do not
reach, to prevent damage to structures. It is preferable, to construct the backfill parallel
at the two sides of the structure. The compaction of backfill martial shall continue until
field density reaches the compaction level required in the special specifications or 95%
of the maximum dry density of modified Proctor test whichever is greater. The field
density test should be carried out as indicated in paragraph (5.4.3.5) of this section. The
minimum acceptable limit of compaction level for determining payment factor by the
statistical method is the compaction level above minus 2%.

5.4.5 Compaction Experimental Sections:
Contractor, when required by the special specifications or ordered by the
Engineer shall construct a test section before commencing the execution of road
embankment using the materials, construction method, machines and equipments
approved in the work plan. The length of test section shall not be less than 200 meters
and it may be a part of the project. The construction of test section aims to verifying the
possibility of maintaining the required specifications, assessing the suitable moisture
content for compaction, number of coverage and the resulting density. The Contractor
granted permission for the commencement of construction works when test results are
technically acceptable, otherwise the necessary modification for the work plan or
equipment should be made.

In the latter case Contractor shall remove the test section or reconstruct it until
the achievement of the required specifications. The Engineer has the right to require
construction of any other test sections whenever he notices a significant change in the
test results or in the method and equipment of the construction.

5.4.6 Maintaining of Embankment:
Contractor shall take all the necessary requirements and arrangements for the
protection of the constructed embankment from damage due to storm water or any other
reasons. At the end of each working day, Contractor shall finish the leveling,
compaction and formation of the last layer according to the slopes that permits water
drainage and prevent water collection on the surface. And construct temporary drain for
water drainage from embankment when necessary.

Contractor shall, on his expense, repair all damaged parts results from his failure
to maintain the constructed works, and he has no right to claim any additional payment.

Contractor shall remove the works executed by using of unacceptable materials
and replace them with other suitable materials and re-construction the embankment
according to the special specifications and this specification without any additional
payments. Contractor has the right to commence construction of the subsequent layers
before carrying out handing over of embankment works.

5.4.7 Finishing requirements:
The executed works shall be compatible with the dimensions and levels
indicated on the drawings and specified levels staked by the Engineer. Contractor shall
execute the works within the following tolerance limits:

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- Side Slopes:
Road embankment side slopes shall be finished according to the lines,
dimensions and slopes shown on the drawings or approved by the Engineer and should
not deviate from specified values by more than:

1. Ten (10) centimeters for the upper meter of the embankment.
2. Twenty (20) centimeters for the remaining embankment part.

The side slopes for island and middle trenches shall be finished with 1 vertical to
6 horizontal (1:6) in such way that it should not deviate in the bottom of the
embankment from the slope indicated on the drawings or specified for the stakes by
more than one centimeter. And the levels of drainage trench should not deviate from the
approved level by more than 5 centimeters.

-Final Surface:
Contractor shall carry out the survey works for dimensions and levels of the
final surface of the embankment in cross sections of twenty five (25) meters intervals.
Dimensions and levels shall be measured at least in 5 points including toe of
embankment, these levels considered as a basis for calculating quantities after the
approval of the Engineer.

Embankment surface level shall be finished so that it does not exceed the level
indicated in the drawings and approved by the Engineer by more than 2 centimeters or
be less than 4 centimeters. Any shortage in the embankment level at isolated areas shall
be compensated with materials from the next layer materials during its execution.

5.4.8 Works Acceptances:
Contractor shall apply quality control works using all required procedures to
insure that materials, construction methods and e finished works are in compliance with
quality requirements indicated in these specifications and other contract documents.
The Ministry has the right to carried out the required quality control either,
through direct supervision upon quality control procedure or applying neutrally quality
assurance procedures on representative samples with adequate numbers to accept or
reject constructed works according to section 17 of this specifications except otherwise
indicated in the specifications and other contract documents.

1. Quality control:
Contractor shall control the quality of materials and executed works, and
monitor, record and analyze results, draw quality charts for critical properties and
perform all measurements indicated in Table (5.4.3). Contractor shall provide the
Engineer with copies of all the measurements, reports tests results and he shall apply all
the requirements stated in item 17.1.1 of these specifications.

The Ministry has the right at any time to insure the quality of the materials and
completed work through carrying out or ordering others under its direct supervision to
carry out the necessary tests and measurements, and checking the completed work for
each or some quality control items specified in Table (5.4.3).

Ministry has the right to review contractors quality control records and to
compare these records statistically with the results obtained by the adopted quality
assurance procedure and as specified in division 17 of these specifications. Also it has
the right to inspect contractors equipments, his technical staff, and methods of
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measurement and execution, to insure the efficiency of Contractors technical staff and
equipments and degree of compliance of his measurements and construction technique
with the approved requirements.

5.4.9 Measurement:
Embankment quantities shall be measured in cubic meter. Actual and
acceptable embankment quantities should be calculated using the average end
area method except otherwise indicated in the special specification and contract
documents. No measurements for payment shall be taken for the purpose of
payment for the works performed outside the areas approved in the drawings or
by the Engineer.

Embankment quantities should not include any quantities for which payment is
included in other work items such as preparation of roadbed, Subgrade, embankment in
extra excavation areas and replacement of soil in road foundation, structural backfill and
embankment around utilities. Quantities of these work items shall be calculated and
paid according to the contract documents.

Table 5.4.3: Quality Control Procedure for Embankment works

Location
of sample
Sampling frequency Requirements
Soil
classifications
AASHT M-145
Items
5.4.2.2
5.4.3
5.4.4.1 Raw
materials
Moisture-
Density
relationship
AASHTO T-180,
ASTM D 4254
At source
3 tests on different
samples from each
source, when source
is approved or
changed, or a change
is noticed in material
properties or
constructed works
Items
5.4.2.6
5.4.4.2
Classifications AASHTO M-145
Items
5.4.4.2
5.4..3
5.4.4.1
Materials
in use
Moisture-
Density
relationship
ASHTO T-180,
ASTM D 4254
One test at the start
of hauling the
materials then, one
test each week or
5000 m
.3
of the
supplied materials
whichever is lesser,
or when a change is
noticed in the
executed works or
when the source is
changed.
Items
5.4.2.6
5.4.4.2
Degree of
Compaction
AASHT T-191,
AASHTO T310-01
or any approved
non-destructive test
A test every 2000 m
2

or every daily works
whichever is lesser,
for each layer.
Items
5.4.2.6
5.4.4.2
levels and
dimensions of
works
Constructed
works
Side slopes
Survey
measurements
on site
Measuring 5 cross-
sections each work
day or for every 2000
m
2
whichever is
lesser
section
5.4.7

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5.4.10 Payment:
Payment shall be made for the actually executed and technically accepted works
within the approved limits and dimensions according to contract prices or lowered
prices due to applying of quality assurance procedure as indicated in the contract
documents.

Paid amounts are considered as a full compensation for preparing, supplying,
mixing, hauling, spreading, compacting of materials and finishing the works, provision
and operation of machines, equipments, labor and tests, measures and benefits,
revenues, fees, third party payment and all requirements to execute the works according
to drawings, special and general specifications,.

Payment will be made according to one or more of the items indicated in Table
(5.4.4) as an example but not limited to if not contradict with the contract documents:

Table 5.4.4: Fill works Items
Item No. Payment item Payment unit
5.4.1 Roadbed preparation m
2

5.4.2 Embankment works m
3

5.4.3 Structures backfill m
3

5.5 Subgrade:

5.5.1 Description:
This section consists of materials requirements and works required for the
Subgrade construction. The Subgrade layer is the layer that lies directly under the
Subbase or aggregate base or asphalt layers.
This section includes the following subsection according to sub grade classification:

Untreated Subgrade
Lime-treated Subgrade
Cement-treated Subgrade

Prior starting of Subgrade construction, Contractor shall insure the finishing and
handing over of site preparation, excavation, fill, roadbed preparation, public utilities
works and structures' backfill, according to the approved specifications.

The Subgrade shall be constructed on the prepared surfaces according to the
requirements of the roadbed preparation, and the bottom of excavation which are
indicated in sections (5.3 and 5.4) of this division.

5.5.2 Untreated Subgrade:

5.5.2.1 Description:
This subsection includes requirements and methods for Subgrade construction
using available materials which conform to the requirements of the special
specifications and these general specifications without any additions to improve their
properties. It is permissible to use the natural soil available at site from the excavated
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materials or brought from borrow pits. The works include supply of materials conforms
to these general specifications and special specifications, spreading and compacting
them in layers according to the thickness, levels and slopes shown on the drawings and
other contract documents, reducing dust and maintaining the Subgrade up to the time of
laying the subsequent layers.

5.5.2.2 Materials:
The materials used in untreated Subgrade construction shall be in conformity
with the requirements indicated in the special specifications or these general
specifications. The used materials shall not be less than (A-2-4) according to AASHTO
M-145 classification or the type indicated in the special specifications. When the
subsequent layers are asphalt or when executing the Subgrade in areas with high water
table shall not be less than (A-1-b). The California Baring Ratio (CBR) for the soaked
sample used in the Subgrade shall not be less than 25 % and the thickness shall not be
less than 30 centimeters.

Whenever excavated materials shall be used, , when they are suitable or it is
possible to improve them by mixing with other soil materials to conform to the
requirements for the untreated Subgrade materials in these general specifications or
special specifications providing that the decision shall be taken according to the test
results of representative samples.

When the excavated materials are not sufficient or do not achieve the required
specifications, Contractor shall choose an other borrow pits and obtain the necessary
release for using them and he has to clear and arrange these locations after completion
of borrow works according to the conditions indicated in section (5.4) Embankment
Works of this division.

Contractor prior starting hauling of the materials from the source/sources by at
least two weeks from the date expected, shall submit a technical report shows the
proposed material sources, the approximate quantities and the test results on
representative samples for each source. These tests shall include:

1. Classification according to (AASHTO M-145).
2. Moisture-Density relationship according to (AASHTO T-180)
3. California Baring Ratio (CBR) for soaked materials according to (ASTM D-
1883) or any other strength index required by the special specifications.

Contractor shall obtain the Engineers written approval for the materials and
sources prior starting hauling of the materials. All the hauled materials and the
constructed works before obtaining the Engineers approval should be rejected,
removed and transported without any additional payment. The Engineers approval for
the source is considered as preliminary approval of the material and does not release
Contractor from the responsibility for the quality of the materials and constructed
works.

Waters used in mixing the Subgrade materials shall be clean, free from any
impurities and it should not increase the total percent of salts in the soil to more than
(1)%.

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5.5.2.3 Equipments:
Contractor shall provide the sufficient number of necessary equipments required for
the Subgrade construction, and the qualified staff for operating and managing these
equipments, within the specified times in the approved work plan and time schedule and
according to the drawings, special specifications and these general specifications All the
equipments shall be in good condition and of types and capabilities suitable to type of
work and operation conditions and shall includes:
1. Excavation and transportation equipments
2. Spreading and leveling equipments.
3. Tankers provided with water sprayers.
4. Rollers with types and weights suitable for materials used and layers
thickness.

All the used equipments shall conform to the environmental, noise and vibration
requirements implemented in urban areas and their movements should not lead to any
damage to the near by buildings, structures or utilities. Contractor shall be responsible
for any damages resulting from using unsuitable construction methods, machines and
equipments and he shall repair in his expense all the damaged properties.

Contractor, prior to starting of the Subgrade construction by not less than15
days, shall submit a report to the Engineer includes the work plan and time schedule, a
description for the equipments includes, their numbers, technical conditions and
capabilities to construct the works according to the plan and time schedule.

Contractor shall prepare a traffic control plan and shall take all the required
measures for the protection of pedestrians and the neighborhood.
The approved materials shall be transported through approved roads network
without traffic interruption, and transportation shall be done using trucks having a
closed metal covered boxes to prevent dust proliferation and roads contamination.

Vehicles loads shall be deposited on the prepared surfaces and distributed almost
equally to give the required Subgrade layer's thickness. The deposited materials shall be
spread using bulldozers and leveled by graders. The layer's thickness after compaction
shall not more than 15 centimeters. The untreated Subgrade with thickness exceeds 20
centimeters shall be constructed in two equal layers.

Materials can be supplied either dry or wet conditions. Water shall be added to
the soil and mixed until the moisture content not differ by more than 2% from the
specified optimum moisture content determined using modified Proctor test for same
material. When it is found that moisture content is higher than the limits the soil shall be
pulverized and dried until the moisture content becomes within the required limits for
compaction.

Immediately after completion of spreading, wetting and leveling of the materials
in a uniform surface with the required thickness, slopes and cross-sections indicated in
the drawings or other contract documents, compaction shall be starting using the
suitable equipments like static or vibratory steel rollers or pneumatic tiered rollers. It is
not allowed to use sheep foot rollers for aggregate layer compaction. Compaction shall
continue until the ratio of field density determined by AASHTO T-191 test or AASHTO
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T-310-01 test, to maximum dry density determined by modified Proctor Test AASHTO
T-180, is not less than 95% if the subsequent layers are aggregate layers and not less
than 100 % if the subsequent layers are asphalt layers.

The field density shall be measured using sand cone method according to
AASHTO T-191 or nuclear method AASHTO T-310-01 or any other non-destructive
method. However, when the nuclear method is used measuring shall be done in 3
different locations for each location. The average of the three readings is considered as
the field density of that location.

The minimum acceptable limit for the degree of compaction for determining
payment factor using statistical method is the percent of compaction specified minus
2%.

5.5.2.5 Maintaining of the Constructed layers:
Contractor shall take all the required measures and precautions to protect and
maintain the uniformity of the constructed Subgrade layers, their surfaces and slopes
from any damages and shall keep the layers within the required compaction level until
the laying of the subsequent layer.

At the end of each daily work, Contractor shall form and compact the Subgrade
to a uniform cross-section suitable for water drainage, and take the required
arrangements to drain waters and prevention of their collection on the road surface. And
he shall protect the neighboring buildings and structures from any waters damage.

The Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining the stability of all the
Subgrade layers and replace all the sections removed or eroded by water and/or wind as
directed by the Engineer.

It is not allowed to leave the constructed Subgrade layer exposed for a period
exceeds two weeks after being tested and accepted by the Engineer. If this occurred,
Contractor prior to construct the next layers shall perform the required tests to verify
moisture and percent of compaction and carry out the necessary repair works on his
own expense. Contractor shall wet the Subgrade surface with water in the times and
with the quantities specified as directed by the Engineer, before the construction of the
subsequent layers.

The Engineer has the authority to stop all the other works in the project until the
Contractor carries out the proper maintenance for the constructed and accepted
Subgrade. And he has the absolute power to re-test and evaluate the Subgrade layer.

5.5.2.6 Finishing requirements:
The construction of untreated Subgrade layer shall be performed with the
conformity of dimensions, slopes and thickness indicated in the drawings and special
specifications. The variation between the executed layer thickness and the required
thickness shall not exceed 2 centimeters or 10 % of the approved thickness whichever is
lesser.

The levels of finished layer's surface shall not differ from the specified levels by
more than 10 millimeters if the subsequent layer was an asphalt layer or 20 millimeters
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if the subsequent layer an aggregate layer. Cross-sections levels shall be taken at five
points in 25 meters interval, providing that the number of the sections is not less than 5
each 2000 square meters of the executed layer.

Unevenness shall be verified visually and by measuring with a straight edge of 3
meters long at five locations. The clearance between the straight edge bottom and the
layer's surface at any two neighbored support points shall not exceed 20 mm.

5.5.2.7 Works Acceptance:
Contractor shall apply the quality control for untreated Subgrade works and
performing all the required measures to insure that the used materials, construction
methods and the final works conform to the quality requirements stated in these general
specifications and the other contract documents.

The Ministry shall apply quality assurance for the production and verifying the
Contractor quality control procedures either by direct supervision of the constructed
layer or by carrying out neutrally and independent quality assurance procedures on
sufficient numbers of representative samples to judge the construction level and to
accept or reject the executed works, according to the principles stated in division 17 of
these general specifications except otherwise indicated in the particular specifications
and other contract documents.

1. Quality control:
Contractor shall perform quality control for materials and constructed works and
he shall monitor records and analyze the results and draw quality charts for critical
properties. Contractor shall carry out all the tests and measurements indicated in Table
5.5.2.1.
Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of tests promptly and apply all
the items indicated in item 17.1.1 of these general specifications.

The Ministry has the right, to apply or ordering performing of quality assurance
for the materials and constructed works, under its direct supervision, and it has the right
to test the materials and inspect the constructed work for all or some of quality control
items specified in Table 5.5.2.1.

The Ministry has the right to review Contractors quality control records and to
compare those records statistically with the results of the applied quality assurance
procedures as specified in Division 17 of these general specifications. And inspect
Contractors laboratory, equipments and technical staff to insure the efficiency of
Contractors staff and inspection, testing and construction methods whether they are
conforming to the approved testing and construction method.

5.5.2.8 Measurement:
The un-treated Subgrade shall be measured in cubic meters or according to
special specifications, for the executed and technically acceptable works within
dimensions and levels shown on the drawings or according to the engineer's
instructions.
No measuring shall be made for the purpose of payment for the works outside
the limits shown on the drawings, special specifications or specified by the Engineer.
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5.5.2.9 Payment:
Payment shall be paid for actually and technically accepted constructed works
and quantities within the approved limits and dimensions according to contract unit
prices or reduced prices as a result of applying quality assurance procedures if stated in
the contract documents.

The paid amounts are considered as a full compensation for material excavation,
transporting, wetting, mixing, compacting and finishing of the work, in addition to the
provision and operation of machines, equipments, labor, tests, measurements, benefits,
revenues, fees, third party payments and all requirements to construct the works
according to drawings, special and general specifications,.

Payment shall be made according to one or more of the items indicated in Table
(5.5.2.2) if not contradict with contract documents:

Table 5.5.2.1: Quality control procedures for untreated Subgrade

Location
of samples
Soil
classification
AASHTO M-145
CBR ASTM D 1883 Raw
materials
Density-
moisture
relationship
AASHTO T-180
At source
Three tests on different
samples from each source,
when source is approved or
changed, or a change in the
materials or constructed
works is noticed.
5.5.2.2
Classification AASHTO M-145
Materials
at use
Moisture-
density
Relationship
AASHTO T-180
At project
site
Three tests at starting of
production, test for each
produced 1000 cubic meter
or when a change is noticed
in the properties of the
executed works
5.5.2.2
Degree of
Compaction
AASHTO T-191,
AASHTO T-310-01
Thickness Core samples
Dimensions
and levels
Survey measures
A test every 2000 square
meters of each constructed
layer or each work day
5.5.2.4
Measuring every 2000
meters or each work day
5.5.2.4,
5.5.2.6
Cross section every 25
meters or 5 sections every
2000 square meters
whichever is greater.
5.5.2.6
Constructed
works
Surface
smoothness
Straight edge
At project
site
5 measurements at different
sites each 2000 square
meter or between the cross
sections for measuring
levels and dimensions.
5.5.2.6

Table 5.5.2.2: Untreated Subgrade Works Items
Item No. Work type Unit
5.5.2.1 untreated Subgrade m
3

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5.5.3 Lime Treated Subgrade:

This subsection consists of furnishing, mixing spreading, leveling, and
compacting the materials of lime treated Subgrade to the required compaction degree
according to the thickness, levels and dimensions shown on the drawings and according
to the special specifications and these general specifications. It also includes
construction method and protection work for constructed layer until the laying of the
next layer.

5.5.3.2 Materials:
1. Soil:
Soil materials can be native soil of the site or other barrow materials brought
from outside the site. The soils wherever its source shall, meet the following
requirements:

1. Positively response to the lime treatment and improved with lime.
2. Free from organic materials and all other undesired materials.
3. Clay lumps shall be pulverized to a degree that allows it to pass through the
mixing machine and permits it's mixing with lime.
4. The percentage of Sulphates shall not exceed 1%.

The applicability of the soil to be treated with lime shall be decided on the bases
of technical study prepared by specialized agency in which a comparison between test
results of untreated and treated soils for the target properties shall be made. The soil is
considered suitable for lime treatment when its plasticity index is equal to or grater than
20 %. The treatment is considered effective if results of average plasticity index of five
(5) soil samples after the lime treatment using the same percent of lime is reduced by
not less than 35 % compared with the average plasticity test result for five (5) untreated
samples from the same soil. The suitability of the soil for lime treatment shall be
verified on the basis of Appendix (A) of ASTM M 2163.

Prior starting the treatment process, the percentage of Sulphates shall be
determined in the soil to be treated by using the approved standard methods. In case the
results of tests showed the existence of soluble Sulphates in the soil then, the treatment
process shall be done according to mellow time indicated in Table (5.5.3.1) below.

Table No. 5.5.3.1: Mellow Time according to Sulphate Percent *
Percent of Sulphates % Suggested mellow time
0.0-0.3 No need for additional time
0.3-0.5 One day
0.5-0.8 Two to three days
0.8-1 Double treatment
Note*:
1. When the sulphates percentage exceeds (0.8) percent reference shall be made to the
Engineer and the design authority to obtain more construction requirements.
2. Double treatment shall be performed as follows; by adding half of the specified hydrated
lime percentage and mixing it with the soil and wetting for 5 days at moisture content higher
than the optimum moisture content and the other half of liquid hydrated lime is added and
mixed and compaction.
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2. Lime:
Lime used in treatment shall be hydrated lime or quick commercial lime that
conforms to the requirements of (ASTM C 51) designation produced in approved
factories and it shall be free from lumps and achieve the gradation requirements
indicated in Table (5.5.3.2).

Table No. 5.5.3.2: Lime Gradation
Percent Passing %
Sieve size
Hydrated lime Quick lime
19 mm (3/4 inch) 100 100
0.63 mm (No. 30) 95-100 -
0.15 mm (No. 100) - 30-100
0.075 mm (No. 200) 75-100 -
Test method (ASTM C 110)
Dry sieve analysis
(ASTM C 136)

Calcium Hydroxide percentage in the hydrated lime shall not be less than 85 %.
And the quick lime shall contain not less than 94 % of Calcium and Magnesium oxide
(CaO+MgO) and not less than 90% total available Calcium oxide (CaO) as determined
by (ASTM C 25) test.

It is preferable to use hydrated lime and it is not permissible using of quick lime
in urban areas without a special permission and Contractor shall be responsible when
allowed to use quick lime to provide the required protection measures. And he is
responsible for any damages, which may inflict individuals or properties as a result for
using this type of lime.

Contractor can supply the lime specified for use from more than one approved
source providing that the materials of each source shall be used separately. Also
Contractor, when supplying lime, shall submit a guarantee certificate endorsed from the
manufacturer with production date, validity date, storing and using method.

The lime should be stored in specific and moisture- isolated loose and dry places
until time of using in dry state to allow easy distribution and it shall be free from lumps.

3. Water:
The water used in mixing shall be free from harmful materials such as oils,
acids, alkaline, clay, silt and organic materials. It shall not contain more than 1000 unit
per million of chloride (Cl) or sulphates like (So
4
). If required by the special
specifications or the Engineer, water shall be tested to verify its suitability according to
(AASHTO T-26) test.

4. Asphalt curing membrane:
Except otherwise the special specifications indicates, the asphalt material used
as a curing membrane shall be from asphalt emulsions type (SS-1h or CSS-1h) and shall
achieve the requirements specified in Division 7 of these general specifications.

5.5.3.3 Equipments:
Contractor shall submit to the Engineer with the design job mix formula a list of
the equipments he intends to use. These equipments shall be capable of executing the
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works according to the work plan, time schedule and shall be able to produce and
execute a subgrade layer conforming to the requirements stipulated in the special
specifications or these general specifications. This list shall include, for example,
graders with accessories required for pulverizing and plowing earth materials, lime
distributor, mixing and spreading equipments, compactor and water distributor, asphalt
distributor and any other equipment required for construction the work in accordance
with the special specifications and work plan.

Pulverizing and plowing equipments shall be capable of plowing soil to the
required depth and pulverizing it to the required sizes.
Also, the lime distributor shall be capable of distributing lime in a uniform way
throughout the width of the area to be treated and equipped with the quantity control
systems which provide controlling of distributed quantity of lime according to the ratio
identified in the approved job mix formula and it shall be provided with equipments
preventing the lime scattering during its distribution. The sides of lime distributors shall
be covered with a special cover to prevent scattering.

The mixing equipments shall be self propelled and equipped with a mobile
mixing chamber or a mixer equipped with one or more wide mixing screws and they
shall be capable of picking the soil and mixing it with lime and water and spread in a
uniform and a regularly way to the depths indicated on the drawings or the special
specifications.
The grading machines used shall be capable of spreading and leveling materials
according to the approved slopes and levels. Water and asphalt distributors shall be
susceptible to calibration and capable of spraying materials with the required ratio.

Compaction machines shall be capable of compacting layers to the compaction
degrees indicated for the full depth of the layer. They may include smooth wheel
pneumatic rollers and vibratory rollers and it is preferable to use grid or foot ship rollers
for breaking the large particles and clay lumps.

Contractor may use one machine which is capable of carrying out a group of the
works required such as plowing, pulverization and applying lime and water in the
approved ratios and depths providing that the Contractor proves their capability to
produce the work as required in the specifications.

The Engineer shall review and approve proposed Contractor's equipment list or
requires more additional equipments prior or during construction if the executed work is
not in conformity with the specified requirements.

5.5.3.4 Job Mix Design Formula:
1. Mix Design Requirements:
The lime treated Subgrade layer materials shall achieve the following quality
requirements, except otherwise special specifications and the approved technical report
prepared by the specialized agency, indicate different requirements:

Swell potential shall not exceed 1% when the treated material is soaked with
water and it is allowed to swell according to ASTM D 3668.
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The unconfined compressive strength for cylindrical samples shall not be less
than one (1) mega Pascal when tested according to ASTM D 5102 after the 28
days curing period.
The percent of hydrated lime shall not be less than 5% of the dry weight of soil.

2. Acceptance procedures of Job Mixture formula:
Contractor, prior starting lime treated Subgrade works by 30 days, shall submit
to the Engineer a technical report prepared by an approved specialized agency shows
material proportions, construction, wetting and curing method. The report shall be based
on actual test results on the soil, lime and water specified for use in producing the lime
treated Subgrade.

As a minimum, the report shall include the following information:

1. Type and percent of lime to be used.
2. Classification of soil before and after treatment.
3. Maximum density for the treated soil.
4. Optimum moisture content during mixing and compaction.
5. Strength index such as (CBR) or unconfined compression test for soil before and
after treatment and the value of free expansive as indicated in the special
specifications. Also the report must clarify the following :
a. Construction method including lime application and curing method.
b. Any special requirements for mixing, curing, compaction and testing.
c. List for machines and equipments proposed for construction.

The Engineer shall review the design job mix formula and verify if it contains
all the required information. In case the information was not complete, the J.M.F should
be returned to the Contractor within 7 days, for completing the lacking information and
resubmit the design job formula. However, if the information were complete the
Engineer shall check and insure whether the treated soil achieves the requirements.
Indicated in the special specifications. If it doesnt achieve those requirements the report
should be rejected and the Contractor shall submit a new job formula. But if the mixture
achieves the requirements the Engineer shall issue a written acceptance for the job mix
formula which is considered only as preliminary. The final acceptance shall be issued
on the test results of field samples during construction.

5.5.3.5 Experimental section:
Contractor shall, when special specifications indicate that or the Engineer
requires, construct an experimental section at least 200 meters long for the purpose of
verifying the possibility to construct the works according to the job formula,
construction method and the proposed machines and equipments. Contractor shall
perform all the required tests on the executed layer in the experimental section and to
submit a copy of their results to the Engineer for evaluation. If the Engineer found that,
during construction or from the test results, there is a need for carrying out some
modifications in the work plan or replacement of some equipments and machines or
modifying the mixture to fulfill specification requirements, he shall conveys his written
comments to the Contractor. The Contractor shall satisfy all the comments and required
modifications including reconstruction of the rejected executed layer. However, if the
experimental section results were conformed to the requirements then the design job
formula, work plan, percent of lime distribution, water content and methods of
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distribution, leveling and compaction should be approved. The Contractor shall abide by
with the approved construction method from experimental section up to the finishing of
works, except otherwise a change is made in the design job formula or in the work plan.

Contractor shall perform the treatment works according to the drawings, special
specifications, and design job formula and he shall finish the treated layer according to
the approved dimensions, levels, slopes and thickness and approved curing method. The
Engineers acceptance for the job formula, equipment list and experimental section
results, does not release the Contractor from his full responsibility for execution the
work according to the drawings and special specifications.

Construction shall be carried out according to the constructed experimental
section results using the approved design job mix formula, machines and equipments,
percent of lime and water, mixing, spreading, compaction and approved methods of
protection.

1. Plowing and Pulverizing of Soil:
The soil materials proposed for lime treatment shall be plowed and pulverized.
All rock materials with a size of more than 5 cm, deleterious and organic materials
should be removed. At the end of this phase a loose material, free from any lumps and
particles size exceed 5 centimeter shall be obtained, so that it completely pass through
the mixing machine.

Plowing and pulverizing shall be performed to a depth equal to the layers
thickness shown on the drawings and special specifications after mixing with lime,
applying of water, leveling and compaction. The resulting thickness shall not be less
than the specified thickness by more than two (2) centimeters.

When using mixer which requires material's collection before spreading, these
materials shall be collected in heaps of suitable sizes suiting the power of mixer obtains
a consistent mixture. Otherwise the materials shall be formed according to the approved
dimensions, thickness and required cross sections.

When the Subgrade thickness is more than thirty (30) centimeters, treatment
shall be performed in two layers of approximately equal thickness. so that the upper
layer shall be on site then it will be removed and stored in such a way that maintains its
moisture content. The bottom layer shall be treated, maintained and compacted at site
then the stored treated materials shall be spread, mixed and compacted over the finished
treated lower layer.

2 Application of lime:
Lime shall be applied at the percent approved in the design job mix formula
according to the construction method specified in the work plan and the results of the
experimental section. The percent of lime added should not vary from the percent
specified in the approved design job mixture formula by more than ten (10) percent of
the approved percent, it is permissible to apply lime in one batch or two batches by
using the approved equipments and machines providing that each batch of lime shall be
well mixed with the soil.

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Hydrated lime can be applied by one of the following methods:

- Dry method:
Lime can be distributed by machines and equipments like self discharging
vehicles which are equipped with a transfer screw that distributes lime on the surface
intended for treatment, or a mobile mechanical spreader which distribute the lime to a
close distance from the surface.

Also lime can be distributed using bags in form of rows at specified interval to get
required and uniform percent of lime. It is possible to distribute the lime in one batch or
more batches with the required mixing after each batch according to the approved work
plan. The required measures shall be taken to prevent lime dispersal due to winds by
immediate wetting with water and Contractor shall stop work when wind speed leads to
lime dispersal.

- Wetting method:
Lime and water shall be mixed to obtain an emulsion in which the percent of
solid particles is not less than 30 % then the emulsion is sprayed by particular trucks or
rotary mixers. Lime distribution in both cases shall be uniform throughout the area
intended for treatment by repeating the applying process until the lime and percent of
moisture required for treatment is achieved.

The following requirements shall be followed at all times:
- No spreading of lime or lime-treated material shall be made when the
temperature during spreading or the expected temperature within 48 hours is less
than 4 degrees Celsius (4
C).
- Lime distribution shall be limited only to areas that can be mixed in the same
working day. It is not permissible to leave a distributed lime without mixing
with soil and water for more than six hours.
- Parts which have been spread without mixing for more than 6 hours or parts for
which test results showed a shortage in lime content out side the tolerance limits,
Contractor in his expense shall retreat these section by adding all the originally
required lime quantity.
- The application of quick lime if allowed to be used should be only by the dry
method and it shall be mixed properly with soil before adding water and all
safety conditions shall be followed.

3. Mixing:
Immediately after completion of lime distribution water shall be added in a ratio
of five (5%) percent more than the optimum percent and the mixing of materials shall
start immediately after that.
Lime mixing with soil shall continue until a uniform mixture is obtained for
whole depth of the constructed layer. It is possible to mix the treated soil with lime by
using equipments equipped with plowing and scarifying devices. These equipments
shall be capable of plowing and scarifying materials for the whole depth.

When the special specifications and the approved job mix formula state that the
lime application should be in batches, Contractor shall mix lime with the soil and water
and initially compact these materials and let them for a period not less than 3 days, then
he shall apply the second application of lime, and the required percent of water and mix
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these materials properly until a uniform mixture for the whole depth of the layer under
progress is obtained.

When the Contractor faces difficulty in materials mixing, he shall execute the
preliminary mixing, spreading and compaction to lessen water evaporation and maintain
the layer for a period of not less than 48 hours, then the moisture shall be adjusted so
that it doesnt differ from the optimum moisture content by more than 2 % and
remixing materials properly until a uniform mixture is obtained then leveling the layer
and finishing the compaction.

When the special specifications and the job mix formula indicate a special
mellowing period according to Table (5.5.3.1) or the approved job mix, the lime and
water shall be added and mixed initially and kept wet during the specified mellowing
period, the layer is re-plowed and pulverized then water is added, and the layer shall be
mixed, leveled and compacted and the lime treated material shall be left, after the
preliminary mixing operations and before compaction, for a period varies between 24 to
48 hours to allow more mellowing.

If the Contractor could not execute the mixing process in the same day, he shall
treat the surface with preliminary compaction by rubber wheeled rollers before the end
of the working day providing that the work sequence will continue next day.

When quick lime is used for the treatment of the Subgrade, the applied water
quantity before or during mixing should be adequate to fully hydrate lime, the heat
arising from hydration shall not decrease percent of water in the final mixture.

When lime treated Subgrade required to be re-constructed after 7 days from the
final compaction, a percent of lime which shall not differ from the basic percent, by not
more than 2%, shall be added to the mixture and mixed in a uniform way and all the
phases of construction shall be repeated.

4. Construction of Joints:
To achieve required joint between successive working days, Contractor shall
plow a part of the previous constructed treated layer in the past day for a distance not
less than half (0.5) meter remix and wet after adding 50% of the approved lime content
to that plowed area and re-construct this part with the new day work.

5. Compaction:
The Subgrade lime treated layer shall be compacted after the wetting and
applying the final formation processes according to dimensions, levels and thicknesses
shown on the drawings or specified in the special specifications. The individual layers
thickness shall not exceed 30 cm, and when the required thickness is more than 30 cm
the mixture shall be spread and compacted into two or more layers of approximately
equal thickness.

Moisture shall be maintained during spreading and compaction process so that it
does not differ from the optimum moisture content by more than 2%.

The compaction process shall be executed by using the approved compaction
equipments. The preliminary compaction shall be started by using rollers capable of
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penetrating and kneading the material like grid wheel rollers or sheep foot rollers.
However, the final compaction process shall be performed by steel or pneumatic
wheeled rollers, provided that final number of passes shall not be less than 2.

Areas can not be reach with rollers shall be compacted by compaction
equipments chosen by the Contractor and accepted by the Engineer such as vibrating
plate or any other capable equipment. Consideration shall be given to equipment
capability to compact to the whole depth and to achieve the required density. When it is
necessary, the specified thickness may be changed for each layer to suit the used
compaction equipment.

Lime treated Subgrade shall be compacted, up to a density of not less than 95%
of the maximum dry density specified by (AASHTO T-99 method C) test except
otherwise indicated in the special specifications. All compaction and finishing processes
shall be finalized within a period not more than 12 hours from the final mixing.

Compaction degree shall be determined for each constructed layer using the
sand cone method according to (AASHTO T-191) or the nuclear method according to
(AASHTO T310-01) or any other approved non-destructive method. When using the
nuclear or non-destructive test method, three readings shall be are taken for each
location in different direction and the average for the three readings is considered as the
field density of that location.

The minimum acceptable limit for the compaction degree to determine the
payment factor using statistical method is the indicated compaction degree minus 2%.

The unconfined compressive strength or the approved strength index for the
constructed works shall be determined using core samples and the allowed minimum
limit for calculating pay factor shall be 80% of the value obtained in the design job mix
formula or the minimum limit of the strength specified in the special specification
whichever is greater.

Verification shall be carried out for the percentage of lime added to uncured
samples using (ASTM D 3155) test and the percent of the lime used shall not differ
from the approved percent by more than 10% of the rate specified in the job mix
formula, providing that the difference shall not exceed (0.5%) whichever is lesser.

6. Curing:
The surface of the constructed layer shall be maintained in wet condition until
the next layer is laid otherwise Asphalt curing membrane should be executed.

When required, the asphalt curing membrane shall be executed during one day
from completion of the final compaction, by applying a continuous uniform asphalt
emulsion in rate of (0.7-1.4) litter per square meter through out the width with the same
method of prime coat distribution as indicated in Division (8) of these general
specifications.

Curing period shall not be less than 7 days and vehicles and machines are not
allowed to pass on the lime treated Subgrade before the end of the curing period except
water distribution tankers, providing that their passing should not result any
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deformations on the surface of the layer. the equipment is not allowed to move over the
asphalt curing membrane before 72 hours after its distribution.

5.5.3.7 Safety requirements:
Contractor prior starting of the construction of the lime treated Subgrade, shall
provide all the required instructions, requirements and arrangement of safety from the
lime manufacturers and to be aware of the aid operations. Accordingly, Contractor shall
prepare a special program for training employees and submit a report to the Engineer. It
is not permitted to start the works before the approval of the Engineer for the safety plan
and verification of the employees training. During lime applying, particularly quick
lime, warning signs shall be placed for pedestrians and neighboring residents.

Contractor shall, during construction processes, apply all safety regulations and
he shall impose on the employees the use of safety equipments such as gloves and
protective masks. In case the Contractor fails to apply safety requirements all
construction activities shall be stopped and Contractor shall be responsible for any
damages arising from his failure to apply safety regulations.

The lime treated Subgrade shall be constructed according to the dimensions,
grades and thickness shown on the drawings and special specifications. The difference
between thickness of the constructed layer and the required thickness shall not exceed 2
cm or 10% of the approved thickness whichever is lesser. Measuring of each layer shall
be performed after verifying the degree of compaction using core samples from each
layer. The field density holes can be used for this purpose.

The final surface levels of the constructed layer shall not differ from the
specified levels by more than 10 mm if the next layer was asphalt or 20 mm if the next
layers were aggregate. The final cross-sections levels shall be measured at 25 meters
interval providing that the number of the sections shall not be less than 5 every 2000
square meters of the constructed layer. Measuring shall be performed at least in 5 points
in each cross-section.

Verification for unevenness of the layer surface can be done visually or by
measuring with a metal straight edge 3 meters long in 5 locations and the clearance
between the bottom of the edge and the layer's surface between any two contact points
shall not exceed 20 mm.

5.5.3.9 Works Acceptances:
Contractor shall apply the quality control for lime treated Subgrade works and

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these general specifications except otherwise indicated in the special specifications and
other contract documents.

1. Quality control:
Contractor shall perform quality control for materials and constructed works and
he shall monitor records and analyze the results and draw quality charts for critical
5.5.3.3. Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of tests promptly and apply
all the items indicated in item 17.1.1 of these general specifications.

The Ministry has the right, to apply or ordering performing of the quality
assurance for the materials and constructed works, under its direct supervision, and it
has the right to test the materials and inspect the constructed work for all or some of
quality control items specified in Table (5.5.3.3).

procedure as specified in Division 17 of these general specifications, inspect
Contractors staff and the inspection, testing and construction methods whether they are

Works shall be accepted according to unit prices specified in the contract or by
reduced prices or rejected according to the quality level results from applying the
statistical method indicated in Division 17 of these general specifications, except
otherwise indicated in the special specifications.

The lime treated Subgrade shall be measured in cubic meters after being laid and
compacted to the specified thickness and within the dimensions and levels shown on the
drawings or according to the Engineers instructions.
No measuring shall be made for the purpose of payment for the materials laid
outside the limits shown on the drawings, special specifications or specified by the
Engineer.

5.5.3.11 Payment:
prices or reduced prices as a result of applying the quality assurance procedure if stated
in the contract documents.

transporting, wetting, mixing, compacting and finishing of the work, in addition to the
provision and operation of machines, equipments, labor, tests, measurements, benefits,
revenues, fees and third party payments and all requirements to construct the works
according to drawings, special and general specifications.

(5.5.3.4) if not contradict with contract documents.
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Table 5.5.3.3: Quality control procedures for lime treated Subgrade works

Location
of Sample
Soil
classification
AASHTO
M 145
3 tests on different samples
from each source when the
approving source and design
job mixture formula or
change of source or noticing
a change in the properties of
the executed works, and 5
tests on different samples at
different intervals for each
5000 cubic meters from each
source during execution.
Item
5.5.3.5
Raw
materials
Lime
Manufacturers
guarantee
certificate from
manufacturer
At source
At commencement of supply
and whenever the source is
changed
Item
5.5.3.2
Lime percent
AASHTO
T-232
Item
5.5.3.5
5.5.3.7
Soil
classification
after
treatment
AASHTO
M 145
Item
5.5.3.5
Materials
during
use
Moisture/
density
relationship
AASHTO
T-99
3 tests at production starting
and one test every 10,000
square meter production or
noticing a change in the
properties of the executed
works.
Item
5.5.3.5
unconfined
compressive
strength
AASHTO
T-220
3 tests at production
commencement and one test
each 10.000 square meter
from the executed works or
when a change is noticed in
executed works.
Item
5.5.3.7
Field density
AASHTO
T-191/T-310-01
or any other
approved non-
destructive test
Every 2000 square meters of
each executed layer.
Item
5.5.3.7
Thickness Core samples
One measuring for each 2000
square meters of the executed
layer and it is possible to use
field density holes.
Item
5.5.3.9
Dimensions
& levels
Survey
measuring
Measuring in five cross
sections each 2000 square
meters cross-section each 25
meters whichever is greater.
Item
5.5.3.9
Executed
Works
Surface
leveling
Measuring with
straight edge
At site
Five measures each 2000
square meters or between
cross sections
Item
5.5.3.9

Table 5.5.3.4: Items for lime-treated subgrade layer works
5.5.3.1 Lime treated Subgrade m
3

5.5.3.2 Lime (when specified in separate payment) Ton
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5.5.4 Cement Treated Subgrade:

This section consists of material requirements and construction methods for
cement treated Subgrade, it includes preparation of the surface, provision of the
materials, mixing with water, spreading, and compaction of these materials to the
required density and maintaining the constructed layer, according to the thicknesses,
levels and dimensions indicated on the drawings and in conformity with the special
specifications and these general specifications.

5.5.4.2 Materials:

1. Soil:
The soil material used in cement treated Subgrade shall be from the local soil or
barrow materials. It shall be of a type positively response to lime-treatment and
improved by cement, free from plant or organic materials and unsuitable materials. The
total percent of chloride and sulphates by weight of the soil according to AASHTO T-
(290-291) test shall not exceed 1%. The soil shall be pulverized until particle's size
becomes less than 5 cm and the percent of the retained on sieve No. 4 (4.75 mm) shall
not be more than 45%.

The applicability of the soil to be treated with cement shall be decided on the
bases of technical study prepared by specialized agency in which a comparison between
test results of untreated and treated soils for the target properties shall be made. The soil
is considered suitable for cement treatment when its plasticity index is less than 20 %.
The treatment is considered effective if results of average target property value of five
(5) soil samples after the cement treatment using the same percent of cement is
improved by not less than 35 % compared with the average target property value for the
five (5) untreated samples from the same soil.

2. Portland Cement:
The Portland cement used shall be Portland V sulphate resistant type and shall
be conforming to Saudi standard specification SASO 570 or ASTM C150 except
otherwise special specifications allow for another type.

3. Water
The water used in mixing shall be in compliance with the requirements of
section (5.5.3) of these general specifications.

4. Asphalt curing membrane:
The asphalt material used as a curing membrane shall be from asphalt emulsions
type (SS-1h or CSS-1h) conform to the requirements of Division (7) of these general
specifications.

5. Additives:
The Retarders compounds and other chemical compounds shall be effective and
conform to the requirements specified in specification (ASTM C 494); the addition of
these materials should not lead to an adverse effect on any required properties of the
mix in treated layer.

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5.5.4.3 Job Mix Design Formula:

1. Requirements of the Mix:
Unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications, the unconfined
compressive strength, after 7 days for the soaked cylindrical samples of the cement
treated soil, shall not be less than (2.75 M.Pa) according to ASTM D 5102. When the
special specifications require durability test for the cement treated soil, the percent of
loss by weight of cured samples for a period of 7 days after being exposed to (12) cycles
of soaking and drying according to ASTM D 559 test, shall not exceed the values
showed in Table (5.5.4.1), unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications.
The percent of cement used shall not be less than (3.5%) by weight of soil.

Table 5.5.4.1: Loss of weight in the soaking and drying test

Soil classification Percent Loss by weight
A-1, A-3, A-2-4, A-2-5 14
A-2-6, A-2-7, A-4, A-5 10
A-6, A-7 7

2. Acceptance of Job mix formula:
Prior starting construction of the cement treated Subgrade by not less than 30
days, Contractor shall submit to the Engineer a technical report prepared by a
specialized and qualified agency include the job mix formula, the work plan and a list of
the machines and equipments proposed for construction. The job mix formula shall
include materials sources, properties, material proportions, and curing methods. The
report shall be based on actual test results on representative samples of soil materials,
cement and water proposed to be used in cement treated Subgrade.

The report shall include the following:

1. Source and properties of all materials proposed for producing cement treated
mixture including additive materials, percent, and methods of application and
mixing.
2. The proposed percents of cement, water, and additives.
3. The mixture density at the proposed proportions of cement and water on the basis of
(AASHTO-134) test.
4. The quality properties of the mixture (unconfined compressive strength) and any
other properties indicated in the special specifications.
5. Equipments and machines list.
6. Mixing, spreading, compaction and curing methods.

The Engineer shall review the design job mix formula and verify if it contains
all the required information within 7 days and return it to contractor for completing the
lacking information or study it and verify that the proposed mix achieves all the
required requirements. If it was found that specifications were not achieved, he
resubmits it to the contractor with his comments. Then contractor shall resubmit a new
job formula. But if the design job formula was technically acceptable, the engineer shall
issue his written acceptance and inform the contractor.

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When the contractor changes materials or if testing results and execution prove
that specifications were not achieved or that the mix is not suitable for construction,
contractor in such case shall carry out all the required modifications to obtain a
workable mix that achieves specifications.

Contractor has no right, by any means, to start production and construction
before receiving the written approval of the job mix formula by the Engineer.
Acceptance of the formula is considered as preliminary until verification is made of the
possibility for its production and execution on site. Also, this acceptance does not
release the contractor from his responsibility for producing a cement treated specimen
layer according to special specifications or these specifications.

5.5.4.4 Weather limitations:
Cement application and mixture production or construction shall not be
performed when the temperature is 5 degrees Celsius or expected to reach this
temperature in the next day following the day of mixing and spreading or when it
exceed 35 degrees Celsius. These limits can be exceeded with a written approval from
the Engineer if the contractor takes the required precautions to maintain the mix and
executed works for reducing water evaporations and damping of the mix using ways
that do not affect the quality of treated layer or its efficiency after construction. The
contractor shall be responsible of any results arise from that and he shall carry on his
expense all repair works when required without any additional payments, including the
sections that does not conform to the specifications. It is not permissible to construct the
cement treated subgrade during rainfall or when speed of the wind exceeds 25 km /hr or
at any speed the Engineer decide that it may affect the cement distribution during on
road mixing or during sand or dust storms. The contractor is responsible to maintain the
road surface on which the treated subgrade will be constructed in a technical acceptable
condition in all weather and he shall remove all materials, mixes and works constructed
in unsuitable weather conditions, and he has no right to claims any additional payments
for that.

5.5.4.5 Traffic Control:
Contractor shall take all the necessary arrangement to control traffic movement
during construction and diverting the public traffic movement when necessary. He shall
assign and construct the required paths for pedestrians. Contractor shall prohibit passing
of all machines and equipments on the cement treated Subgrade throughout the curing
period which should not be less than 7 days, excluding asphalt curing membrane and
water distributor equipments.

Those equipments shall be chosen so that they should not lead to any damages to
the Subgrade and the Contractor is responsible for any damages which occur to the
Subgrade due to private or public traffic or due to any other reason.

5.5.4.6 Equipments:
Prior starting the Subgrade treatment works, Contractor shall submit to the
Engineer the design job mix formula, the work plan, and list of the machines and
proposed equipments to be used. Those equipments and machines shall be in the
numbers and productivity required for constructing the works according to the time
schedule prepared by the Contractor approved by the Engineer in conformity with the
contract period. The machines and equipments shall includes:
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1. Plowing and pulverizing machines and equipments capable of plowing and
scarifying the soil to the approved depths and dimensions.
2. Cement distributor which are capable of distributing cement in the specified rates
and possible to be calibrated and controlled.
3. Soil, cement and water mixing equipments which are capable of uniformly mixing
all materials for the full depth.
4. Mobile mixers capable of picking the soil and mixing it with cement and water and
re-spreading the mixture.
5. Batch or continuous central plants capable of producing the mixture and susceptible
to calibration and control for all the mixture contents.
6. Spreading and leveling equipments capable of spreading and leveling materials
according to the slopes and levels approved on the drawings and special
specifications.
7. Compaction equipments capable of compacting the mixture to the required density
and suitable for the site including mechanical small compaction equipments or
manual equipments for compaction in areas where common rollers can not reach.
8. Water distributor equipments that can be calibrated.
9. Curing membrane equipments that can be calibrated.

The selection of suitable equipments shall be made according to the approved
work plan and construction method.

5.5.4.7 Experimental section:
When the special specifications state or the Engineer requires, Contractor shall
construct an experimental section not less than 200 meters long (it may be from the
project works) for the purpose of verifying the possibility construction the cement
treated Subgrade according to the job mix formula using the proposed machines and
equipments and to insure that the constructed layer conform to the requirements of the
special specifications and the contract documents.

Contractor shall perform all the measurements and tests for the constructed
experimental section and submit the results to the Engineer. The Engineer shall evaluate
the results and verifies the construction method and he shall inform the Contractor with
his written comments. Contractor shall carry out all the required modifications
including the job mix modifications in any phase of the construction works or replace
some machines and equipments, to achieve the requirements of the specifications.
Contractor in his expense shall remove the unacceptable constructed works and replace
them with suitable ones if the results of the experimental section were not acceptable.

However, if the results of the experimental section were acceptable, the
Engineer shall approve the results and the Contractor shall follow the job mix formula,
plan, machines and equipments used throughout the construction period. These results
are considered as a reference for subsequent works evaluation and the Contractor has no
right to make any modifications without permission from the Engineer. The Engineer's
acceptance for the experimental section results, approval of the job mix formula and
plan does not release the Contractor from the responsibility for producing and
constructing cement treated Subgrade conforming to the approved specifications.

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The Contractor shall construct the cement treated Subgrade according to the
thickness, dimensions, levels and slopes shown on the approved drawings and special
specifications using materials, job mix formula and construction methods approved by
the Engineer.

Construction shall be carried out according to the following phases:

1. Plowing and pulverization:
Prior starting of cement treated Subgrade construction, Contractor shall prepare
the surface on which the treated Subgrade shall be laid and execute the proof rolling to
determine weak areas and treat them. And he shall provide a sound and stable surface
capable of sustaining the construction equipments and receiving the cement treated
Subgrade.

The soil to be treated shall be plowed and pulverized, whether it is the site
material or supplied material from outside, throughout the depth of the layer to be
treated so that it achieves the materials requirements indicated in this section or as
specified in the special specifications and the approved job mix formula.

All the pieces and lumps larger than 5 centimeters in size or larger than the
maximum size specified in the special specifications shall be removed by picking or
broken to the required size or screened.

2. Application of the cement:
Cement shall be added to the material to be treated according to the type and
percent approved in the job mix formula and construction method used in the
experimental section. The applied cement content shall not vary from the approved one
by more than 10% of cement percent or (0.5%) which is the least. when the contract
documents and the job mix formula indicate using of additives Contractor shall apply
the additive materials according to the manufacturers recommendations and the
approved method in the work plan.

Cement may be applied to the soil according to the site and construction method
by one of the following ways:

- In-place mixing:
When performing the mixing directly on the road cement is distributed
uniformly with the specified rates on the surface of the soil to be treated by special
mechanical distributor. It is also possible to distribute cement bags on the surface to be
treated in form of rows such that the cement content after distribution shall be equal to
the approved percent then the bags are opened and the cement distributed towards
lateral direction and distributed on the surface by equipments which provide the
possibility of uniform distribution.

When the soil type and depth of the layer to be treated allow that, it is possible,
to use machines that pick the soil from the surface with the specified thickness and mix
it with cement and re-distribute it on the surface in the dry condition or in the form of a
ready mix after applying water.

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In all the cases of dry distribution, consideration shall be made to weather
conditions like wind speed and surface moisture such that no lost of cement occur due
to winds or to prevent forming of cement lumps due to humidity or surface moisture.
The period from cement distribution on the surface and finishing of its mixing with the
soil shall be as short as possible.

Cement shall be distributed only on surfaces where it is possible to finish their
mixing, soaking and compacting by the end of each working day, considering the
elapsed period between applying water, spreading, leveling, compaction and surface
finishing. Contractor shall be responsible for the results arising from breaching any of
these conditions.

- Plant Mixing:
When mixing is performed in a central mixer cement shall be applied in a dry
state to mixing chamber. Plants shall be equipped with a silo for cement, and cement
feeding is done through special lines provided with the required control systems to
control the applied cement quantity and automatic stopping when the specified quantity
is added.

3. Mixing:
Contractor shall mix the soil with cement and additive materials uniformly
throughout the area and depth of the layer to be treated. Both the cement application and
mixing methods shall be approved.

When mixing in central plants it is possible to use the continuous twin shaft or
batch mixers whereas the soil is mixed with cement in a special mixing chamber. Soil-
cement mixing time shall be controlled to produce a uniform mixture before addition of
water, and then water is added the mixing shall be continued until a uniform mixture is
obtained.

When the continuous central twin shafts mixers are used the mixing chamber
shall continue after addition of water for a distance not less than 1.25 meter to complete
mixing. Such mixers shall contain a silo provided with discharging gate which opens
and closes automatically and with a capacity of not less than 20 tons for storing mixed
materials.

Mixers, whatever their type, shall be equipped with a calibration system capable
of adding soil, cement and water in the required quantity by volume or by weight.

When using batch mixers, the required tests shall be performed to determine the
mixing time before commencing the mixture production.

Mixing may be executed on the road either by mixers which pick the soil from
the surface and applying cement, mixing with the soil, adding water, complete mixing
and spread the ready mixture on the road when the treated soil and the available
equipments allow this. Or by machines that plow the soil, mix it with cement using dry
method rolling and rotating by a shaft provided with a screw plow, introducing water
and mixing until a uniform mixture is obtained with the required moisture and cement
contents.

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Mobile mixers shall move in a speed conform to the speed recommended by the
manufacturer according to the treatment depth and the quantity to be mixed and, at all
times, mixing shall continue until a uniform mixture is obtained for the full depth.

The moisture content of the produced mixture shall be higher than the specified
optimum moisture content by 2% according to (AASHTO T-134) test method. The
cement content shall not differ from the specified content in the job mix formula by
more than 10% of the specified content providing that the difference should not, be
more than half percent (0.5%).

4. Spreading, compaction and finishing:
Immediately after finishing mixing, the materials shall be loose and easily
spread and leveled in a surface that conforms to the grades and levels indicated in the
drawings or special specifications.

The compaction of the mixture shall be started immediately after finishing the
spreading and leveling process, the period between the addition of water and the
subsequent processes shall not exceed the values indicated in Table (5.5.4.2) below.

Table 5.5.4.2: Maximum Periods between Work Phases

Work phases
Maximum period between
phases, hours
From water addition to starting of compaction 1
Between addition of water and finishing the
preliminary compaction
2
Between addition of water and completing
compaction and finishing works.
2.5

When the separating period between compaction of adjacent parts exceeds 2
hours or when joining between previously constructed and new parts the joining process
shall be made according to method specified in the construction joints below.

The thickness of the compacted layer shall not exceed 20 cm and construction
shall be performed in layers of approximately equal thicknesses when the required
thickness is more than that.

Each layer, unless the special specifications otherwise state, shall be compacted
by using suitable machines and equipments. Preliminary compaction shall be executed
by using sheep foot rollers or grid rollers and the final compaction shall be executed by
smooth wheel or steel wheeled rollers. Compaction shall continue up to a density not
less than 100% of the maximum dry density specified by AASHTO T-134 test, and at
moisture content which should not differ from the optimum moisture content by more
than 2%.

Areas which are difficult for the rollers to reach shall be compacted up to the
required density for the full depth by the method and equipments accepted by the
Engineer.
Contractor shall take all required precautionary measures to eliminate formation
of random cracks, through controlling used cement percentage, such that it does not
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exceed the approved minimum limit in the design job formula, control of water
percentage, carrying out work in the suitable weather conditions when temperatures are
getting lower, making the required provisions for construction in hot weather, and care
about moistening during curing period. When some random cracks appear, he shall
complete the necessary repair works according to the instructions of the engineer and
fill cracks with the suitable material. Except otherwise special specifications stipulate
for a specific type, fill materials shall be compliant with ASTM D (3405, 3406) and
contractor shall not be paid any additional amounts as a result of that.

Compaction degree shall be determined for each constructed layer using the
sand cone method according to (AASHTO T-191) or the nuclear method according to
(AASHTO T-310-01) or any other approved non-destructive method the compaction
degree shall be determined by taken field density as a percent of maximum dry density
specified according to AASHTO T-134. When using the nuclear or non-destructive test
method, three readings shall be taken for each location in different direction and the
average for the three readings is considered as the field density of that location.

The minimum acceptable limit for compaction degree to decide payment factor
by the statistical method is the indicated compaction degree minus 2 % percent.

The unconfined compressive strength for constructed layer shall be determined
by taking core samples. The minimum allowed limit for calculating the payment factor
is 90% of the value obtained in the mix design or the minimum of the specified strength
in the special specifications whichever is greater. The test is performed by using
(ASTM D 1633) method.

Cement percentage shall be verified by test AASHTO T-144 and cement
percentage used for treatment shall be compliant with the percentage determined in the
mix design or special specifications and it shall not vary from it by more than 10% of
the specified percentage in the design mix. The difference shall not, by any means,
exceed 0.5%.

5. Construction Joints:
At the end of each working day and when the period between laying of the
adjacent treated layers is more than two hours a lateral or straight linear joint shall be
constructed by cutting a part of the treated layer to a distance not less than (8) cm for
the whole depth in a vertical surface and removing the cut materials, cleaning and
protecting the joint until the new materials are placed. Consideration shall be made to
wet this surface carefully immediately before placing the new materials.

6. Curing:
The cement treated Subgrade shall be maintained in a wet condition using
emulsified asphalt membrane or spraying or covering it with sack, wetting and covered
with plastic sheet. These sacks shall be wetted with water at least two times daily and
recovered with plastic sheet, or the surface can be soaked with water confined over the
surface. The curing shall continue for a period not less than 7 days unless otherwise the
special specifications allow.

Curing membrane execution shall not be started before the hardening of the
layer to such extend that it is able to sustain passing of the curing membrane equipments
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and this period shall not be less than 24 hours from finishing. The asphalt curing
membrane shall be executed from emulsified asphalt composed of equal percent of
water and asphalt with application rate range (0.9-1.13 Litter/m
2
) and the actual rate
shall be determined from the experimental section results.

The Contractor shall be responsible for any damages which may arise as a result
of his failure in curing the executed layer and he shall carry out all the required repair
works without having the right to claim any additional payments.

The cement treated Subgrade shall be constructed in accordance with the
dimensions, slopes and thickness shown on the drawings and special specifications. The
difference between the constructed layer thickness and the required thickness shall not
exceed 2 cm or 10% of the approved thickness whichever is lesser. The thickness of
each constructed layer shall be measured after achieving of required degree of
compaction using core samples from each layer and it is possible to use the field density
holes for this purpose.

The final surface levels of layer shall not vary from the specified levels by more
than 10 mm if the next layer was asphalt or 20 mm if the next layers were aggregate. the
measurements of cross-sections levels shall be taken on the final surface at an interval
of 25 meters providing that the number of the points at each cross-section not be less
than (5) for every 2000 square meters.

Smoothness of layer surface shall be verified visually and by a metal straight
edge 3 meters long in five locations, and the space between the bottom of the edge and
the layer's surface between any two contact points shall not exceed 20 mm.

5.5.4.10 Works Acceptances:
Contractor shall apply the quality control for cement treated Subgrade works and

these general specifications except otherwise indicated in the special specifications and

1. Quality control:
Contractor shall perform quality control for materials and constructed works and he
shall monitor records and analyze the results and draw quality charts for critical
(5.5.4.3).
Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of tests promptly and apply all
the items indicated in item 17.1.1 of these general specifications.

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The Ministry has the right, to apply or ordering performing of the quality
assurance for the materials and constructed works, under its direct supervision, and it
has the right to test the materials and inspect the constructed work for all or some of
quality control items specified in Table (5.5.4.3).
procedure as specified in Division 17 of these general specifications. And inspect
Contractors laboratory, its equipments and technical staff to insure the efficiency of

Table 5.5.4.3: Quality control Procedures for the cement treated Subgrade works
Location
of Sample
Soil
classification
AASHTO
M-145
Three tests on different samples
from each source. When the
source and design job mix formula
are approved or change of source
or when a change in the executed
mixture or executed work
properties is noticed, and five tests
on different & timely diverse
samples for each 5000 cubic meter
from each source during
construction.
Item
5.5.4.2
Raw
materials
Cement
Guarantee
certificate from
manufacturer
At source
At the beginning of supply and
whenever source is changed.
Item
5.5.4.2
Cement
content
AASHTO
T-144
Item
5.5.4.3
Mixture
density
AASHTO
T-134
Item
5.5.4.3
unconfined
compressive
strength
ASTM
D 5102
3 tests at production
commencement, and one test each
5000 cubic meters, or noticing a
change in the executed works
properties.
Item
5.5.4.3
Materials
during
use
Loss in
weight, after
wetting and
drying
ASTM
D 559
At mixing
location
The indicated rate for non-
confined compressive strength, but
test is performed when the special
specifications state this.
Item
5.5.4.3
Degree of
Compaction
AASHT-191,
AASHTO
T-310-01),
or any other non
destructive test
A test at supply commencing and a
test each 2000 square meters or
one working day whichever is
greater
Item
5.5.4.8
unconfined
compressive
strength
ASTM
D 5102
Each 10000 square meters from
each constructed layer
Item
5.5.4.8
Thickness Core sample
Measurement each 2000 square
meters
Item
5.5.4.9
Dimensions
and levels
survey
measurements
Measuring of dimensions & levels
of lateral sections each 25 meters
or 5 sections each 2000 square
meters whichever is greater
Item
5.5.4.9
Construct
ed Works
Surface
smoothness
Measured with
straight edge
At the site
5 measurements each 2000 square
meters
Item
5.5.4.9
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The cement treated Subgrade shall be measured in cubic meters or according to
special specifications after being laid and compacted to the specified thickness and
within the dimensions and levels shown on the drawings or according to the Engineers
instructions.

When special specifications stipulate a special item for cement, the cement
quantity used in the cement treated sub grade shall be measured in tons. No
measurement shall be made for the purpose of payment for the materials laid outside the
limits shown on the drawings, special specifications or specified by the Engineer.

5.5.4.12 Payment:

transporting, wetting, mixing, spreading, compacting and finishing of the work, in
addition to the provision and operation of machines, equipments, labor, tests,
measurements, benefits, revenues, fees and third party payments and all requirements to
construct the works according to drawings, special and general specifications,.
(5.5.4.4), if not contradict with contract documents.

Table 5.5.4.4: Items of Cement Treated Subgrade Works
5.5.4.1 Surfaces preparation m
2

5.5.4.2
Cement (when the special specifications state
payment for it separately)
Tons
5.5.4.3 Cement treated Subgrade m
3

5.6 Civil Works in Utilities Projects:

5.6.1 Description:
This section consists of excavation and backfilling works for public utilities
projects within a new road or existing roads. The transferring or removing or extending
of different utilities such as water supply lines, sewage water, electricity,
communication and their components and accessories, bedding layers, protection layers
around pipes and handing over of these works shall be carried according to
specifications approved by the concerned authorities under direct supervision by their
representative. And contractor shall be qualified for the execution of such works.

Civil works which include excavation, backfilling and highway paving layers
will be carried out according to the general specifications for civil works in public
utilities projects issued by the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and special
specifications or these specifications.

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5.6.2 Preliminary works:
Before starting the execution of the public utilities works, the Contractor shall
inspect site and carry the required survey works to determine the routes and levels for
the lines of the required utilities to be constructed. Also he should locate all structures,
obstructions and existing facilities within his work area according to section (5-1)
requirements (site preparation) of these general specifications or special specifications.

5.6.3 Trench Excavation:
This work includes excavation for utilities according to the dimensions and
levels shown on the drawings and contract documents, support for excavations sides,
transfer of excavated material to storage locations for the purpose of using them later, if
they comply with the materials requirements of the work based on the test results of
representative samples or shall be transported and disposed at the approved locations.

Contractor shall, before starting excavation works, specify work sites and
excavation route by paint marks or stakes or any other method which is approved by the
engineer. These marks shall be clear and distinct and engineer shall verify the suitability
of the route before allow the contractor to start excavation. Contractor should have
completed traffic control works, barriers, signals and warning lights and signs with
barriers and walkways and traffic lanes. Based on the results of investigation and survey
works, contractor shall set out the work plan, time schedule and method and details of
excavation, buildings and structures support, protection or transferring the near by
utilities and to determine the locations at which unsuitable excavation material shall be
disposed attached with a written approvals to use these locations. He shall obtain the
excavation license from the concerned authorities such as the secretariat or Municipality
or the rural affairs locality according to delegated authorities and submit work plan,
time schedule, details and approvals to the engineer for acceptance. The contractor is
not allowed to start excavation before receiving the written acceptance of the engineer.

When excavation for utilities are being executed at the same time of road
embankment construction or prior that, the excavation works should be carried out
before fill works and it is not allowable to start fill works for embankment before the
completion of excavation works for the public utilities and extension of lines, their
accessories and components and handing over these works to the accepted concerned
utilities client. Backfilling work shall be done according to these general specifications
except otherwise stipulated in the special specifications.

When utilities excavation are being executed at the same time of road
excavation or prior that, excavation works for utilities shall be executed after the
completion of excavation works for the road and its elements except otherwise
stipulated in the special specifications, When levels of public utilities lines are below
excavation levels of the road and its elements then public utilities excavation quantities
are calculated starting from the bottom of the road excavation.

When executing public utilities in existing road the Contractor shall start with
cutting asphalt by the mechanical saw and it is not permissible to use jack hammer and
equipments which cause vibration and convulsion to the paving layers. Asphalt cutting
shall be done in two phases:

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1. Stage one:
Cutting is carried out according to the excavation width specified in the drawings or
other contract documents or according to the engineers instructions. Cutting shall be
straight and vertical to the road surface and continues until it reaches the earthy layer
then the paving layers milled and/or removed.

2. Stage two:
Cutting is done after the spreading, compaction and handing over of backfilling
layers and before starting execution of following layers (Subgrade and/or Subbase
and/or Base layers) and cutting width shall be specified for this stage outside the
previous cutting limits not less than fifteen (15) centimeter from each side of trench
excavation or not less than total thickness of the existing pavement layers whichever is
greater.

When cutting some parts of the pavement layers which have been subjected to
localized deformations or cracks or deteriorations, the cutting width shall be increased
in these areas up to their external limits in addition to 15 cm at each side to the cutting
width indicated in the above paragraph. And length of the additional cutting distance in
these areas will not be less than five (5) meter.

When the excavation width is grater the half of lane width and less than total
width of complete lane, the contractor shall remove in second stage all the asphalt layers
for the full width of lane and reconstruct it.
Excavation shall be carried out by using the suitable equipments such as special
trench excavators or any other equipment complies with the soil condition, location and
depths of excavation proposed by the contractor and accepted by the engineer. The
asphalt layer shall be protected from the effect of excavation equipment chains by
covering these with rubber pieces or by putting rubber tiers under. Excavation shall start
from the sides if site conditions and excavation depths allow that or excavation from
inside. The excavated material will be transported by using metal boxed trucks, also
equipments and trucks should not come near to excavation sides and the wheels and
chains of equipments should be at a distance no less than one(1) meter from the upper
end of the excavation.

The movement of working equipments or general traffic should not lead to
disturbing the stability of the trench sides, neighboring structures, buildings and
utilities. And the Contractor shall be responsible for any damage or affect arising from
his work to these items.
The trench sides shall be supported in clay, sand or loose soils and in the
saturated soil by using suitable methods accepted by the supervising engineer. Table
5.6.1 shows guide for values of maximum vertical excavation depths without support in
the absence of underground water according to soil types.

Table 5.6.1: Maximum Vertical Excavation Depth without Support
Type of soil Maximum Excavation Depth (meter)
Sand or dry aggregate 0.3
Wet sand 0.6-1.0
Drained sandy clay 1.0-3.0
Drained clay 2.0-3.75
Consistent aggregate (Conglomerate) 3.0-4.0
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The dimensions of the bottom width of excavation should determined based on
the specification requirements approved by the utility authority and should not be less
than the distance required for the installation of pipes and the execution of all required
works, using approved machines and equipments and it should not be more than the
pipes external diameter plus sixty (60) centimeter from each side except otherwise
stipulated by the special specifications.
At manhole areas excavation dimensions shall be determined so that the
manhole pre-cast elements or the form required for cement concrete cast in place can be
installed.

When excavation is being carried out in rock soil it should be completed
according to a suitable excavation method which is accepted by the engineer by using
ripping.

When blasting is required it should be necessary to obtain all the approvals and
to take all the security and safety arrangements as indicated in section 5-2 "rock
excavation" in these general specifications or as indicated in the special specifications.
Excavation should continue up to a depth no less than fifteen (15) centimeter below
bottom level of the pipe at both ends of the pipe in order to execute the required
foundation layer of the pipe.

When executing utilities in existing highways and roads daily excavated parts
should not exceed the distance in which public utilities may be installed during one
work day or one hundred fifty (150) meters whichever is greater. The contractor is not
allowed to start excavation in the next part before completing installation work and
backfilling in the current part except otherwise stipulated by the special specifications
or as directed by the Engineer, based on traffic control plan during construction.

When excavation is being carried out at intersection a cross highways and roads
Contractor shall take all arrangements to carry out the works in the possible shortest
time and he shall execute temporary bridges which allow continuity of traffic and
pedestrian movement if the site conditions do not allow organization of traffic or
pedestrian movement on a part of the road width.

Contractor shall take all the required arrangements to drain water from
excavations according to plan prepared by contractor and accepted by the engineer, such
as the sheet pilling or pumping or wells filled by free drained materials. Contractor shall
take the required arrangements for preventing surface water from reaching the
excavation. Contractor shall whenever the special specifications or the client advice
the lowering of water table during construction - submit a technical study prepared by
an approved specialized firm, shows the proposed method, material specifications,
specification and method of construction and the way of water draining. And the
Contractor shall carry out work execution on the basis of this study.

The water level shall be lowered up to a depth not less than one (1) meter below
the foundation level of the utility under construction except when the special
specifications and the study allow lesser values. When the special specifications
stipulate that the required lowering is temporary then should be maintained up to the
completion of the utilities installation, and their elements, backfilling and final handing
over.
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Excavation should continue up to the levels and depths shown on the drawings
which should be sufficient for installation of utilities and their bedding foundations and
it should provide the minimum thickness of protection layer under pavement that
stipulated in the utilities specifications approved by the client.

The bottom of the excavation should be leveled in compliance with the approved
levels and slopes. Contractor shall keep the bottom of the excavation clean and free
from loose unsuitable material and water up to handing over of the excavation works by
the engineer and construction of utilities foundation, pipe installation, manholes and
other elements, and fill protection around the pipes.

When excavating to depths below than the approved depths Contractor shall
correct levels by filling the excavation with technically accepted materials (no less than
Group A-1-b) except otherwise the special specifications stipulate for better materials,
and the Contractor shall level and compact these materials up to a compaction degree
not less than 90% of the maximum dry density according to modified Proctor test
AASHTO T-180 for the same used materials providing that it would not lead to any
reduction in the utilities foundation layer thickness indicated in the public utilities
specifications approved by the client. When soil under excavation is not compliant with
foundation soil requirements for the construction of utilities it should be excavated and
replaced or treated to the depths specified by the client.

5.6.4 Backfill:
Backfill works shall be started after the preparation and completion of public
utilities foundations, installation of pipes, completion of manholes and other elements
related to public utilities, execution of the protection layer around pipes and handing
over of public utilities to the clients representative.

Preparations for public utilities include protective compaction for the bottom of
the excavation by plowing, wetting or drying soil layer up to a moisture content of not
more or less than 2% of the optimum moisture content and compacted to not less than
90% of the maximum dry density determined by modified Proctor test for compacted
soil except otherwise recommended by the special specifications for higher compaction
levels. The weak areas or areas that do not meet the approved compaction rates shall be
treated to fulfill the required specifications.

Public utilities bedding layer should be executed with the specified thickness
and materials which comply with the specifications approved by the client. These
materials shall be spread, leveled and compacted to no less than the required
compaction degree for the road at the specified level or ninety percent (90%) of
maximum dry density whichever is higher. The resulting surface shall provide a sound
and stable foundation to bear pipes and following works in accordance with the levels
and slopes shown on the drawings and/or other contract documents and it shall be
leveled so that pipe lie completely at all points.

It is not allowed to start backfilling works around concrete structures (manholes-
inspection champers, foundations etc.) before all works executed using cast in place
concrete reach not less than eighty percent (80%) of the strength indicated in the
contract documents and until these elements be capable of resisting loads and forces
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arising from the spreading and compacting fill materials and the movements of
machines and equipments.

Before starting backfilling works all the areas, where failure or deformation
occurred in the excavation slopes, shall be treated by increasing limits of cutting up to
the deteriorated or deformed areas and the loose material shall be removed out and
substituted by using backfill materials comply with the proper back fill materials used in
utilities excavation.

Thickness of the protection layer around and above pipes shall be determined
according to the clients specifications and whichever the case this thickness should not
be less than the values indicated in Table (5.6.2) except otherwise indicated in the
specifications approved by the client.

Table 5.6.2: Minimum thickness for the protection layer
Pipe Diameter (millimeter)
Minimum protection layer thickness
(millimeter)
50 or less 150
Greater than 50 300
Vitrified clay pipe 600

Protection layer of pipes and utilities elements unless otherwise indicated in the
special specification or approved specification to the concerned authorities, shall be
executed on both sides of the pipes and elements and to full width of the trench using
granular material of no less than Group (A-1-b) and its maximum size shall not be more
than three fourths of an inch (19 millimeter). The grading indicated in Table (5.6.3) can
be used for the protection of sewage water pipes except otherwise stipulated in the
special specifications and specifications approved by the client.

Materials used for fill around pipes shall not contain organic materials or salts
affect harmfully the pipes or its connections like sulphates and chloride more than one
(1) percent by weight and shall not contain any clayey materials having plasticity index
more than six (6) percent. Except otherwise stipulated in the special specifications and
specifications approved by the client.

Before starting execution of protection layer for public utilities all loose
materials and debris shall be removed from the bottom of the excavation.

Pipe protection layer materials shall be spread simultaneously on both sides of
the pipe in layers having thickness as determined in compliance with the compaction
equipments, providing that the thickness shall not exceed fifteen (15) centimeter. These
materials should have been wetted in advance up to moisture content that not vary by
more than two percent (2%) from optimum moisture content. And it shall be compacted
by suitable compaction equipments, such as small rollers or manually operated plate
rollers without causing any damage to pipes or their elements or manholes, and
compacted up to ninety five percent (95%) of maximum dry density determined by
modified Proctor test for the same material (AASHTO T-180). The process of spreading
and compaction of the materials continues up to covering pipes with the protection layer
according to the approved thickness. Contractor shall take all the necessary precautions
to protect pipes and their various elements and manholes from damage and he shall
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repair any damage which may occur to the pipes or their elements or manholes and
other elements as a result of his work on his own account without having the right to
any additional cost for these repairs.

Table 5.6.3 Gradation of Protection layer material
Around Sewers Pipes
Sieve size (millimeter) Percent passing by weight, %
(3/4 inch) 19 100
(3/8 inch)9.5 85-100
(No. 4) 4.75 70-100
(No. 16) 1.18 20-65
(No. 30) 0.63 0-45
(No. 100) 0.15 0-10
(No. 200) 0.075 0-5

Fill material classification over the protection layer, shall be not less than A-2-4
and its plasticity index not more than ten (10 %).

The moisture content in the materials used for backfill shall not differ by more
than two percent (2 %) from optimum moisture content. It shall be spread throughout
the excavation width, in equal layers of thickness no more than fifteen (15) centimeter,
then compacted to not less than 95% of the maximum dry density determined by
modified Proctor test (AASHTO T-180).

Contractor shall use machines and equipments capable of carrying out backfill
works according to specifications and to accomplish the required degree of compaction
for full depth of compacted layer and when necessary the layer thickness may be
modified so that it complies with the used compaction effort to fulfill the required
degree of compaction.

The Contractors equipments and the method of execution should not cause in
any damage on the public utilities or their elements. Contractor shall be fully
responsible for damage arising from his work and he will carry out all repairs and pay
all the required compensations on his own account.

Contractor is not permitted to execute the new layer of backfill before
completion of compaction tests and receiving acceptance from the Engineer for the
results of compaction tests of the previous layer.

Backfill works shall continue up to the level of the Subgrade layer or pavement
layers or islands or natural ground level according to the site condition.

Contractor shall carry out all the required tests to verify the properties of the
materials used in the protection layer or backfill and it is not permissible to supply any
materials before obtaining the written acceptance from the Engineer on the basis of test
results. This acceptance is considered as preliminary and the final acceptance is made
on the basis of test results for representative samples of the actually supplied materials.
Contractor shall transport unsuitable materials, remove all constructed layer by using
unacceptable materials, and re-construct all rejected works according to specifications
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using acceptable materials. Contractor has no right to claim any additional cost for
correction of the works.

The contractor shall put warning strips on the top of every backfill layer and he
shall the type and depth of service clearly to prevent any damage on it during work
construction.

5.6.5 Pavement Re-construction:
Prior to starting pavement construction in trench areas the contractor shall
complete all installation of utilities and their elements and complete backfill works
according to the special specifications and the specifications approved by the client. All
these works shall be finished and handled over to representatives of the client and the
Engineer and the Contractor will provide the Engineer with a copy of all the tests and
handing over minutes to obtain his acceptance for commencing construction of
pavement layers.

Contractor after receiving acceptance of the engineer for commencing execution
of the highway pavement layers he shall carry out the second stage of pavement cutting
indicated in item 5.6.3 of this section.

Contractor shall remove the resulting materials and old non-asphalt materials up
to Subgrade level and replacing them with new materials which are in compliance with
the specifications for each layer (Base, Subbase and Subgrade). Contractor is prohibited
from using any of the old materials before verification their conformity to quality
requirements and gradation with the approved specifications for each layer in which
these material suggested to be used based on test results carried on representative
samples of these materials.

The Subgrade and the new pavement layers shall be completed according to the
dimensions, slope, levels and material specifications indicated on the drawings and
special specifications or according to item 5.5 requirements of this section for Subgrade
layers and sections (6.3 and 6.4) of these general specifications except otherwise

Base course layer, Subgrade layer and Subbase layer shall form sound and
strong layers which are bonded with similar old layers and no separation should appear
between them.

The prime coat and tack coat layers shall be executed using the materials and in
compliance with the construction requirements stipulated in Division eight (8) of this

The joints between the old and the new asphalt layer shall be treated by cleaning
the cutting faces of the old asphalt, and correction of cutting faces so that they become
straight and vertical using suitable equipments then the cutting faces shall be sprayed
with liquid asphalt before executing the asphalt concrete layers.

Asphalt concrete layers, longitudinal and transverse joints shall be constructed
according and the material quantity of the new asphalt mix shall be controlled to give
adequate thickness and result in smooth road surface.
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All used materials in asphalt works shall meet material requirements stipulated
in section seven (7) of these general specifications but asphalt concrete mix should
comply with the requirements stipulated in Division eight (8) of this general
specifications except otherwise indicated in the special specifications.

Contractor shall apply quality control for civil works of utility projects by
carrying out all the necessary procedures to insure that used materials, construction
methods and completed works fulfilled the quality requirements indicated in the special
specifications of the client, special specifications and these general specifications or

The Ministry shall apply the quality assurance by verifying Contractor's quality
control procedures either through direct supervision or by carrying out quality assurance
procedures separately with adequate numbers of representative samples and accepting
or rejecting the constructed works, according to the detailed principles in Division 17 of
this general specifications except otherwise specified in special specification or other
contract documents.

1. Quality Control:
Contractor shall apply quality control on materials and constructed works and
monitor records, analyze results, draw quality charts for critical properties and carry out
all tests and measurements indicated in Table (5.6.4).
Contractor shall submit to the Engineer with copies of all tests immediately and
apply all the items indicated in sub-section 17.1.1 of these general specifications.

Ministry at any time has the right to insure the quality of materials and
constructed works through carrying out or ordering others under direct supervision to
test materials and check constructed works for all or part of the quality control items
specified in Table (5.6.4).
procedure as specified in Division 17 of these general specifications, inspect

5.6.7 Measurement:
Excavation, backfill, Subgrade layer, aggregate layers and asphalt layers shall be
measured according to related sections of these general specifications except otherwise
is stipulated in the special specifications. Measurements for public utilities works are
carried out according to special specifications or as what is approved by the client.

5.6.8 Payment:
Payment shall be made for actually constructed works within the approved limits
and dimensions in accordance with the contract prices or reduced prices as a result of
quality assurance as indicated in the contract documents, the payment for public utilities
works will be according to the special specifications or what is approved by the client.

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The paid amounts are considered as a full compensation for production,
transportation, spreading, wetting and compacting of the materials whatever their
source, provision and operation of machines and equipments, labor, tests, benefits,
revenues and all the required things for carrying out the works according to drawings,
special and general specifications and the special specifications and other contract
documents. Payment will be made according to one or more of items or items indicated
in Table (5.6.5) or as specified in the contract documents.

Table 5.6.4: Quality Control of Civil Works In Public Utilities Projects

Work Description Testing Method
Sampling
location
Repetition of sampling Requirements
Excavation
works
Measurement
s
Survey
measurements
for dimensions
and levels
On site
Survey measurements every
25meter
Item
5.6.3
Public
utilities
works
All quality
control
requirements
approved by
the client
According to
what is indicated
in the special
specifications of
public utilities
On site
and before
backfilling
According to the clients
specifications or this
specifications which is
stricter.
Values
approved by
the client
Gradation
AASHTO
T-(27,11)
Density-
moisture
relationship
AASHTO
T-180
Backfill
materials
and filter
layers
Qualitative
properties
stipulated in
the special
specifications
Testing methods
stipulated in the
special
specifications
At source
Three tests on different
samples at approval of each
source, when the preparing
job mix formula and when
observing a change in the
produced mix properties or
the executed works. And
five tests on different
samples timely separate for
each 5000 cubic meter from
each source during
completion.
Item
5.6.4
Bedding
and
backfill
works
Field density
AASHTO
T-310-01,
or any other
non-destructive
method
One test each 150 linear
meter or for every daily
production from each layer
whichever is lesser and one
test at each side of the
manholes
Section
5.4
Reconstruc
tion of
Subgrade
layer and
pavement
layers
and All
quality
control for
related works
Measuring and
testing methods
indicated in
section 5.5 ,
division 6 and 8
On site
The number of samples and
measurements indicated in
related sections and items
considering that the lot for
quality control is equal to
150 linear meter
Sections and
items
concerned

Table 5.6.5: Items of Civil Works in Utilities Projects
Item No. Work Type Measurement unit
5.6.3 Excavation m
3

5.6.4 Backfill m
3

5.6.5.1 Subgrade layer m
3

5.6.5.2 Subbase layer m
3

5.6.5.3 Aggregate Base course m
3

5.6.5.4 Prime coat m
2

5.6.5.5 Asphalt concrete m
3

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5.7 Water drainage:

5.7.1 Description:
This section consists of material requirements and construction methods
required for surface drainage and under drain at road areas, streets and their ancillary
elements. It includes the following items:
- Surface drainage.
- Under drain.
- Edge drains.
- Filtering layers.
- Culverts.
The drainage works shall be constructed on the base of technical study prepared
by specialized agency shows specifications and type of material used, method of
construction and contractor qualifications, when the drawings or special specification
require using of prefabricated materials that needs special experience like, Geotextile or
Geocomposite then the material shall conform to types and requirements indicated in
the drawings, special specifications or t technical study and the construction shall be
executed according to the instruction of the fabricated agency and under its supervision
if necessary.

The contractor shall be qualified in field of construction of these works
according to approved experience certificate, otherwise he shall made a subcontract
with other experience contractor according to requirements of subcontracting items and
conditions of contract.

Contractor shall construct all works according to the dimensions, levels and
slopes shown on the drawings and indicated in the special specifications. All concrete
works related to surface and under-drains works shall be executed by using sulphates
resisting cement (type five), unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications.

Contractor shall furnish the required materials and elements conforming to the
requirements indicated in special specifications, standard specifications and the
approved standard specifications issued by the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization.

Contractor shall submit source guarantee certificate for all manufactured
materials supplied to the project, shows types, sources and approval of the sources by
the concerned authorities, manufacturer quality control programs, diameters,
dimensions of those materials and their specifications, properties, copy of standard
specifications, frequency and methods of sampling and testing of materials and
manufacturing elements, copies of tests results showing conformity to the
specifications, instruction of construction and connection method shall be attached.

The surface and under-drain water drainage system, unless otherwise indicated
in the special specifications and approved instructions shall be, separated from the
sewage drainage system and it is not allowed to connect these system with sewage
drainage system.

Contractor shall verify that the information for water drainage works fulfill the
purpose and submit a technical study prepared by a specialized agency including the
hydrological and hydraulic study conform to the road classification and the project area.
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Study shall contain storm water draining from the road surface, culverts and lowering of
water table, in addition to diameters and types of the drainage network, drainage inlets
and manholes attached with the special specifications, drawings and all details.
Contractor has not right to start construction of these works before obtaining approval
of the study from the Ministry or its representative. No additional payments should be
paid to the Contractor for these drainage studies, unless otherwise indicated in the
contract documents.

5.7.2 Surface drainage:
This works consists of furnishing all materials, elements, equipments, machines
and construction of the works required for surface drainage from roads, streets and their
elements. Also, they include construction of slopes, construction of drains, drainage
basins and manhole systems and inlets according to special specifications, drawings,
contract documents or these general specifications.

5.7.2.1 Surface slopes:
Contractor shall finish the entire road and streets surface layers and all elements
such as pavements and islands according to the longitudinal and cross slopes indicated
on the drawings, special specifications and/or specified by the Engineer which allows
the draining and direct the water towards drain's inlet or side drains. Slope values shall
comply with type of pavers used. All the surfaces of the pavement layers and the upper
surface of the Subgrade layer shall be leveled and free from depressions and
corrugations which interrupt flow of water, and lead to water collection. Contractor
shall give high attention to achieve the specified smoothness and slopes starting from
the Subgrade up to upper layers. The minimum longitudinal and transverse slope shall
not be less than the values indicated in Table (5.7.1) unless otherwise indicated in the
drawings and special specifications.

Table No. 5.7.1: Minimum Slope Limits

Minimum slope limits %
Type of pavement
transverse slope Longitudinal slope
Asphalt or cement concrete 2 0.5
Concrete brick pavement 3 1
Macadam pavement 2 1

5.7.2.2 Surface Side drains:
Contractor shall execute the surface drains required for collected water from the
road surface, its elements and directly neighboring area and to transfer it towards
draining inlets of the catch basins or towards culverts. The side drains shall be
constructed in the form of gutters according to the shapes, dimensions, slopes and
locations shown on the drawings and special specifications.

Gutters shall be constructed using cast in place cement concrete or pre-cast
concrete and they can be combined with the curb or separated from it according to the
drawings and special specifications. The construction of gutters shall be according to
the quality requirements, construction method and construction joints using the method
and the materials indicated in the special specifications and the drawings or Division
fourteen (14) and Division fifteen (15) of these general specifications. Contractor shall
construct the required drain inlets in the gutters or curbs at the specified locations and
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according to the dimensions, levels and shapes shown on the drawings and special
specifications.

The surface of the gutter shall be finished according to the dimensions and
slopes indicated in the drawings and special specifications and the level of its surface
shall be verified by an straight edge 3 meters long placed parallel to flow lines and the
clearance between the bottom of the straight edge at any two adjacent contact points
shall not exceed 6 mm. This verification shall be performed at site immediately after
finishing casting, leveling and compacting, before the concrete hardening so that faults
may be repaired directly. Contractor shall remove all the parts that do not achieve the
required level and slopes without having the right to claim any additional payments.

When the special specifications require construction of catch basins, Contractor
shall execute these basins according to the dimensions and shapes using the materials
and construction method shown on the drawings, special specifications and
manufacturer's instructions. Those drains shall be covered using the suitable covers
conform to the technical requirements indicated in the special specifications and the
drawings or in paragraph (5.7.2.3.1) of this section.

The gutters and surface drains shall not lead to any interruption or danger to the
traffic on the road and all the constructed elements should be capable to restrain the
traffic loading.

5.7.2.3 Surface drainage systems:
Contractor shall furnish materials and construct the surface drainage network to
drain surface water through the inlets and catch basins. This works include provision of
pipes, joints, joint's materials, manholes, inlets and catch basins. And it includes,
construction and finishing of excavation, casting, installation, backfilling works and
execution of all the measurements and tests, according to the dimensions, levels, depths
and sites shown on the drawings, special specifications and contract documents or these

5.7.2.3.1 Materials:
All used materials and elements in the construction of the drainage systems shall
be in accordance with those indicated in the drawings, special specifications and
contract documents. Contractor prior supplying and using materials, shall, submit the
origin guarantee certificates approved by the manufacturer and the Ministry or Saudi
Arabian Standards Organization (SASO). These certificates shall indicate the
conformity of the materials and elements to the approved specifications and shall
include the recommended construction and installation methods. The Engineer has the
right to take samples from the materials for testing, and Contractor shall replace any
unsuitable materials with other technically acceptable quality on his own account.

1. Inlet, Manholes and Catch Basins:
The inlet, manholes and catch basins shall be constructed from cast-in-place
reinforced or pre-cast concrete or non-reinforced concrete or from bricks and tiles in
accordance with the special specifications and drawings and according to the
dimensions and levels and locations specified in the drawings, special specifications and
contract documents.

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Prior starting construction, Contractor shall verify the road surface levels and
determine the actual locations for inlets and catch basins so that they lie in the lowest
level of the transverse cross section. Inlets and catch basins shall be constructed at the
lowest points of the longitudinal section of vertical sag curve, at road intersection and at
car parking areas if not indicated in the drawing or special specifications. Water flow
across road intersection shall be prevented.

When the manholes, catch basins and inlets are constructed using in-place cast
concrete, this concrete shall be composed of aggregate-sulphate resistance Portland
Cement mixture and shall achieve the requirements indicated in Table (5.7.2) unless
otherwise indicate the special specifications.

Pre-cast concrete elements shall conform to the requirements of the standard
specifications indicated in Table (5.7.3) according to the material's type.

Table 5.7.2: In-place cast concrete requirements
or inlets, catch basins and manhole works

Requirements Limits
minimum Cement content in the mixture, Kg./m
3
350
maximum water cement (W/C) ratio % 0.5
maximum slump, mm 125
maximum entrained air content % 4
minimum unconfined compressive cubes strength after 28 days (M.Pa) 30
minimum aggregate percent passing 37.5 mm sieve % 100

Table 5.7.3: Standard Specifications of Pre-cast Elements
Materials Standard specification
Pre-cast cement concrete ASTM C 478
Concrete bricks ASTM C 139 or ASTM C 55 (1
st
. class)

2. Covers of Inlets, manholes and catch basins:
Contractor shall provide and construct manholes, inlets and catch basins covers
conforming to types, shapes and dimensions indicated in the special specifications and
drawings. The manufacturing of the manholes, inlets and catch basins covers shall be
from grey iron or cast iron or Structural steel and shall comply with the standard
specifications indicated in Table (5.7.4) according to materials.

Table 5.7.4: Standard Specifications of inlets, manholes and catch basins covers
Cover material Standard specification
Grey iron AASHTO M 105
Cast iron AASHTO M 103M
Structural steel AASHTO M 183M

3. Drain pipes:
Contractor shall furnish the pipes with the types, diameters and materials
conform to the special specifications and the specified specifications approved by
concerned authorities or these specifications and laying, install and construct the
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network system according to the locations, dimensions, levels and construction methods
indicated in the drawings, special specifications and manufacturer instructions.

Pipes with internal diameters less than 30 cm shall not be used in constructing
drainage system. The actual diameters, line, slopes, location of inlets and manholes
shall be identified in the drawings and special specifications.

Pipes shall conform to the standard specifications indicated in Table (5.7.5)
unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications or when no approved
specifications are available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Table 5.7.5: Surface drainage pipe specifications*

Pipe types Standard specifications
Non-reinforced cement concrete pipes ASTM C 14, ASTM C 14M
Reinforced cement concrete pipes ASTM C 655, ASTM C 655M, SASO 1911
Iron pipes covered with cement mortar ASTM A 849, type C
Corrugated metal pipes AASHTO M 36
Asphalt coated corrugated metal pipes AASHTO M 190 (D)
PVC pipes ASTM D 3033, AASHTO M 3034
PVC, ABS ASTM D 2680
ABS pipes ASTM D 2661 (PS 46,SDR 35)
High resistant verified clay pipes ASTM C 700
*(Codes between two brackets refer to category).

Table 5.7.6: Standard Specifications of Joints according to
Materials and types of Pipes
Pipes joint Standard specification
Rubber gasket ASTM C 443
Reinforced concrete
Cement mortar ASTM C 270
Rubber gaskets ASTM D 1869
Non-reinforced
concrete pipes
Cement mortar ASTM C 270
PVC plastic pipes
Plastic asphalt slurry applied in cold
state, air tight pre-shaped plastic
gasket applied in the cold state.
ASTM F 477

Table 5.7.7: Gradation of bedding layer materials
Sieve size (mm, No.) Percent passing by weight
(1 1/2 inch) 37.5 100
(1 inch) 2.54 90-100
(No. 8) 2.36 35-80
(No. 200) 0.075 0-8

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4 Joints Materials:
Contractor shall provide the required materials for constructing joints according
to drawings, special specifications and contract documents. The used materials and
construction methods shall be capable of joining drainage pipes and elements with each
other tightly without any water seepage unless otherwise specified in the special
specifications. These materials shall conform to the used pipe's materials diameters,
manufacturer instructions, and the standard specifications stated in Table 5.7.6 unless
otherwise indicated in the special specifications and contract documents.

Contractor, prior starting of supplying materials for the joints, shall submit
samples from the proposed materials with the technical specifications and construction
methods brochures prepared by the manufacturers or a specialized agency showing the
suitability of the proposed materials for the works to be executed and their conformity
with the approved specifications. Contractor has no right to commence supplying and
execution before obtaining the Engineer's approval.

5. Bedding layer under pipes:
The bedding layer under the pipe lines shall conform to the gradation
requirements indicated in Table 5.7.7, unless otherwise stated the special specifications.

The plasticity index of the bedding layer for all types of pipes shall not exceed
(8) % percent according to AASHTO T-190 test.

Aggregate bedding layer shall be constructed on the full width of excavation and
with a thickness not less than (15) centimeters under the pipes with diameters up to (30)
centimeters and not less than (20) centimeters under the pipes of diameters more than
(30) centimeters.

When the bottom layer of excavation is silt or clay soil a sand layer separating
between the bottom of excavation and the bedding layer with thickness not less than 10
cm shall be constructed.

When the special specifications indicate to construct bedding layer using cement
mortar, the bedding shall be constructed for the full width of excavation and with
thickness not less 10 cm. The mortar shall compose of cement-aggregate mixture using
cement content not less than 300 kg/m
3.
The 28 days cube strength shall not be less than
25 M.Pa and water-cement ratio shall be within the lower limits to provide enough
workability of the mix and the slump shall not exceed 75 mm.

5.7.2.3.2 Construction:
1. Excavation:
Excavation works shall be performed for the pipes and manholes at site to the
depths specified in the drawings, special specifications and the Engineer's instructions
according to requirements in section (5.6) of this Division, unless otherwise indicated in
the special specifications.

Sides of the excavation shall be vertical unless otherwise allowed. When
inclined excavation sides are allowed, excavation in the lower part shall be vertical for a
height not less than 30 cm over the top of the pipe. The additional required excavation
for the joints and gaskets shall be made after preparing excavation bottom. Unsuitable
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materials which are not suitable of providing a stable foundation for the pipes during
construction or operation shall be removed and replaced with suitable materials,
according to the requirements of section (5.6) of this Division.

The excavation width, for all pipes having diameter less than one (1) meter, shall
not be less than the pipe external diameter plus 15 cm and it shall not exceed the
external diameter of the pipe plus the radius of the pipe or 30 cm whichever is grater
from both side. However, for pipes with diameter more than one (1) meter the minimum
limit for excavation width shall provide a distance between the external sides of the pipe
and the excavation side slope or support elements of not less than 30 cm and not more
than 60 cm.

Contractor shall store excavated suitable materials for use in the subsequent
works and to dispose the west and unsuitable materials according to section (5.3) of this
division.

2. Construction of Manholes, Inlets and Catch Basins:
Excavation in manholes areas, inlets and catch basin construction areas shall be
carried out according to the specified dimensions and levels in conformity with the
requirements of section (5.6) or according to special specifications. The excavation
dimensions shall be sufficient for constructing all works such as framework, concrete
casting, installation of joints and pre-cast or manufactured elements as indicated in the
drawings and the special specifications. Bottom excavation levels shall be verified such
that the upper surface levels of the manholes, inlets and catch basins, after installation
of the frames and covers, shall conform to the surface levels of the road.

Prior staring of construction works, the surface on which the foundation will be
executed shall be leveled and compacted so that it provides a level foundation
conformed to the approved levels and capable to sustain the following works. When
using pre-cast elements an aggregate layer 10 cm thick shall be constructed leveled and
compacted below the pre-cast foundations.

Installation of the pre-cast concrete elements shall be carried out using the
suitable machines and equipments which are capable of lifting and inserting elements to
the specified depths and locations without causing any damages to elements and
excavation side slopes or other elements. Special care shall be taken for the inlets and
pre-cast joint elements for pipe joining and it should be compatible with the diameters
and directions of pipes.

When constructing these works using in-place cast concrete all the concrete
works shall be carried out with framework, using the concrete type which achieves the
quality requirements indicated in the drawings and special specifications. All the
concrete production, casting and curing works shall be performed according to the
requirements of division (14) of these general specifications unless otherwise indicated
in the special specifications and contract documents. The construction of the joint's inlet
and installation of elements shall be performed according to indicated dimensions, sites
and levels, and it is not permissible, by any means, to prepare these inlets after casting
the walls, and the elements of joints shall be installed so that they pass the full thickness
of the walls and projected to enough distance sufficient for pipe connections.

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Joints between pre-cast pieces shall be filled by using cement mortar or rubber
sealing materials or sealants materials or any other type according to the special
specifications and contract documents. When using cement mortar the mortar shall be
composed of cement-sand mixture in the proportion of 1 cement to 2 sand, and it is not
permissible to use any mortar have been mixed after 30 minutes and it is prohibited to
remix it by adding water.

Joints shall be constructed with flexible gaskets such that they provide a flexible
air tight connection, but preformed sealant joints shall comply with AASHTO M-198
requirements and shall be performed according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

When constructing the walls using bricks the used bricks shall be conform to the
quality requirements indicated in the special specifications and drawings. The bricks
shall be soaked in water before installation for a period not less than 24 hours before use
and they shall be installed on a layer of cement mortar conforms to the above mentioned
requirements. The executed walls shall be proper, level and compliant with the
dimensions and levels shown on the drawings and indicated in the contract documents.
During construction the required inlets of joints shall be left for subsequent connection
of the pipes or immediately installing the required joint elements of required
dimensions, locations and levels specified on the drawings and indicated in the special
specifications. The walls shall be coated with the cement mortar which is composed of
cement and fine sand mixture in the proportion of one to one (1:1). A layer of water
proofing materials shall be executed when the special specifications indicate that.

Special care shall be taken for all concrete and cement constructed elements by
maintaining wetting, preventing evaporation and providing the required conditions to
prevent appearance of any cracks. When such cracks are noticed, Contractor shall take
the required measures to fill them using the approved and technically acceptable
materials without any additional costs for this work and if the Contractor failed,
according to tests, to achieve that, he shall remove unacceptable constructed works and
re-construct it on his own expense according to approved specifications.

Contractor shall not start installation of manhole frames and covers before
finishing road pavement layers. The manholes, inlets and catch basins shall be covered
with metal sheets capable to sustain loads resulting from the machines and equipments
used in construction of asphalt layers. These plates shall be removed after completing
construction and the frames and covers should be installed. High care shall be taken to
insure that the covers and frames surfaces are compatible with the pavement surface.

The covers and frames shall be installed on a reinforced concrete bed
constructed according to the drawings and special specifications. It is not allowed to
start the installation before the end of the concrete curing period and reaching the
required strength which shall not be less than 80% of the indicated design strength after
28 days.

When inconformity of the cover and frame surfaces with the final surfaces of the
pavement is noticed Contractor shall modify the manholes, inlets and catch basin levels
by cutting the concrete or adding the suitable thickness for the constructed concrete
according to the used technical methods without having the right to claim any additional
costs for this work.
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3. Pipe installation and construction of joints:
Laying and installation of pipes shall be at the required locations and in
accordance with the slopes and levels shown on the drawings and contract documents
by using the technically acceptable methods and equipments. Installation shall be on a
prepared bedding layer so that it provides a complete and stable foundation for the full
length of the pipes.

Pipes shall be loaded, transported and inserted carefully to avoid any damage
and Contractor shall replace all the damaged or broken pipes with other sound pipes on
his expense.

It is possible, as directed by the Engineers, to repair galvanized steel pipes
according to AASHTO M-36 specification and when the asphalt coated layer is
damaged a new coating layer shall be executed by using materials conform to AASHTO
M-190 specification.

Pipes and all their elements shall be laid according to the manufacturer
recommendations and it shall be cleaned from wastes and ingredient materials before
laying process. Locations and levels of the pipes shall be verified by the approved
surveying methods. The deviation of the pipes from connecting line between two
manholes shall not exceed 12 mm from centre line, and shall not exceed the design level
by more than 3 mm. The gradients of the flow surface in the pipes shall not be less than
0.005, unless otherwise allowed by the special specifications,

The ends of the adjacent pipe shall be identical and with continuous flow
surface. The joints shall be made using the methods indicated in the manufacturer
brochures and by using the materials indicated in those brochures or special
specifications.

When pipes are proposed to be laid on cement concrete bedding, prior
construction of such bedding, pipes shall be laid, leveled, fixed using seats of concrete
pieces capable to sustain the pipe weight. After the Engineer verifies the pipe stability
concrete casting shall be started from one side of the pipe with complete filling
underneath until achievement of required contact for the full length and the filling
process shall not leads to any damage, then casting is continued on both sides of pipe up
to thickness specified on the drawings or in the special specifications or according to the
Engineer's instructions.

Joint connection between the pipes shall be executed using the materials and
methods indicated by the manufacturers or in the special specifications or the drawings
or as stated in this section. The joint method shall provide stability of the pipes as to
each other during construction. Also it shall insure non-leakage of water from the pipes
unless otherwise allowed by the special specifications.

4. System Testing:
Contractor shall, in the presence of the Engineer, test the drainage system which
is composed of non-perforated pipes and sealant gaskets immediately after finishing
installations and connecting all the elements by using one of the following methods in
accordance with special specifications or according or as accepted by the Engineer:

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a. Static pressure water test:
This method is summarized in providing a water source through a vertical pipe;
this source shall be higher than the top of the pipe by a distance of 1.2 meters providing
that this height does not exceed the lowest pipe end by more than 6 meters. A suction
period in the pipes of one (1) hour shall be allowed then the leaking water shall be
measured by adding water to compensate for that leakage using measuring gradated
tube during half an hour, the measurements shall be taken in regular periods every 10
minutes and recording the required water volume in each measurement to increase the
water level to the original level at the beginning of the measurements.
The quantity of the water required for compensation shall not exceed the
following quantities according to the diameters of the tested pipes:

- 0.06 liter per hour for each 100 meters for pipes with diameters up to 30 cm.
- 0.12 liter per hour for each 100 meters for pipes with diameters more than 30
cm.

b. Pressure air test:
The system shall be tested after being airtight by applying on tested part an air
pressure equal to water column pressure 100 mm high through a U-shape tube then all
the system elements are inspected at this pressure by a soap solution and monitoring any
leakage of the soap bubbles. Contractor shall carry out the required repairs at all the
leakage points including replacement of the elements and pipes if necessary and he shall
repeat the test until he completely verifies that no seepage of the soap bubbles exists.
Then the air pressure shall be increased until it becomes equal to 100 mm water
pressure, the pressure should not decrease to less than 75 during 5 minutes.

Contractor on his expense shall repair all the defects that may occur as a result
of the test without having the right to claim any additional compensation for this work.
It is not permissible to allow the Contractor to start backfill before inspecting, testing,
and accepting the system and handing it over to the Engineer. Contractor is responsible
for the results arising due to his failure to adhere to this.

5. Backfill:
Prior to start Backfill works all pipes' installations and their elements,
constructing manholes, finishing joints, testing shall be completed and approved by the
concerned authority. Also it is not allowed before the hardening of concrete and
reaching a sufficient strength of not less than 80 % of the design strength in order to
bear the pressures arising from backfill and compaction equipments.

Backfill shall be carried out using acceptable materials according to section (5.6)
of these general specifications and the special specifications. When the pipes are
protected from corrosion by any materials care must be taken to avoid any damage to
the protection materials and backfill shall be performed, regardless of its materials used,
in a balanced way on both sides of the pipes.

If settlement occurs in the pipes during spreading and compacting of backfill
materials, the materials shall be re-excavated, then a preparation of the lower layer
under the pipes, and re-laying of pipes shall be carried out, according to special
specifications or these general specifications. The Contractor shall be responsible for all
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the costs resulting from these works and he has no right to claim any additional
payments.

Backfill shall be constructed around drainage pipes and over them to a height
not less than 30 cm using compatible graded granular materials, in compacted layers not
more than 15 cm thick, using manual or mechanical compaction equipments, which do
not cause any damage to the installations and achieve the uniform degree of compaction
for the full depth of the layer, not less than 95% of the maximum dry density at a
moisture content not vary from optimum moisture content by more than 2 % according
to modified proctor test AASHTO T-180.

When the special specifications require using of cement treated backfill
materials or cement concrete around pipes it shall be constructed according to the
special specification requirements and the surfaces on which they shall be constructed
should be free from any deleterious materials and wetted before concrete casting. The
quantity of cement in the concrete mixture shall not be less than 150 kg/m
3
, and the
cube strength after 28 days shall not be less than 10 M.Pa,

and slump shall not exceed
75 mm. The mixture shall be used, within one hour after its preparation.

After completion of filling works around and over pipes and acceptance of
testing and compaction results then the construction of the remaining of the backfill
works shall be done according to the requirements of section (5.6) of these general
specifications and by using the technically acceptable equipments and materials
providing that their classification shall not be less than A-2-4 according to AASHTO
M-145.

Each layer shall be compacted uniformly for the whole thickness up to
compaction 95% degrees of compaction of the maximum dry density according to
modified proctor test AASHTO T-180 at moisture content not vary from the optimum
moisture by more than the 2% as specified by modified Proctor test.
The contractor shall place warning strips on each layer of backfill and he shall
delineate type and depth of service clearly.

5.7.3 Under Drains Works:
This work consists of underground drainage using under drains pipes. It includes
supply of materials and construction of works according to the dimensions, slopes and
levels shown on the drawings and the special specifications or these general
specifications and the manufacturer's instructions.

5.7.3.1 Materials:

1. Under drains pipes:
When the special specifications and contract documents require a construction
of under drain system, Contractor, shall provide the pipes, joints, materials, with a
compliant dimensions of holes and slots to construct the network according to the
depths, locations, levels, slopes, dimensions and the method for connecting the system
with the other drainage systems or to culverts or low areas according to the special
specifications and drawings.

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The under drain system shall be constructed using concrete or verified clay pipes
or steel or PVC or corrugated aluminum pipes. These pipes shall be pre-perforated or it
is possible to use joints which allow the entry of water to the pipes, as required by
special specifications and drawings. Those pipes shall conform to the requirements of
the standard specifications stated in Table 5.7.8 unless otherwise indicated in the special
specifications.

When the special specifications require the using of perforated pipes the
perforation of pipes shall be made with circular holes or in the form of slots according
to the special specifications. The diameters of the circular holes in the PVC pipes shall
vary between 5-10 mm in 4 symmetrical rows parallel to the pipe's axis and the distance
between adjacent holes in one row shall not exceed 10 cm. The opening of the slots
shall be made in two rows parallel to the axis and the slot width varies between 1.5-3
mm and the distance between the slots is 20-30 times the slot width. For metal pipes the
execution of circular holes or slots shall be according to AASHTO M-36 test also the
holes must be open before treated and covering pipes.

The under drain pipes shall be manufactured from aluminum sheets of thickness
not less than 1.22 mm and any type of perforation can be use, while the steel pipes shall
be manufactured from sheets of thickness not less than 1.32 mm.

The asphalt coated metal pipes shall be covered by using asphalt materials
conforming to requirements of specification AASHTO M-(190, 243).

Table 5.7.8: Standard Specification of Under Drain pipes

Pipe types Standard specifications
Concrete pipes AASHTO M (175M)
Verified Clay ASTM C 700
metallic-coated pipes AASHTO M 36, AASHTO M 190
PVC ASTM D 3033, ASTM D 3034 (SDR35)
ABS ASTM D 2751
Aluminum corrugated pipes AASHTO M 196

2. Under Drain aggregate (filter material):
The filter layer around the under drain pipes shall be constructed from free
drainage aggregate materials which allow the seepage of water and prevents passing of
the soil particles to the pipes. Unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications it
shall be from clean, crushed water resistant or natural aggregate, and the total density of
the aggregate shall not be less than (2.35) gram per cubic centimeter, the water
absorption percent shall not exceed 2.5% and abrasion according to Loss Angles test
shall not exceed 40% for 500 cycles.

The materials used shall achieve the suitable gradation for allowing water
seepage and preventing soil particles passing. When choosing the gradation it shall be
verified by the following relationships or any other relations and requirements indicated
in the special specification:

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a) The ratio between filter material gradation around the pipes and the
surrounding soil gradation:
1- The product of dividing the sieve size through which passes only 15 % of the filter
material D
f (15)
over the sieve size through which 85 % of the surrounding soil pass
D
s (85)
shall be less or equal to 5, according to the following relationship:

D
f (15)
/ D
s (85)
5

2- The product of dividing the sieve size through which passes 50 % of the filter
material over the sieve size through which 50 % of the surrounding soil pass shall
be equal or less than 25, according to the following relationship:

D
f (50)
/ D
s (50)
25

This equation must not be used if the surrounding soil is clay soil, and the sieve size
which pass passes 15 % of the filter material is 0.4 mm or more

3- The product of dividing the sieve size through which passes 15 % of the filter
material D
f (15)
over the sieve size through which 15 % of the surrounding soil pass
D
s (15)
shall be equal or greater than 5, according to the following relationship:

D
f (15)
/ D
s (15)
5

b) The ratio between the filter material gradation and the under drain pipes
perforation openings:
The product of dividing the sieve size through which 85% passes of the fill material
around the pipes D
f (85)
over the drain slots width in the pipes shall be greater than
1.2 for slot opening pipes according to the following relationship:

D
f (85)
/ Pipe
slot width
> 1.2

The product of dividing the sieve size through which 85 % of the fill material around
the pipes D
f (85)
over the diameter of drain holes in the pipe shall be greater than one
(1), according to the following relationship:

D
f (85)
/ Pipe
hole's diameter
> 1
Such that:
D
f
= Sieve size through which the percent passing of the filter material is indicated
between two brackets.
D
s
= Sieve opening through which the percent passing of the filter surrounding soil is
indicated between two brackets.
Pipe
slot width
- Drain slots width in the pipes
Pipe
hole's diameter
- Diameter of drain holes in the pipe.
No. 15, 50, 85 Represent the percent of passing from the sieve.

Filter layer shall be of good grading and its conformity index shall not exceed (D
60 /

D
10
20)

except otherwise stipulate special specifications for a specific gradation of filter
layer material, it is possible to follow the gradation indicated in Table (5.7.9) and it is
necessary to verify it on the basis of the mentioned correlations, knowledge of
surrounding soil gradation, and shape/dimensions of pipe holes.

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Unless otherwise specified in the special specification the gradation for the filter
layer it is possible, to use the gradation shown on Table (5.7.9), but it is necessary to
verify the gradation on basis of the above relationships using known gradation of soil
around and the shape and dimension of pipe slot.
When the under drains lie within traffic load distribution area the fractured faces
of the materials retained on the 4.75 mm sieve shall not be less than 90 %, the percent
of aggregate abrasion shall not be more than 40 % according to loss Angeles test for
500 cycles and total water absorption shall not exceed 2.5 % and the total density shall
not be less than 2.35 % g / cm
3
.

c) Geotextile:
In case the special specifications indicate the use of Geotextile or Geocomposite
material the used material shall conform to the type and requirements shown on the
drawings and special specifications and it shall be constructed in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions. Unless otherwise the special specifications indicate the Geo
textile material shall achieve the requirements shown in Table (5.7.10).

Table 5.7.9: Gradation of the under drain filter material

Sieve size (mm, No.) Passing percent, by weight
37.5 (1.5") 100
25.4(1") 95-100
12.5 (1/2") 25-60
4.75 (No.4) 0-10
2.36 (No.8) 0-5
2.0 (No. 10) 0-2

Table 5.7.10: Geo-textile Materials Requirements

Properties Test method Values
Minimum Grab Tensile Strength, Newton ASTM D 4632 500
Minimum Puncture Strength, Newton ASTM D 4833 200
Minimum Tear Strength, Newton ASTM D 4533 200
50 % or less 0.6
Apparent opening size less than
or equal, (mm) according to
percent passing of surrounding
soil in No. 200 sieve.
50-85%
ASTM D 4751
0.3
Minimum Permeability, mm/Sec ASTM D 4491 2

d) Under drain outlets:
Disposal of under drain water shall be performed according to the method, at the
specified location and using the materials shown on the drawings and special
specifications. Contractor shall submit source guarantee certificates which show
conformity of materials and elements with the approved specifications.
The under drain ends and outlets such as elbows, pipes and joints shall be
constructed using the same materials used in the construction of the drainage system
and their diameter shall not be less than 10 cm, it shall be connected with the system's
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pipes and with each other using the materials and method recommended by the
manufacturer and the approved method for joining the pipe system considering that the
outlets and ends shall be non-perforated and it is not allowed to combine steel and
aluminum together.

When the under drain system is constructed in rolling areas the outlet ends shall
be carried out by using reinforced concrete in the shape of a vertical wall and wing
walls according to the special specifications and drawings and the slopes shall be
protected from erosion.

Excavation for the construction of the under drain works shall be performed
according to the requirements of section 5.6 of this Division, in accordance with the
dimensions, levels and depths shown on the drawings and special specifications
considering that the trench width shall not be less than the outer diameter of the pipes
plus a distance of 10 cm from each side, and the excavation width shall not be less than
25 cm. The trench dimensions shall be adequate for laying the under drain pipes, the
aggregate filter layer and the geotextile according to the drawings and the special
specifications. The trench bottom shall be prepared according to the specified slopes
such that it provides a sound and stable support base for the drainage elements. After
leveling and preparing the trench bottom, aggregate bedding layer not less than 5 cm
thick shall be executed.

When the drawings and special specifications require using geotextile material
or when carrying construction in soil type A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7 the used geotextile shall
be conform to the approved type and it shall be spread all over the excavated trench
width so that it accommodates all the elements of the drainage system and the filter
material in such way that it provides an overlapping in the upper part not less than 30
cm without need for tension. The geotextile materials shall be spread along the whole
drainage system so that an overlapping of not less than 30 cm is achieved between
adjacent pieces and the overlapping shall be downstream.

All the loose, deleterious materials and any materials that may damage the geo-
textile shall be removed from the excavation bottom before spreading. The spreading of
the geo-textile material, laying of pipes and installation of joints and spreading the filter
layer materials shall be performed in such a method which insures that no damage shall
be inflicted on the geo-textile such as puncturing or tearing or any other damages. When
such damages are noticed, Contractor shall modify the work method or the used
materials and shall replace the damaged textile pieces with other sound pieces or spread
new sound pieces over the damaged pieces, providing that the spreading and approved
overlapping conditions should be achieved.

After spreading the geo-textile material the filter aggregate layer material shall
be spread considering that no damages occur to the geo-textile material or its stability
on its place.

Laying and installation of under drain pipes outlets and ends shall be performed
according to the locations, slopes and levels shown on the drawings, special
specifications and manufacturer instructions. The perforated side of pipes shall be in the
bottom and all the pipes, joints, ends and outlets shall be cleaned before starting laying
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and installation process. It is not allowed to backfill over pipes and the system joints
before being tested, inspected and accepted by the Engineer.

The filter layer shall be spread in layers with maximum thickness not more than
15 cm around the pipes and all over the trench width with light tamping taking into
account that no damages occur to the pipe installations or the geotextile materials.

After the construction of the drainage system and the aggregate filter layer and
finishing it up to the levels shown on the drawings and in the special specifications, the
filter layer shall be covered with the previously spread geotextile to provide the required
overlapping.

After covering the pipes and surrounding filter material with geotextile and
fixing the ends, the trench backfilling shall be completed with a free drain aggregate
material unless, otherwise special in specifications that the backfilling should be for the
whole trench with the same filter material surrounding the pipes and covering with geo-
textile material for the whole depth. Backfilling shall be constructed in layers not more
than 10 cm thick compacted up to 95 % of the maximum dry density.

When the under drain lines lie within the pavement areas, the pavement layers
shall be constructed as soon as possible and it is not allowed to leave the under drain
trenches exposed for a period of more than 3 months after the completion of the under
drain system installation and backfilling. When this period is exceeded that the backfill
layers that mixed with the soil shall be removed and substituted with acceptable new
materials. However, when these lines lie outside the road a fill layer 30 cm thick shall
be constructed using soil type (A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7,) at the upper part of the trench to
prevent surface water seepage to the under-drain.

5.7.4 Edge drains:
When special specifications indicate the construction of the edge drains using
pipes for purpose of surface water draining from Base and Subgrade layers, the
Contractor shall furnish the materials and construct the works according to the
requirements, dimensions and locations shown on the drawings and in the special
specifications.

5.7.4.1 Materials:

1. Pipes:
When the special specifications require constructing edge drains using pipes,
these pipes shall conform to the types and diameters shown on the drawings and special
specifications or requirements of the specifications indicated in Table (5.7.8) under
drain pipes of this section, and they shall be installed and connected according to special
specifications and manufacturer instructions.

2. Geo-composite:
When the special specifications indicate the use of geocomposite, it shall
conform to the special specifications and its construction shall be performed at the
required locations with the dimensions, levels and details indicated in the drawings,
special specifications and manufacturer instructions.

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Contractor, prior starting the material supply, shall submit approved copy of the
source certificate, construction instructions and the technical specifications of the
materials and at least two samples of the material. The Engineer has the right, before
accepting material, to require carrying out the necessary tests in an independent
approved laboratory.

All materials and elements recommended by the approved manufacturer
including outlet drains, elements and ends shall be furnished.

The geo-composite, unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications, shall
be composed of the internal core and the outer part which is composed of filter fabric.

3. The core:
The core shall be rectangular, flexible, hollowed, made of Polyolefin and strong
enough to resist vertical loads and pressures arising from installation, backfill and traffic
loads. It shall allow water entry and flow freely and shall conform to the requirements
stated in Table (5.7.11) unless otherwise specified in the special specifications.

4. Filter fabric:
The filter fabric shall be made of non-woven polyolefin and free of chemical
treatments. The filter fabric should achieve the requirements indicated in Table (5.7.12)
unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications.

All the resistances shown in the table shall be considered as the average
minimum strength which can be obtained when testing with the weakest direction and
the samples shall be taken according to ASTM D 4354.

Table 5.7.11: Geo-composite core requirements

Properties Test method Limits
Maximum water absorption % ASTM D 570 0.05 during 24 hours
Fungus resistance ASTM G 21
Negative
(No growing fungus)

5. Prefabricated drains from Geo-composites:
Underground or prefabricated edge drains shall be composed of geo-composites,
from core and filter fabric. After fabrication verification shall be performed to insure
that the drain dimensions conforming to the dimensions shown on the drawings and the
special specifications and that its thickness is not less than19 mm. Also verification
shall be performed to insure that the filter fabric is bonded constantly with the core. The
filter shall achieve the requirements indicated in Table (5.7.13) unless otherwise

6. Drain outlets:
Pipes and elements of the drain outlets shall be composed of the same types of
the pipes used in the drainage system in accordance with the special specifications,
drawings and manufacturer's instructions providing that they shall not be perforated and
their diameter shall not be less than10 cm.

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Table 5.7.12: Filter fabric requirements
Properties Test method Requirements
Minimum Permeability, mm/sec ASTM D 4491 2
Apparent Opening Size, mm ASTM D 4751 0.15-0.3
Minimum Grab tensile Strength, Newton ASTM D 4632 500
Minimum Puncture strength, Newton, ASTM D 4833 200
Minimum Tear strength, Newton, ASTM D 4533 200
Minimum Elongation, %, ASTM D 4632 35
Minimum Mullen Burst Strength, Kpa, ASTM D 3786 1000
Minimum Seam Strength, KN/M
ASTM D 4595
(wide slice method)
14
Minimum Unit Weight, kg/m
2
, ASTM D3776 0.14
Minimum UV Resistance, retained rays ratio ASTM D 4355 80
Fungus resistance ASTM G 21 Negative

Notes on Table 5.7.12:
1. Filter fabric section which lie in the pavement layers side is considered, after constructing the
overlapping, gluing or bonding, the critical permeability section. a section of filter fabric with the
same characteristics, i.e., as fabricated and installed, should be tested to ensure that the overlapped
section conform to the specified requirements. When the drain's filter fabric is not overlapped on the
pavement side, the Contractor may test a normal thickness of the filter fabric to determine its
acceptability.

Table 5.7.13: Requirements of prefabricated drains from geocomposite

Properties Test method Requirements
Minimum compressive strength (at
20 % maximum deformation), KPa,
ASTM D 1621
(specimen dimensions
30x30 cm)
345
Minimum Peel Strength, kg/mm of
width, (bonding fabric to fabric,
fabric to core, and fabric to
projecting elements)
ASTM D-903 0.05
Minimum In-Plane flow (cross
sectional area, Hydraulic
transmisity) m
3
/m
2
of the width
ASTM D 4716
(using a specimen at least
600 mm long)
0.003

Notes on Table 5.7.13
1. Peel strength shall be tested for all three cases using two flexible specimens (filter fabric) to test
fabric to fabric bonding and a flexible specimen with solid specimen (filter fabric material with
core) to test filter fabric bonding with core or projection. The specimens shall be jointed with
each other using similar method for fabricated and installed drain. Thickness of the used core
shall be equal to normal thickness for the core before covering with filter fabric. This represents
a special case from the 3 mm limit case specified in the standard test.
2. Rate of flow test shall be performed with a gradation of 10 % and a normal pressure of 70.0 K.Pa
for a period of not less than 100 hours.

Geo-composite edge drains or under drains shall be installed at locations and to
the depths shown on drawings, the special specifications and manufacturer instructions.
Contractor shall proof his previous experience in constructing such works or to sub-
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subcontract a qualified agency. The Engineer has the right to request the presence of the
manufacturing company to supervise and verify that the construction in conformity with
requirements and instructions.

The edge drain trench shall be excavated at the locations and according to the
dimensions and levels specified in the special specifications and manufacturer
instructions. Before starting the construction drains the excavation bottom shall be
inspected, handed over and cleaned from all deleterious and loose materials.

The geotextile material shall be spread over the excavated bottom to provide
enough space for the coating and overlapping for collection pipes and/or the drain core
from geocomposites according to the specified condition, then the geocomposite drain
shall be fixed at the far end of the road edge from the trench and installation of all the
joint elements and outlets according to drawings, special specifications and
manufacturer instructions.

After completing the construction of the drains, all their elements and outlets,
verification and acceptance of construction, backfill shall be carried out using
compacted filter aggregate layers, these layers should be compacted using vibratory
plates having compaction power not more than 22 Kilo Newton, up to 90 % of the
maximum dry density determined by AASHTO T-99, unless otherwise indicated in the
special specifications, and all the necessary precaution shall be taken to avoid any
damages which may occur to the drains.

When the width of the excavated trench is less than 0.5 meter, the backfill shall
be performed using clean sand in one layer and compacted by using vibratory plates or
water submersion.

5.7.5 Filter layers:
When the special specifications, drawings and manufacturer instructions indicate
construction of filter bed or filter layers for the edge drains or backfill from untreated
cement or asphalt treated aggregate materials, the construction of such layers shall be
performed using the materials, methods, in the location and with the thickness indicated
in the special specifications and the approved drawings or these general specifications.

5.7.5.1 Filter layers from untreated aggregate:
The layers from untreated aggregate shall be executed by using the specified
gradation in the special specifications and it is possible except otherwise indicate
special specifications, to use one of the gradations indicated in Table (6.4.3) of section
6.4 "untreated base", and the materials shall meet the quality requirements stipulated in
the special specifications or in Table (5.7.15) of this section. Construction shall be
carried out according to the special specifications or the requirements for constructing
the base or backfill in these specifications. Untreated aggregate filter layer gradations
shall achieve with the gradation of aggregate sub grade over it the following
correlations:

1- To prevent a drop in pressure in the filter layer
D
15f /
D
15b
> 4
2- To prevent leakage of material particles from sub grade to filter layer:
D
15f /
D
15b
< 20, D
50f /
D
50b
< 25, D
15f
/ D
85b
< 5
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Whereas:
D
f
, D
b
- Sieve opening diameter of filter material (f) or base (b)
Numbers: (85, 50, 15) Passing rate from sieve.

Filter layer material must be well graded and the percent of materials which passed
sieve No. (200) shall not be greater than 5% to forbid the internal movement of soft
particles and the maximum size of uses materials eight (8) cm as to forbid segregation .

5.7.5.2 Cement treated filter layers:
Cement treated filter layers shall be constructed according to the locations
shown in the drawings and the special specifications or these general specifications. If
no specific gradation or quality requirements are identified in these documents the
construction shall be performed according to the gradation indicated in Table (5.7.14)
and the qualitative requirements stated in Table (5.7.15).

The cement treated filter layers shall be constructed, maintained and finished
according to the special specifications or construction requirements indicated in section
(6.5) of these general specifications, considering that the cement quantity used shall not
be less than 150 kg/m
3
of the mix. The cement used shall be sulphate resistance type
unless otherwise specified in the special specifications.

Table 5.7.14: Cement treated aggregate materials gradation for filter layers

Sieve size, mm (No.) Percent passing, by weight, %
37.5 (1.5 inch) 100
25.4 (1 inch) 88-100
19 (
3
/
4
inch) 50-80
9.5 (
3
/
8
inch) 15-40
4.75 ( No. 4) 0-16
2.36 (No. 8) 0-6
0.075 (No. 200) 0-2

Table 5.7.15: Quality requirements of aggregate materials

Properties Test method
Requirement
limits
Minimum Aggregate angularity for coarse
aggregate, %,
ASTM D 5821 90
Maximum Los Angles abrasion, % AASHTO T-96 45
Minimum Sand equivalent, % AASHTO T-176 55
Minimum Total specific density of
aggregate, gram/cm
3

AASHTO T-85 2.35
Maximum water absorption of aggregate, % AASHTO T-85 2.5
Maximum Soundness by sodium sulphate % AASHTO T-104 15

5.7.5.3 Asphalt treated filter layers:
Asphalt treated filter layers shall be constructed according to the special
specifications or these general specifications according to the thickness and locations
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indicated on the drawings and special specifications. When no specific requirements are
specified in the special specifications or the drawings, the construction shall be
performed according to the gradation indicated in Table (5.7.16), and the qualitative
requirements indicated in Table (5.7.15).

Construction and finishing of the asphalt treated filter layers shall be carried out
according to the requirements of asphalt treated base layers indicated in section (6.6) of
these general specifications, unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications.

Table 5.7.16: Asphalt treated aggregate materials gradation

Sieve size, mm (No.) percent passing, by weight
25.4 (1 inch) 100
19. (
3
/
4
inch) 90-100
12.5 (
1
/
2
inch) 35-65
9.5 (
3
/
8
inch) 20-45
4.75 (No. 4) 0-10
2.36 (No. 8) 0-5
0.075 (No. 200) 0-2

5.7.6 Culverts:
This work consists of furnishing of the materials, labor, and the required
equipments to construct the various types of culverts and their different elements such
as inlet/outlet wing walls, and protection and curing works according to the dimensions,
levels and using the materials shown on the drawings, special specifications, contract
documents or these general specifications.

5.7.6.1 Materials:

1. Precast culverts:
When precast elements are used in the construction of box culverts, these
elements shall be produced by licensed and approved factories from the concerned
authorities. Contractor prior starting materials supply and culverts construction, shall,
submit to the Engineer a list of the materials he intends to supply and their sources
attached with approval of the manufacturer, the applied quality control system, the
specifications of materials and elements and test results of samples. The Engineer has
the right to carry out additional tests in an independent laboratory on the expense of the
Contractor when necessary. The Contractor shall submit the operation manual issued by
the manufacturers includes the instructions, methods and requirements of construction,
joints and materials, and he shall follow completely these instructions and requirements.

Precast elements of pipe culverts may be from reinforced concrete or smooth or
corrugated metal pipes and they shall achieve the requirements of the standard
specifications indicated in Table (5.7.17) according to types unless otherwise indicated
in the special specifications.
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Table 5.7.17: Standard Specifications of Pipe Culverts

Pipe type Standard specifications
Un-reinforcement concrete pipes ASTM (C 14, C 14M)
Reinforced concrete pipes
ASTM C 76, ASTM (C 655, 655
M), SASO 1911
Arched sections reinforced concrete pipes ASTM C 1504
Corrugated steel structural plates constructions AASHTO (M 167, M 167 M)
Corrugated steel pipes AASHTO M 36, ASTM A 760
Polymer precoated corrugated steel pipes AASHTO M 245, ASTM A 762

Pipes shall be reinforced with circular reinforcement and another layer of
reinforcement shall be added to the pipes with diameter more than 75 cm, of a length of
not less than 30 cm extended to distance not less than 20 cm into the projections,
provided that they do not exceed the length of those elements. The cube strength of
concrete shall not be less than 35 M.Pa and the cement content in the mix shall not be
less than 350 kg/m
3
. The concrete used in manufacturing the culverts and drain pipes
shall achieve all the requirements indicated in specification AASHTO M-170 unless
otherwise indicated in special specifications Taper of pipe joint ends shall not exceed 7
degrees to connect the projection and not more than two (2) degrees for the gasket joint.

Joining process shall be performed using joint materials indicated in the special
specifications or recommended by the manufacturer. Before using any joint material
Contractor shall submit a technical report including type and composition of the
proposed material, method of construction and an approval certificate from the
concerned authorities.

The joints can be performed using the cold state flexible joint materials
composed of asphalt base, filler material and rapid solvent materials and it shall be
consistent and workable in the cold state to coat pipe ends up to 13 mm thickness. It
shall be capable of joining the pipes with each other according to the technical
specifications.

Flexible joint gaskets can be used to join the projection and cavity pipes and
they shall be composed of strong rubber mixture with filler material and a small amount
of solvent.
Box culverts from pre-cast elements shall achieve standard pre-cast concrete
element requirements for box culverts according to standard specifications AASHTO M
259M or AASHTO M 273 M for culverts constructed with protective layer of not more
than 60 cm and subjected to road loads.

2. Cast-in-Place Culverts:
Culverts and all their elements such as vertical walls and wings walls cast on site
shall be constructed using the materials indicated in the special specifications or the
approved materials in the job mix formula and the used concrete shall achieve the
requirements stated in Table (5.7.18) unless otherwise indicated the special
specifications.
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Unless the special specifications otherwise indicate, the aggregate shall achieve
the requirements indicated in Table (5.7.19). While the Cement shall be a sulphates
resistant type and shall achieve the requirements of standard specification ASTM C 150
unless otherwise the special specifications permit using of another type.
The water used for producing and maintaining the concrete shall be clean, pure
and free from impurities and harmful materials. It shall be tested according to AASHTO
T-26 test as directed by the Engineer.

The reinforcement steel used shall conform to the type and diameters shown on
the drawings and special specifications and shall achieve the specification requirements
specified in Division 14 of these general specifications.

When the special specifications indicate or the Engineer requires the use of
some additives or chemical admixture, these materials shall conform to the types
stipulated in the special specifications or the drawings or approved by the Engineer and
they shall comply with specification requirements indicated in Division 14 of these

Table 5.7.18: Culverts Concrete Requirements
Properties Test method Limits
Quantity of Cement, kg/m
3
- 350
Minimum Compressive strength, M.Pa
AASHTO T-22,
Sample preparation according
to AASHTO T-23
35
Maximum water /cement ratio % - 0.5
Slump, mm AASHTO T-119 50-100

Table 5.7.19: Aggregate Requirements for Culverts Concrete
Requirements Test method Soft aggregate
Coarse
aggregate
Reference standard specification AASTO M-6 AASHTO M-43
Maximum percent of Clay
materials,%
AASHTO T-112 0.5 0.25
Maximum percent of lignite, % AASHTO T-113 0.25 0.25
Maximum Percentage of
materials with density less than
1.95 gram /cm3, %
AASHTO T-113 1 1
Total percent of above
undesirable materials, %
- 1.25 1.25
Maximum percent of material
passing Sieve 0.075, mm
AASHTO T-(11, 27) 3 1
Maximum Los Angles abrasion
(500 cycle), %,
AASHTO T-196 - 40
Minimum Sand equivalent, AASHTO T-176 75 -
Organic materials percentage in
soft aggregate
AASHTO T-21
Materials which give
more dark color than the
standard color shall be
rejected or the slurry
testing shall be required
for verification
-

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3. Bedding layer:
The precast culverts, unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications,
shall be constructed on a cement concrete bedding layer with cement content not less
than 200 kg /m
3
and cube strength should not be less than 15 M.Pa. The aggregate used
shall be non-plastic and water-cement ratio should be in its minimum limits which allow
workability of the mix, and the maximum nominal diameter of the aggregate shall be
37.5 mm.

Culverts shall be constructed according to dimensions, levels and sites specified
in the special specifications, drawings or these general specifications. Contractor shall
verify the locations shown on the drawings in the field and determine the site and
culverts skew angle with the direction of the road axis to conform to the directions of
water flow, unless special specifications indicate diversion of the flow line and
construction the required works for that.

1. Excavation and surface preparation:
Excavation works for the construction of culverts and their elements shall be
made by one of the following methods, according to the special specifications or as
accepted by the Engineer:

- First method:
In this method the works shall be performed by excavating to the required depth
of the bedding layer and the culvert foundation then the bedding layer is constructed
and its surface is prepared according to the drawings and special specifications, then
culvert works shall be completed, finished, tested and handed over before backfill
execution.

- Second method:
This method is different from the first method only in the starting of
construction by performing road embankment up to a height near to the outer radius or
height of the culvert according to the requirements of embankment works indicated in
section (5.4) from this specification, and then an excavation shall be made for installing
culverts according to section (5.3). After that the surface is prepared and the bedding
layer, culvert and backfilling are executed.

In all cases the surface on which the culvert shall be constructed should conform
to the location, levels and slopes shown on the approved drawings after verifying the
correct location and elevation on site and taking the required levels by the Contractor
and accepted by the Engineer to verify the culvert location and crossing angle with the
road.

2. Installation of precast culvert elements:

Pipe culverts:
The bedding layer shall be executed all over the excavated width and its
thickness under the pipes shall not be less than 10 cm. And, it shall continue up to a
height not less than quarter (
1
/
4
) of the outer diameter of the pipe at the two sides of the
culverts. At the beginning the concrete shall be filled at one side of the pipe until
complete contact and no existence of spaces is verified then the filling is commenced at
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the other side. The Contractor shall provide contraction joints at common interval
known in concrete practice.

The reinforced concrete pipes installation shall start from the lower side in to the
direction of the higher side, and the cavity shall be inserted into the projection in the
direction of water flow. When installing corrugated metal pipes consideration shall be
made to insure that the outer rings are aiming at the upstream direction and complete
contact for all the projecting elements during foundation preparation is provided.

During installation consideration shall be made for avoiding diversion of the
elliptical pipes axis of circular reinforcement, or the circular pipes of spiral
reinforcement, from the vertical position by more than 5 degrees. When using circular
pipes provided with holes for installation control consideration shall be made to have
these holes on the upper side and after the installation of pipes and before backfilling
these holes shall be closed with the materials recommended by the manufacturer.

Box culverts:
Precast elements of box culverts shall be installed on the previously prepared
foundations so that the openings shall be in the direction of flow and the installation
shall start from the culvert outlet, using the methods, machines and equipments capable
of controlling the process of lifting, lowering and adjusting the location of the elements
and avoid causing any damage to elements or prepared foundations or excavated slopes.

The construction of multi-opening culverts which composed of separated
adjacent cell elements shall be installed leaving a space between these elements of not
less than 25 mm and not more than 50 mm. After the finishing of the installation of the
elements and completing the joining between each cell, this joint space shall be filled
with cement mortar composed of 1:2 cement-sand proportions for the complete depth
and width and it shall be cured by water.

Construction of Joints:
Joint between pipes and precast elements shall be constructed using the
materials, elements and methods indicated in the special specifications and the technical
manuals of the manufacturers considering that backfill works shall not be started before
completion of all the joints with the required verification and inspection.

When using flexible asphalt in the pipe's joint, the ends of pipes shall be cleaned
and dried before application of the material on the cavity side with a thickness about 13
mm and to a distance of not less than
2
/
3
of the joining section. After verifying the
conformity of the pipe ends the end of the second pipe (projection) shall be inserted in
the cavity by applying the required pressure to tighten the joint. The internal faces of the
pipes should be cleaned from the extra joining material. When using rubber gaskets the
protection paper shall be removed and ends of pipe should be pressed, and water
insulation joints should be constructed.

When special specifications specify the use of cement mortar joint the used
mortar shall be composed of the 1:2 cement-sand proportions and the works shall be
constructed according to special specifications with a thickness adequate for pipe
connection. The mortar layer shall be protected from quick drying and cracking by
using curing methods and materials. Before applying the cement mortar the pipe ends
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shall be wetted properly with water and the pipes shall be kept exposed and the mortar
layer shall be covered by wetted sacks covered with plastic sheet to prevent water
evaporation and sprayed at least twice with water for not less than 3 days.

3. Cast in Place Culverts:
Cast in place culverts, vertical walls, inlets and outlets shall be constructed
according to the levels, dimensions, by using the materials and at the locations indicated
in the drawings and approved specifications. Contractor shall verify the submitted
drawings for the cast in place culverts and complete all the details required for the
construction and to obtain the Engineer's approval.

Contractor, prior starting the construction, shall verify the culvert location and
angle of crossing to the road axis and to determine the actual location, carry out
excavation works up to the levels and adequate dimensions for the construction of the
bedding layer and placing and fixing the frameworks.

The bottom of the excavation shall be leveled according to the approved slopes
and levels and the bedding layer shall be constructed from aggregate materials with a
thickness not less than 10 cm, compacted and leveling such that a fixed and stable
surface is obtained to support the loads arising from subsequent works.

Contractor, prior starting concrete casting by a period not less than 30 days, shall
submit to the Engineer a technical report which describe:

-The design job mix formula includes the sources and qualities of aggregate materials,
cement, water, admixtures and chemical additives proposed for use.
-Proportions and method of material mixing
-Sites, types, method of operation and productivity of concrete mixers.
-When supplying from pre-mixed concrete factories, Contractor shall submit an
approved copy about the sites and specifications of these plants, their approval
certificate and the specifications of the concrete produced or which they are going to
produce for the project. Also he shall submit the test results of the concrete
produced in these plants and the supply time schedule.
-Test results for the raw materials and produced mixes using the proposed design job
mix formula.
-Time schedule and dates proposed for starting construction and the detailed program
for casting phases.
- A list of equipments and machines proposed for use.

The Engineer shall study the technical report and give his views about
completing all the required information and he shall return the report to the Contractor
in case there is a shortage in the information within 7 days. However, if the report
included all the information the Engineer shall study the information of the proposed
design job mix formula and the construction plan and issue a written approval or
requires from the Contractor to carry out the required modifications within 14 days.

The frameworks shall be according to the dimensions shown on the drawings
and by using metal or timber frameworks capable of supporting the pressure arising
from concrete and vibrating loads during casting. The concrete surfaces, after casting,
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shall be leveled and smoothed, and free from any defects. Contractor shall be
responsible for the durability, stability and leveling of the frameworks.

Contractor shall install steel reinforcement at the locations, with the diameters,
spacing distances, and overlapping distances conform to the type and diameters of the
reinforcement steel approved on the detailed drawings and Contractor is not allowed to
start casting before the Engineer inspects, accepts and hand over the steel
reinforcement.

The concrete casting shall be performed using the approved machines,
equipments, and work plan. Contractor shall perform all the required curing works until
the hardening of concrete and it reach the strengths indicated in the drawings, special
specifications and design job mix formula. The frameworks shall not be dismantled
before the passing of the period enough for the concrete to reach the adequate hardening
to support the subsequent loads providing that concrete strength shall not be less than
80% of the design strength and the period shall not be less than 14 days. It is possible to
follow the periods indicated in Table (5.7.20).

Table 5.7.20: Minimum Periods for Forms dismantling
Structure elements
Percent of specified 28
days strength, %
Number of
days,
(minimum)
Columns and wall faces (not yet
supporting loads)
50 3
Mass pier and abutments (not yet
supporting loads)
50 3
Box Girder 80 14
Simple span T - Girder, slab bridge, piers
cap not continuously supported, struts,
and top slabs of box culverts.
80 14
Arches, continuous bridge spans and rigid
frames
90 21

Contractor shall make all the required arrangements for concrete casting under
hot climate conditions and all casting works shall be performed with complete
adherence to the time interval between cement application and finishing casting.

Casting shall, whenever possible, be performed in one batch or with the least
number of joints and all the required arrangements should be made to eliminate the
possibility of structural joints formation and lessen their effect. The casting of the box
culvert bedding shall be performed in the beginning then construction of the remaining
elements shall start later after the elapse of 24 hours. The constructed concrete works
shall be maintained in wet condition during curing period which should not be less than
seven days by covering it with wetted sacks at least for two days and covering these
sacks with plastic sheets to minimize water evaporation or the moisture shall be
maintained by any method approved by the Engineer.

4. Water proofing works:
Contractor shall perform water insulation works for all the surfaces in contact
with soil using the method and materials indicated in the special specifications and he is
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not allowed to commence backfill works before culvert works being inspected, accepted
and handed over to the Engineer.

5. Backfill:
Backfill works around the culverts, vertical walls, and inlet, outlet and wing
walls shall be carried out according to the details indicated in item (5.4) of section of
these general specifications, unless otherwise indicated in the special specifications.

Contractor shall apply quality control for drainage works by carrying out all the
required arrangements to ensure that the used materials, construction methods and the
executed works achieve the quality requirements, indicated in the standard
specifications, special specifications, these general specifications and other contract
documents.
The Ministry shall apply the quality assurance works by verifying that the
contractor has carried out quality control procedures properly either through direct
supervision of the quality control procedures or by undertaking quality assurance
procedures neutrally on representative samples and with adequate numbers to judge the
execution to accept or reject the completed work according to the principles detailed in
Division 17 of these general specifications except otherwise specified in special
specification or other contract documents.

1. Quality control:
Contractor shall apply quality control on materials and executed works and he
shall monitor records and analyze results and draw quality charts for critical properties
and carry out all the tests and measurements indicated in Table (5.7.21). Contractor
shall provide the Engineer with copies of all tests immediately and he shall apply all the
items indicated in sub-section 17.1.1 of these general specifications.

Ministry at any time has the right to assure the quality of materials and executed
works through carrying out or ordering others under its direct supervision to select
materials and check executed works for all or part of the quality control items specified
in Table (5.7.21).

Ministry has the right to review contractors quality control records and compare
these statistically with quality assurance results to insure quality according to what is
specified in division 17 of these general specifications. It has the right to inspect the
contractors laboratory and its equipments, its technical staff, methods of testing and
construction method to insure the efficiency of the contractors technical staff and
equipments and compliance of his inspection, testing and construction method with the
approved methods.

5.7.8 Measurement:
Drainage works shall be measured according to the approved measurement units
in the contract documents, for the actually constructed, technically accepted and handed
over works. Measuring shall not be performed for the purpose of payment outside the
limits and the sites shown on the drawings or approved by the Engineer.
Measuring shall be performed according to the following, unless otherwise
indicated:
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Table 5.7.21: Quality control Procedures for drainage works
Location
of sample
Frequency of sampling Requirements
Pipes,
elements
and
materials
of joints
All the
properties
stated in the
approved
standard
specifications.
Source guarantee
certificate for
each material
according to type
and diameter.
At the starting of materials
supply from each source and
when source is changed, the
materials specifications,
technical properties and
methods and rates of tests
and their results shall be
attached.
The specified
requirements in
the acceptance
item of the
approved
standard
specifications
Gradation
AASHTO-T
(27,11)
Moisture-
Density
relationship
AASHTO T-99
(C) and testing
methods
indicated in
division (6)for
aggregate bases
or cement and
asphalt treated
bases
Backfill
and filter
layers
materials
Qualitative
properties
Table ( 5.7.15 )
and section (5.6)
for backfill
At source
3 tests on different samples
from each source for source
approval and when design
job mix formula or source is
changed or noticing a
change in the produced mix
or constructed works, and 5
tests on different and in
diverse intervals samples for
each 5000 cubic meters or
each source during
construction.

System
installation
works
Systems
installation
Visual inspection
and testing
systems such as
non-perforated
pipes and gaskets
according to item
(5.7.2.3.2)

At site,
before
backfilling
Between each two manholes
or two drain inlets
Success

Measuring of
smoothness,
slopes and utility
levels
At site
Survey measuring for levels
and coordinates between
each two manholes or drain
openings or grills or outlets
Conformity
In-place
concrete
works
All quality
properties
indicated in
special
specifications.
Test methods
indicated in
Division 14 rigid
pavement, unless
otherwise
indicated in the
special
specifications
At
production
centers and
site.
3 tests at commencing
mixture production and a test
each 2000 cubic meter
production or noticing a
change in material sources or
executed work properties
and one test each 50 cubic
meters or executing one day
works whichever is lesser
and from each element.
Properties and
limits approved
Excavation
works
Measurements
Survey
measurements for
dimensions and
levels
At site
Survey measurements each
25 m interval including at
least a starting, end
And middle points from each
element regardless of the
distance.
Conform to the
dimensions and
levels indicated
on the drawings,
special or
approved
specifications by
the Engineer.
Bedding
and
backfill
works
Field density
AASHTO T-
310-01
At site
One test every 150 linear
meter or one day production
from each layer whichever is
lesser and one test at each
side of manholes and inlets
or culverts at each location.
Degrees of
compaction
indicated in
relevant items.
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- Drain pipes installation works classified according to types and diameters in
linear meter.
- Under drain pipes installation works classified according to types and diameters
in linear meter.
- Geo-textile works for covering under drains in square meter.
- Filter layers works surrounding under drain pipes in cubic meters.
- Geo-composite drain works in square meter.
- Drain inlets, catch basins and manholes works including covers classified
according to types and dimensions in numbers.
- Pipe culverts works including inlet and outlet wing walls according to types,
sites and openings, in linear meter measured between external FACES of the
vertical walls at inlets and outlets.
- Box culverts works including vertical walls and wing walls in cubic meter.
- Excavation works in cubic meter for actually constructed works within the
approved limits and depths. The structural excavations for culverts shall not be
measured for the purpose of payment and its costs shall be included with the cost
of the culvert.
- Bedding works in square meter.
- Backfill works in cubic meter.

5.7.9 Payment:

The paid amounts are considered as a full compensation for excavation, laying,
installation of pipes, casting and performing of the connection joints, inlets, manholes
and covers works. It is also for concrete works includes, transporting, wetting, mixing,
spreading, watering, vibrating and finishing of the work, in addition to the provision
and operation of machines, equipments, labor, tests, measurements, benefits, revenues,
fees and third party payments and all requirements to construct the works according to
drawings, special and general specifications.
5.7.22 if not contradiction with contract documents.

Table 5.7.22: Drainage Works Items
5.7.1 Excavation m
3

5.7.2
Drain inlet, catch basin and manholes classified according to
types and dimensions.
Number
5.7.3 Bedding layer m
3

5.7.4 Drainage pipe (classified according to types and diameters). Linear meter
5.7.5 Under drain pipe (classified according to types and diameters). Linear meter
5.7.6 Filter layer around under drains pipes m
3

5.7.7 Geo textile surrounding underground drains m
2

5.7.8 Geo composite under edge drains m
2

5.7.9 Pipe culver (classified according to types and diameters) Linear meter
5.7.10 Box culvert m
3

5.7.11 Backfill m
3

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5.8 Slope rip rap and protection:

5.8.1 Description:
This section includes embankment slopes, excavation, and backfilling protection
and rip rapping works at culvert inlets and outlets. It includes rip rap and protection
works by using loose or grouted rip rap and on site cast concrete or pre-cast concrete
pieces or with gabions and protection of rock excavation with metal grids. These works
shall be executed according to the sites and dimensions by using materials specified on
the drawings, special specifications and contract documents.

5.8.2 General requirements:
Before he commences rip rap and protection works, contractor shall prepare the
surfaces on which the work shall be executed by leveling and grading them according to
the approved cross sections, dimensions, and levels. He shall remove all undulations on
the surface and compact them if necessary, until a smooth surface capable of receiving
the intended rip rap works is provided.

Foundation trench shall be constructed below the slope intended for rip rapping
according to the dimensions shown on the drawings and contract documents. The trench
width shall not be less than double the intended rip rap or protection layer thickness.;
and its depth shall not be less than double that thickness or 60 cm whichever is lesser.
This trench shall be filled with materials capable of forming a stable foundation for rip
rap and protection works and it shall be from the approved or better type of rip rap
materials. Rip rap and protection works shall start from the bottom of the slope
regardless of the rip rap type used.

5.8.3 Stone rip rap:

This work includes provision of materials and execution of the works required
for rip rapping slopes by using loose or grouted stones or gabion rip rapping, according
to the dimensions and in the sites specified in the special specifications and contract
documents.

5.8.3.2 Materials:

1. Stone materials:
The stone materials to be used for rip rapping and protecting slopes shall be
from hard rocks which are resistant to water and weather. They shall be free from
cracks, clay, soluble, and fragile materials. They shall achieve, except otherwise
indicate special specifications, the qualitative requirements shown on table (5.8.1). The
loose or grouted rip rap shall fulfill the volumetric distribution requirements indicated in
the special specifications and contract documents or one of the distributions listed in
table (5.8.2). The smallest dimension of the stone shall not be less than 1/3 of its
maximum dimension. Materials shall be from angled stones to provide sufficient
friction between stones.

Gabion works may use circular stones and the size of the used stones shall range
between 100-200 mm, their weight between 2-15 kg, and the percentage of stones with
more than 5 kg in weight shall not be less than 50%.
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Table No. 5.8.1: Stone material requirements
Property Testing method Values
Apparent density, ton/m3, minimum. AASHTO T-85 2.5
Absorption, %, maximum. AASHTO T-85 6
Durability index for coarse materials, %, minimum. AASHTO T-210 50

Table No. 5-8-2: Volumetric distribution of rip rap stone materials
Type
Material rate of
indicated weight, %
Weight, kg
Approx. cubic
dimensions, mm
20 10-15 150-200
30 5-10 125-150
40 0.5-5 50-125
First
10 Less than 0.5 Less than 50
20 25-50 200-250
30 10-25 150-200
40 1-10 75-150
Second
10 Less than 1 Less than 75
20 100-150 350-400
30 50-100 250-350
40 5-50 125-250
Third
10 Less than 5 Less than 125

Contractor, before commencing work by a period not less than 15 days, shall
choose stone material sources, conduct the necessary tests on them, and submit a
technical report including sources, available and estimated quantities to the engineer for
approval. Contractor shall obtain the acceptance for using those sources from their
owners.

2. Cement grout:
Cement grout used for grouted stone rip rap shall be from sand, cement, and water mix
in the ratio of 1 cement to 3 sand in the grout. It shall achieve requirements of
specification ASTM C270 and the used cement shall be sulphate resistant class 5 type
or normal Portland cement class (I) and compliant with requirements of the standard
specification ASTM C150, except otherwise allow special specifications for another
type. Cement shall be supplied from approved sources and with cement shipments shall
be enclosed certificates of source guarantee duly approved and authenticated.
Water used in mixing shall be in compliance with the requirements of item 5-5-3 of
these specifications. The used sand shall be in compliance with requirements of
specification AASHTO M 45.

3. Gabions:
Except otherwise stipulate special specifications, wires used in making and
assembling gabions, including end, tie, and connection wires, shall be from wires
compatible with specification ASTM A641, and diameter of those wires shall not be
less than3 mm; and they shall be galvanized and zinc coated in the rate of not less than
0.24 kg/m2. When the engineer requires that, the coating shall be verified according to
AASHTO T-65 test. Materials can be accepted according to the source guarantee
certificate or ASTM E376 test, according to the engineer's instruction.

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Gabions shall be fabricated such that the dimensions of their openings do not
exceed 100 mm, and they shall be supplied in the form of pieces which allow
assemblage of gabions in the sizes specified on the drawings or in the special
specifications. When length of gabions exceed by one and a half times their base width
(1.5) or 1200 mm, whichever is lesser, they shall be divided into cells of equal length
and width by middle elements which separate between adjacent cells. Assembled
gabions and all the materials used in assembling shall be capable of bearing the pressure
arising from being filled with stones.

5.8.3.3 Execution:

1. Loose stones rip rap:
When special specifications or other contract documents for executing loose rip
rap, contractor shall before commencing executing them, prepare the surfaces and
slopes over which they are going to be executed and finish these surfaces such that they
become stable and smooth and compliant with the approved cross section. All areas of
slumps and heights shall be treated and all slopes shall be finished within tolerance that
does not exceed finishing limits indicated in the special specifications, other contract
documents or backfill work requirements indicated in section 5-4 of this division.

Before commencing stone rip rap works, contractor shall construct a trench at
the conjunction level of slope with natural ground level with the dimensions shown on
drawings or other contract documents. And except otherwise stipulate contract
documents for specific dimensions, the width of the trench shall not be less than
thickness of the protection layer to be constructed and its depth shall not be less than 60
cm.
Rip rapping materials shall be placed in such a way that does not damage slopes
being protected. Loose stones rip rap shall be laid with the required thickness such that
they stabilize according to the internal friction angle in one batch or in layers, all in
accordance with special specifications or other contract documents. Construction shall
be carried out whereas large size stones shall be in the lower part of the slope and the
suitable arrangements shall be taken for bedding such that separation between sizes
shall be avoided. Spaces between large stones shall be filled with stone materials of
smaller sizes.

2. Grouted rip rap:
Before he starts construction, contractor shall prepare surfaces according to the
method stated in item (1) above, and it is recommended that stones shall be selected
such that the rate of stones with at least one leveled face is about 50%. The rip rap
stones shall be bedded and arranged in such a way that makes the faces of the level
faced stones are the apparent ones and spaces between adjacent stones shall be in the
range of 50-100 mm. After completion of spreading the stones and cleaning them from
all clay and deleterious materials and moistening them properly, grout is then filled in
the joints by the method accepted from the engineer until it penetrates between stones to
a depth ranging from 25-50% of stone with larger size used; providing that depth shall
not be less than 100%. The grout used shall be in compliance with material
requirements stated in paragraph 5.8.2.2 and its spreading and filling shall be completed
before the start of initial setting time. Contractor shall carry out the moistening and
curing works by water spraying and soaking or by covering it with moistened jute bags
and covering those bags with plastic sheets. He shall repeat the moistening of jute bags
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at least two times daily and re-cover them with plastic; or he may apply curing
membranes according to special specifications and engineer's instructions. Curing
period shall not be less than the period specified in the special specifications or for three
days whichever is lesser.

3. Gabions:
When special specifications and other contract documents specify for executing
stone rip rap gabions, those works shall be executed at the locations specified in the
contract documents or in writing from the engineer.

Gabions shall be assembled such that the sides and base shall be assembled
completely but the cover is fixed only from one of its sides. Assembling shall be made
by using the materials and methods recommended by the manufacturer and all
assembling locations and materials shall achieve a resistance that is not less than that
specified for the gabion.

After assembling, inspecting and accepting the gabions from the engineer, those
gabions are placed empty at the sites shown on the drawings and other contract
documents. Binding between adjacent elements is done by tie wires with the same
specifications of gabion assembling wires. The gabion base is tied from the front and
rear sides with gabions of previously executed row, if any.

After placing and tying gabions with each other and straining them to take the
nearest position to the specified rout, the gabions are filled with stone materials
compliant with approved specifications. Materials shall be filled in layers which do not
exceed 30 cm for gabions with heights more than 60 cm, but gabions with less height
are filled in two nearly equal layers. After completing filling materials of each layer, the
front face of the gabion is tied with the rear face by tie wires of the same specifications
of tie wires used in assembling. They are wrapped around two adjacent openings of the
gabion to represent the sufficient tying. After that filling of materials is recommenced
till the gabion is filled to the extend that allows for covering it with the cover and
obtaining a semi smooth upper surface. After completing the filling and closure of the
gabions in each row, backfilling shall be conducted behind them by materials in
compliance with backfilling material requirements stipulated in special specifications.
Backfilling materials, except otherwise special specifications stipulate for specific type,
shall be from type A-1a, A-1b.

5.8.4 Concrete rip rap:
This item contain slope rip rap by normal or on site cast reinforced concrete or
premix concrete, according to the type and in the sites specified in special specifications
or other contract documents.

5.8.4.1 Materials:

1. Concrete:
Except otherwise stipulate special specifications, cement concrete mixes shall be
produced by using sulphate resistant cement type 5 that is compliant with SASO 570 or
ASTM C 150 specifications. Also, except otherwise stated in the special specifications
and contract documents, the cement concrete shall fulfill requirements listed in Table
(5.8.3).
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Table No. 5.8.3: Rip rap concrete requirements
Property Limits
Cement quantity, kg/m3,
minimum.
350
Water cement ratio, %, maximum 0.5
Slump, mm, maximum. 125
Air voids, %, minimum. 4
Aggregate gradation.
As per AASHTO M 43 &
max. size shall not exceed 37.5 mm.
Compressive strength, at 28 days
age, MPa, minimum.
25

2. Aggregate:
The aggregate used shall achieve qualitative requirements listed in Table No.
14-2-3 and gradation requirements indicated in Table (14.2.4), except otherwise
stipulate special specifications and contract documents.

3. Water:
The water used in mixing and curing concrete shall be compliant with
requirements of item 14.2.3 of these general specifications.

4. Reinforcement steel:
Reinforcement steel shall meet requirements of item 14.2.6 of these general
specifications.

5. Curing materials:
Curing materials shall achieve requirements of item 14.2.5 of these general
specifications.

6. Joints filling materials:
Joint filling materials shall fulfill requirements of item 14.2.7 of these general
specifications.

5.8.4.2 Cast insitu concrete rip rap:
If the special specifications and contract documents specify that execution of rip
rap works are to be carried from normal concrete or cast insitu reinforced concrete then
the contractor shall prepare surfaces on which those rip rap works shall be constructed
such that they become compliant with the approved dimensions, level, and cross
sections. These surfaces shall be leveled and when it is stipulated in the special
specifications and contract documents for using reinforced concrete, to install
reinforcement steel or grid in accordance with the types, diameters, and separating
distances shown on the drawings and other contract documents. Reinforcement steel
shall be raised above the slope surface by the distance required for providing the
specified protection layer. This layer shall not, by any mean, be less than 5 cm.

Before he commences concrete supplying, contractor shall submit to the
engineer the design job mix formula according to item 14.3.3 of division 14. Also, he
shall submit a technical report including construction and curing method, plus method
of constructing and filling joints. Contractor is not allowed to commence construction
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before he obtains the engineer's acceptance for the design job mix formula, work plan,
and equipments and machines list.

Before commencing casting of concrete, the necessary metal or wooden forms
shall be fixed to control concrete thickness and locations of longitudinal and transverse
joints. Longitudinal joints shall be parallel to the intersection line of side slopes with
road lateral section but transverse joints are perpendicular with them. Joints shall be
constructed at the locations specified on the drawings and other contract documents and
according to requirements of sub item 4.4.1.7, except otherwise indicate special
specifications. Also, contractor shall take the required provisions to keep reinforcement
steel in position and prevent displacement due to casting works.

Concrete casting, joints construction, and concrete curing shall be conducted
according to requirements of section 14.4, of division 14 of these general specifications,
except otherwise stipulate special specifications. Just before casting, contractor shall
moisten the forms, steel, and surfaces on which work shall be executed. Concrete shall
be cast in such a way that it should prevent occurrence of grain segregation. Casting
shall be started from the lower part of the slope towards the top and after completion of
casting surfaces shall be finished by straight edge or scraper. Joints shall be formed at
the locations shown on the drawings and other contract documents, and they shall be
filled with approved filling materials.

Contractor shall cure concrete according to requirements of paragraph 14.4.1.5.
Curing shall continue and concrete shall be kept in a moist state for a period not less
than7 days.

5.8.4.3 Premix concrete rip rap:
When special specifications call for rip rap from premix concrete elements,
those elements shall be supplied from approved plants. Contractor, before starting
supply should, submit specimens of those elements together with testing results
showing compliance of the elements with the approved qualitative requirements of
concrete, dimensions and shapes. Contractor shall construct an experimental section
showing the installation method and distribution of colors and shapes, when special
specifications call for some architectural requirements. Contractor shall obtain the
acceptance of the engineer for the results of the experimental section.

Prefabricated elements shall be installed, whether they were prefabricated slabs
or normal or overlapping tile elements, according to the instructions of the manufacturer
or according to special specifications as to surface preparation, materials and method of
constructing the bedding layer, tiles installation, and joint filling.

5.8.4.4 Rip rap with concrete in bags:
When special specifications stipulate for protecting or rip rapping slopes using
concrete in bags, the used bags shall be from textile or jute or any other material
indicated in the special specifications and contract documents. The concrete used shall
be enough for quality requirement as shown in Table No. 5.8.3, except otherwise state
special specifications and other contract documents.

The bags shall be capable of accommodating and bearing resulting pressures
from the moment they are filled with concrete up to concrete hardening and reaching
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the required strength. Bags dimensions shall be adequate enough for forming rows of
bagged concrete with a thickness of about 30 cm per row. It is recommended that the
dimensions of the used bags 60x90 cm and each bag accommodate approx. 3% (0.03)
m3 of concrete. Two rows of concrete bags at least shall be placed in the protection
foundation trench to form the required foundation, except otherwise stipulate special
specifications and contract documents. Then concrete bags are placed in rows,
providing that the number of bags placed in one row shall not exceed four vertically,
before the start of initial setting time of first row concrete. When each bag is placed it
shall be pressed a little to obtain, somehow, level surface between adjacent bags.
Bags shall be placed in such a way that no two knots or openings of two adjacent bags
shall be facing each other.

5.8.5 Culvert inlet and outlet lining:
Contractor shall execute lining to culvert inlets and outlets according to the type
of lining shown on drawings or special specifications and other contract documents.
Lining may be loose stone, or grouted or on site cast concrete or pre-cast concrete tiles
rip rap.

Contractor shall carry out the lining works at the specified locations and
according to the dimensions and type indicated in the special specifications and contract
documents.

Lining from loose stone or grouted or concrete rip rap shall be constructed
according to requirements of items 5.8.3, 5.8.4 of this section. Lining depth shall be
increased at its beginning and end by not less than double the required lining thickness
or 60 cm whichever is greater, except otherwise special specifications and contract
documents mentioning for greater depth.

Contractor shall control the quality of slopes rip rap and protection works by all
the required procedures to ensure that the used materials, construction methods,
executed works, shall achieve quality requirements stated in standard specifications,
special specifications, or these general specifications and other contract documents.

The ministry shall ensure the quality of the product by verifying that contractor
has performed quality control procedures correctly, either through direct supervision on
quality control procedures or through performing quality assurance procedures neutrally
and independently on representative samples in sufficient numbers for judging on
execution standard, and decide about acceptance or rejection of the executed work, all
according to the detailed principles in division 17 of these general specifications, except
otherwise specify special specifications and contract documents.

1. Quality control:
Contractor shall control the quality of materials, executed works, and shall
monitor, record, and draw quality data for critical properties. Also, he shall perform all
the tests, and measurements listed in Table (5.8.4).
Contractor shall provide the engineer with copies of source certificates and all testing
results promptly. Also, contractor shall apply all the points indicated in item 17.1.1 of
these general specifications.

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The ministry has the right at any time to the quality assure materials and
executed works by performing or by assigning under its supervision testing the
materials of rip rap and protection works and inspection of the executed work for each
or some quality control items specified in Table No. 5.8.4 of this paragraph. In addition
the ministry has the right to review contractor's quality control records and to compare
these statistically with the results it obtained though the method it decides for quality
assurance, according to division 17 of these general specifications. Also, it has the right
to inspect contractor's laboratory and his equipments, technical staff, inspection
methods, testing methods, production and execution sites and methods applied by the
contractor to ensure the efficiency of his technical staff, equipments, and compliance of
his testing and execution methods with approved methods.

5.8.7 Measurement:
Slopes rip rap and protection works are measured in m2 or m3 according to the
types and according to special specifications. Measurements are made only for executed
and technically accepted works within the limits and dimensions specified in special
specifications and other contract documents. No measurements shall be made for the
purpose of payment outside the approved boundaries.

5.8.8 Payment:
Payment shall be made for work quantities actually completed and technically
accepted within the approved limits and dimensions according to contract rates or
reduced prices as a result of quality assurance works, when the contract documents call
for that.

The amounts paid are considered full compensation for supplying materials,
carrying out leveling, compaction, installation, casting, jointing, execution of loose rip
rap, grouted rip rap, gabion rip rap works. Also, for execution of concrete works,
transportation, spreading, curing and compacting the materials plus work finishing
regardless of source. In addition to, provision and operation of equipments, machines,
labor, testing and measuring performance, and all requirements for executing the works
in accordance with drawings and special/general specifications. Payment shall not be
made for items charged on other items. Payment shall be done according to one or more
of the items, for example and not limited to, listed in Table (5.8.5), without
contradiction with contract documents.
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Table No. 5-8-4: Quality control procedures for rip rap & protection works
Work Properties Testing method
Sampling
site
Re-sampling Requirements
Quality
requirements
and gradation
indicated in
Table 5.8.1,
5.8.2
All tests for
quality
requirements &
gradation
requirements.
All tests at source
approval and at source
change or noticing
change in materials.
Table No.
5.8.1 &
Table 5.8.2
Cement quality
requirements.
Quality
requirements tests
indicated in
approved standard
specification.
Source guarantee
certificate at starting
supply and whenever
source is changed.
Sub item
5.8.3.2
Requirements of
gabions and
their elements
such as tie wires

Source guarantee
supply & whenever
source is changed
Sub item
5.8.3.2
Raw
materials
Admixtures &
additive
compounds.
Quality
requirement tests
indicated in
item14.2.5
Source guarantee
supply & whenever
source is changed
Item 14.2.5
Cement
mixes
materials
All concrete
mixes properties
indicated in
Table 14.6.1
All concrete mixes
tests indicated in
Table 14.6.1
At source
Source guarantee
certificate and whenever
source is changed plus
aggregate tests as
indicated in Table 14.6.1
Section 14.2
Cement
concrete
mixes
Cement concrete
requirements.
All tests indicated
in Table 5.8.3
Sampling rates indicated
instable 14.6.1
Table 5.8.3
Loose &
grouted rip rap.
Visual inspection.
Verifying execution
quality by visual
inspection.
Item 5.8.3
Gabion rip rap
properties.
Visual inspection.
Verifying execution
quality by visual
inspection.
Item 5.8.3
Completed
works
Concrete rip
raps
All tests indicated
in Table 14.6.1
At site
Testing rates indicated
in Table 14.6.1
Item 5.8.4
Culvert
inlets and
outlets rip
rap.
All properties
required for
used type.
All tests required
for slope rip
rapping according
to used type.
At source
and site
Same rates of testing &
inspection for ramp
slope rip raps according
to used type.
Item 5.8.5

Table No. 5.8.5: Rip rap & protection work items
Item No. Type of work Unit
5.8.1 Loose stones rip rap. m
3

5.8.2 Grouted rip rap. m
3

5.8.3 Gabion rip rap. m
3

5.8.4 Cast on site concrete rip rap m
3

5.8.5 On site cast reinforced concrete protection m
3

5.8.6 Pre-cast concrete slabs protection. m
2

5.8.7 Bag filled concrete protection. m
3

5.8.8
Culverts inlets & outlets protection (classified according
to used type).
m
2

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DIVISION 5 EARTH WORKS 61

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