State of North Carolina

2013 Compensation & Benefits Report

Office of State Personnel
C. Neal Alexander, Jr.
State Personnel Director
February 2013







Table of Contents


I. Executive Summary and Recommendations 1

II. Introduction 3
NC Pay Philosophy

III. Total Compensation 3
Total Compensation Model

IV. Economic Review 5
Wage and Salary Trends
Consumer Privce and Employment Cost Indices
Compensation Trends
Recruitment and Retention

V. Base Pay 8
Labor Market Analysis
Methodology
Market Analysis
Additional Analysis

VI. Benefits Analysis 14
Paid Time Off Analysis
Health Insurance
Statewide Flexible Benefits Program (NC Flex)
Retirement


APPENDIX 19
History of Legislative Increases for N.C. Employees 1992-2012
NC Pay Comparison to CPI and Average Market Movement
Turnover and Aging Trends
NC Pay Comparison to Southeastern States and Local Governments
List of Benchmark Classes and Labor Market Analysis

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C CO OM MP PE EN NS SA AT TI IO ON N & & B BE EN NE EF FI IT TS S R RE EP PO OR RT T: : F FE EB BR RU UA AR RY Y 2 20 01 13 3


I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Compensation & Benefits report responds to the requirements expressed in NCGS 126-
7(b) [State Personnel Act] to guide the Governor and the General Assembly in making funding
appropriations for State employees salary increases. The results of the compensation survey
are presented to the Appropriations Committee of the House and Senate no later than two
weeks after the convening of the legislature in odd years (February 13 this year) and May 1
st
of
even years. The report addresses current economic and labor market conditions and sets the
stage for strategic planning to address them.

Market movement, which had been relatively stagnant during the recent economic downturn,
has picked up again, particularly in the private sector. In light of these improving economic
conditions, North Carolina must focus on its total compensation programs and recognize that
its employees or human capital are its most valuable asset.

No legislative increases of any kind were granted 2008-2011. Consistent with past legislative
increases, 2012s 1.2% adjustment was not reflective of such relevant economic indicators as
the Consumer Price Index or average market movement. Across-the-board salary
adjustments as typically granted by the Legislature reward employees with the same
percentage increase regardless of their level of contribution or value to the employing
organization.

Legislative restrictions on equity and market-based salary increases were in place for three
years prior to 2012. These seriously affected agency and university efforts to recruit and retain
employees. For North Carolina to manage its talent effectively, its compensation programs
must eventually change from a one size fits all mentality to a performance culture that
assigns more value to high-performing employees in key roles. This includes seriously
examining options to progress employees within their current grade or band based on their
contributions, and utilizing compensation tools other than base pay increases for recognizing
and rewarding excellent performance.

In continuing difficult financial times, we must pursue creative ways of attracting and retaining`
high performing employees. This is especially critical as the Baby Boomer generation begins
to age out of the labor market over the next several years. The average age of the state
workforce continues to increase, and the need to recruit a new generation of employees is
paramount. This next generation wants more flexibility in their total rewards package (direct
compensation, benefits, development and work-life programs).

Legislative support for pay innovations and funding for a human capital management system,
strategic compensation studies, competency-based pay systems, performance-based reward
systems, improving benefits and attention to work life balance issues will help create an
environment in which state employees can be successful and engaged in serving North
Carolinas citizens.




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Recommendations made from data analysis in this report are as follows:

The Office of State Personnel should be charged with implementing a fully funded and
unified compensation system across state government. (p. 7)

In order to ensure market competitiveness, state leaders should charge the Office of State
Personnel (in consultation with the Office of State Budget and Management) with
establishing a process to set priorities and request funding for labor market increases and
salary adjustment funds based on criticality, turnover and market position. OSP and state
agencies should evaluate job-specific turnover in order to identify critical needs. (p. 12)

A fair, equitable and consistently funded mechanism is needed for moving state employees
within their salary grade or band. Employees need a line of sight for career growth and
salary advancement. (p. 7)

Explore new and innovative pay practices and make appropriate modifications to the State
Personnel Act to allow for their use. (p. 7)

Consider the development, implementation and ongoing management of a clear and
comprehensive performance management system. Provide an allocation to each agency
and university to use to reward employees based on performance and competencies. This
allocation differs from the traditional career-growth increase and performance bonus. (p. 7)

Consideration should be given to funding future legislative increases based on the
Consumer Price Index (CPI) and/or average market movement in order to keep state
employees salaries in line with overall labor market trends and maintain market
competitiveness. (p. 6)

Support the ongoing funding of the Office of State Personnels Human Capital Management
System, Learning Management System (LMS) component. (p. 13)

Support the Office of State Personnels development of an intern program with the
community college and university systems that would offer the opportunity to supplement
workforce needs while exposing students to state government operations. (p. 11)

Support converting the State Health Plan Year from J uly 1 - J une 30 to J anuary 1 -
December 31, so that SPA employees can better plan their out-of-pocket expenses and
strategies for NC Flex contributions and other benefit programs. (p. 16)

Research coordination of post-tax supplemental benefits and consolidate all supplemental
benefit plan offerings in a menu approach for portability and cost savings. A consolidation
would allow employees to see all benefits offerings in one place and select plan products
that meet their needs. (p. 17)

Move to a schedule where twelve paid holidays are granted consistently every year. (p. 15)


NOTE: To accomplish and support many of these recommendations, modifications to
the State Personnel Act (GS 126) will be required.

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II. INTRODUCTION

This report conveys economic and pay trends, findings and data derived from compensation
and benefits surveys that the Office of State Personnel regularly analyzes to determine
whether or not salary ranges, rates and average salaries for state classifications and benefits
for employees are competitive in the labor market. The report summarizes key findings and
comparative data showing the relationship of the states wages and compensation programs to
those of competitors in both the private and public sectors, as well as in relation to talent
management trends both nationally and internationally. It also presents findings and survey
results showing North Carolinas rank in relation to that of other southeastern states and the
nation in providing competitive total compensation programs for state employees.

North Carolinas Pay Philosophy

The State Personnel Act, G.S. 126, states "It is the policy of the State to compensate its
employees at a level sufficient to encourage excellence of performance and to maintain the
labor market competitiveness necessary to recruit and retain a competent workforce." This
statutory provision expresses the states philosophy in the development and administration of
compensation policies, rules and practices for all employees subject to the State Personnel
Act.


III. TOTAL COMPENSATION

The concept of Total Compensation is integral to any review or discussion of the states
compensation system. Total compensation measures an employees base salary, benefits
and other perquisites that the employer provides. When comparing compensation with that of
other employers, whether public or private, the focus is on total compensation rather than base
pay. This report includes comparisons of base pay as well as fringe benefits. It is important
for employees to be knowledgeable of the value of their employment in terms of base pay,
benefits, and other pay-related assets. When analyzing compensation surveys, base pay is
often the common denominator in developing a comparative standard by which we can
determine whether or not North Carolina state government compensation is competitive in
various labor markets.

Employee benefits are key ingredients in a total compensation package. A competitive benefits
package is a primary attractor in the recruitment of prospective employees, particularly in
difficult-to-recruit occupations. Benefits are equally critical in the retention of high performing
employees. Benefits as a percentage of average base pay are depicted in the chart below.

Two ways the state communicates this important aspect of employees' compensation to both
current and prospective employees is through the use of a web-based total compensation
calculator and the total compensation statement available through BEACON employee self-
service.






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Total Compensation Model

Table 1: BENEFITS AS AN PERCENTAGE OF AVERAGE SALARY & WAGES
(CALCULATED AS OF 12-31-12)
BENEFIT
CATEGORY
PERCENTAGE OF
AVERAGE SALARY
AVERAGE
VALUE
Holidays (12 days) 4.62% $1,958
Sick Leave (12 days) 4.62% $1,958
Vacation Leave (17 days) 7.69% $3,258
OASI DI [Social Security] 7.65% $3,241
Retirement & Disability
Retirement Systems Pension Fund
8.33%
Death Benefit Trust Fund
0.16%
Retiree Health Plan Reserve
5.30%
Disability Income Plan
0.44%



14.23%



$6,029
Health Insurance 12.25% $5,192
Longevity Pay 1.50% $636
Total Benefit Value 52.56% $22,272
In determining the Percentage of Average Salary, the average state
employees years of service are 11.1 years and average state employee salary
is $42,371. The total benefit value is added to employees' base pay to
determine Total Compensation.
Average Base Pay $42,371
Average Benefit Value $22,272

Average Total
Compensation
$64,643
Sources: Office of State Personnel, State Health Plan, Office of State Budget and Management
and the NC Retirement Systems Division

Once Average Total Compensation is derived, Salary and Benefits can in turn be calculated as
a Percentage of Total Compensation. This allows for comparisons to be made between N.C.s
Average Percentage of Total Compensation and national trends, as seen in Table 2. This
analysis indicates that North Carolinas salary and wages generally do not make up quite as
large a portion of total compensation as is seen nationally, while N.C.s paid time off and
retirement benefits generally outpace national averages when expressed as a percentage of
total compensation. N.C.s portion of total compensation dedicated to health insurance and
social security lags the national average. Note that this analysis generally includes only
annually budgeted compensation items; other variable compensation and benefits such as
overtime pay, workers compensation and unemployment are not included.








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Table 2: SALARY AND BENEFITS AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL COMPENSATION

BENEFIT
CATEGORY
BLS
PERCENTAGE OF
TOTAL
COMPENSATION
2012
N.C. AVERAGE
PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL
COMPENSATION
2012
N.C.
CHANGE
FROM
2011
Salary & Wages 71.3% 66.5% -1.9%
Paid Time Off 7.2% 11.3% -0.3%
Health Insurance 8.8% 8.1% -----
Retirement 4.7% 9.1% +2.4%
OASI-DI (Social Security) 8.1% 5.1% -0.1%
Sources: Office of State Personnel, Office of State Budget and Management and the NC Retirement
Systems Div., U.S. DOL Bureau of Labor Statistics Employer Costs for Employee Compensation
September 2012.


IV. ECONOMIC REVIEW

Wage & Salary Trends

According to salary surveys conducted by national firms engaged in the practice of
compensation planning and consultation, data collected for calendar year 2013 (budgeted)
project base pay increase budgets shown in Table 3. Figures include merit, across-the-board,
and cost-of-living pay increases.

Table 3: PROJECTED & ACTUAL BASE PAY INCREASE BUDGETS
National Firm 2010 Actual 2011 Actual 2012 Actual 2013 Projected
William Mercer 2.3% 2.7% 2.7% 2.9%
Note: The above are projected and actual base pay salary increase percentages of payroll.
Source: Mercer Human Resources Consulting 2012-2013 US Compensation Planning Survey

Projected and actual wage increases have remained fairly stable at the national level for the
best part of the past decade at or about the 4% percent level. However, with worsening
economic conditions, actual wage increases declined dramatically in 2009. They increased
slightly in 2010 and 2011, then held fairly steady, but still are not approaching historical levels.
A study conducted by Mercer Human Resources Consulting, 2012-2013 US Compensation
Planning Survey, revealed that during the calendar year 2012, pay increase budgets stayed
the same as the year before, after a 0.4% increase the previous year.

Analysis of data from a variety of national consulting and business firms places the projected
budgeted average wage increase for 2013 at 2.9%.

In North Carolina, annual salary increases for state employees were less than average market
movement in all but two of the last ten years. Even when factoring in the above-market
legislative increases in 2006 and 2007, salary increases in state government have still
cumulatively trailed average market increases by 7.65% since 2006. A history of legislative
increases and chart comparing legislative increases to average market movement is included
in the appendix of this report.


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Consideration should be given to consistently budgeting funds for year-to-year base
pay increases in order to close these market gaps.

Consumer Price and Employment Cost Indices

In addition to general labor market movement, the increase in the Consumer Price Index-
Urban (CPI-U) for the 12-month period ending in December 2012 was 2.2%. This percentage
measures the average change over a specific period of time in the prices paid by urban
consumers for goods and services. The CPI-U includes all urban consumers that are roughly
87% of the population in the United States. Most pay increases for state employees have
included a cost-of-living component, bit these have never been reflective of CPI.

The cost-of-living portion of annual legislative increases from 2002 to 2012 trails the CPI-U
percentages for the same time period, with the exception of 2006-2008. This differential
reflects that compensation for state employees has historically not kept pace with the
consumer price index. Even when factoring in above-market legislative increases in 2006 and
2007, salary increases in state government have still cumulatively trailed CPI by 7.6% over the
last ten years, effectively decreasing employee buying power. A chart comparing legislative
increases with CPI is included in the appendix of this report.

Compensation Trends

A troubled economy, volatile job market, and rapidly aging workforce are challenging
organizations to focus on creative ways of attracting and retaining key talent. Attraction and
retention of talent will become more important as labor markets become increasingly
competitive. J ob families continuing to demand attention include Health Care, Information
Technology, Accounting & Finance, Engineering and certain skilled trades.

One way to strengthen the states compensation program is to incorporate occupation-specific
pay programs, pay incentive programs and similar innovations to provide the state necessary
tools to compete in an increasingly tight labor market for critical skills. Career-banding has
allowed for some compensation flexibility for certain jobs. In 2008 Career-banding was
extended to the Accounting, Engineering, Nursing and Library job families statewide, and was
also implemented throughout the university system.

Table 5 outlines a number of compensation options that are becoming more prevalent among
private and public sector organizations. Usage has generally increased slightly over the past
few years.

Signing bonuses are paid to certain hard-to-hire positions as in incentive to accept a
position. For example, according to the 2012-2013 Mercer Compensation Planning
Study, this is a very commonplace recruitment tool for Information Technology and
Engineering jobs (note that all of these tools experienced a decline in use in 2009/2010
but are increasing again now).
More aggressive pay increases are aimed at employees whose skills are critical and
retaining them is crucial. This is an especially effective tool for use in retaining an
organizations top talent.
Project milestone awards are provided at key interim completion points of a project
while spot cash awards are given to reward a specific project or piece of work

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successfully completed. These are considered to be highly effective and much more
affordable than base pay increases for performance.

Table 4 ATTRACTING AND MAINTAINING EMPLOYEES

Functional Area


Signing
Bonuses
More
Aggressive
Pay
Increases
Project
Milestone
Awards
Spot
Cash
Awards
Information Technology 63% 45% 63% 76%
Engineering 55% 47% 46% 65%
Finance & Administration 46% 21% 31% 76%
Human Resources 36% 9% 27% 74%
Customer Service 20% 8% 24% 72%
Source: William M. Mercer 2012-2013 US Compensation Planning Survey

Currently, the State Personnel Act prohibits such modern-day pay programs as monetary
incentive awards. Pay increases are determined by the Legislature. Organizations continue to
look to variable pay as they struggle to afford and sustain compensation levels. Additional
flexibility in this area will help the state to remain competitive. An allocation should be
provided to each agency and university to use to reward employees based on
performance and competencies. Bonus pay as a performance reward even small amounts
for milestone achievements -- is widely utilized in the modern workplace and is considered
more effective than across-the-board base pay increases. However, implementing programs
like this for N.C. state government would require strong support from the legislature.

The State Personnel Act needs to be modified to allow for innovative pay practices to
occur, and the Office of State Personnel should be charged with fully implementing
compensation systems across state government.

Recruitment & Retention

Many factors affect the capacity of an organization to recruit and retain a competent and
qualified workforce. Given the organizational and occupational diversity of North Carolina's
state government, there is no one size fits all solution to the myriad recruitment and retention
issues facing its managers. Generally speaking, the states principle concerns include citizens
expectations that state government will protect their health and safety; provide affordable and
accessible education; maintain the quality and integrity of the states environment; offer diverse
programs and services for cultural enrichment; and ensure a viable, safe infrastructure and
transportation system. The state must meet these expectations and comply with legislative
mandates for services to citizens.

A significant improvement for state government recruitment occurred when the State of North
Carolina launched the Enterprise e-Recruit system on J anuary 9
th
2012. The State was
successful in moving from a resource intensive application process to an automated process
that significantly increased efficiencies and produced a better overall customer experience.
The system has been fully implemented by all Cabinet and Council of State Agencies and
supports the full recruitment lifecycle. On J anuary 23
rd
2013 the State of North Carolina
reached a milestone in exceeding 1,000,000 job applications received since launch, greatly
affirming the ease of use for our applicants and stability of the system.


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A key challenge to the state and employers in general is the silver tsunami expected to occur
as the baby boomer generation ages out of the workforce. It is anticipated that in the next ten
to twenty years this will mean a tremendous and potentially crippling loss of organizational
knowledge as senior employees leave the workforce at an accelerated pace. An analysis of
this anticipated trend is included in the Turnover Rates section of this report

In a report from the Society of Human Resources Management (SHRM), two North Carolina
metropolitan areas were in the top 20 for highest projected job growth in the decade from 2003
to 2013 (Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte at numbers 9 and 12, respectively), elevating
competition for qualified employees. A joint SHRM/CNNfn (Cable News Network-Financial
Network) J ob Benefits Survey Report indicates the top five benefits most important to overall
employee job satisfaction are health care/medical benefits, paid time off, retirement benefits
(e.g., defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans, such as 401(k)), dental insurance
and a prescription drug plan.


V. BASE PAY - LABOR MARKET ANALYSIS

Methodology

Public and private sector organizations rely upon salary surveys to ensure that they are
making informed decisions about employee compensation in terms of cost-effectiveness,
recruitment and retention. Sound compensation practices ultimately result in a workforce
comprised of competent, skilled employees across multiple occupational areas. Their
collective knowledge, skills and abilities directly relate to the accomplishment of the
organizations mission and vision. Salary surveys are therefore critical in pricing jobs,
diagnosing compensation problems, determining wage parity with market competitors, and in
monitoring internal pay equity. Survey data is also essential to organizations in terms of
analyzing pay trends, identifying effective pay practices, and establishing a systematic method
for setting competitive pay ranges for job classes. This report on North Carolinas
compensation practices conforms to these purposes for conducting salary and benefits
surveys.

The methodology for analyzing data and identifying pay trends is equally important. The
information presented in this report derives from multiple national and local surveys, and it
reflects benchmark classes that were deliberately selected to represent each of the twelve
occupational groups in the states pay plan. The survey sample included 54 benchmark
classes a cross-section spanning ten major job families -- that represent more than 1/3 of all
employees subject to the State Personnel Act. After identifying the benchmark classes,
appropriate labor markets were determined. This and other data can be found in the appendix.

Market data was collected from the following published sources:

William Mercer Human Resource Consulting 2012-2013 US Compensation
Planning Survey A Study of Pay Increases, Incentive Compensation, and
Emerging Practices. More than 1,500 organizations provided data for the 2012-2013
US Compensation Planning Survey, representing pay practices of more than 12 million
workers.


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Capital Associated Industries 2012 North Carolina Wage & Salary Survey
Wage and salary information from designated areas in North Carolina, with pacesetter
organizations (600 or more employees) in an area including Wake, Durham, Orange
and Alamance counties. Survey provides area-to-area compensation rates.

League of Municipalities Survey 2011 - A compilation of salary data for specific
municipal jobs located throughout the state.

MAPS Group for the Institute of Government County Salaries in North Carolina
2012 - Salaries and wage profiles by position and information about fringe benefits
offered by North Carolina counties.

World at Work - Salary Budget Survey 3,272 member responses to a survey
presented in both industry and sub-industry and regional categories identifying trends,
structures and average salaries broken out in FLSA employment categories (non-
exempt hourly non-union, non-exempt salaried, exempt salaried and
officers/executives).

National Compensation Association of State Governments Survey 2012; salary
and benefits survey information compiled from 41 states.

Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) 2006 Workplace Forecast A
Strategic Outlook Information based on a survey of human resource professionals
and their views on the key issues in demographics, employment, international affairs,
politics, society and science and technology that will have the greatest impact on the
workplace in the next decade.

National Association of Colleges and Employers Salary Survey 2012 NACE
compiles data from career planning and placement offices of colleges and universities
across the US. This report consists of starting salary offers made to new graduates by
employing organizations in business, industry, and government and by nonprofit and
educational institutes.

Compdata Surveys Compensation Data 2012 Carolinas Pay and Benefits
Survey Results survey analysis, pay practices and benefit practices for 284 non-
profit organizations in North and South Carolina.

Professional survey methodology standards were used to collect and analyze available salary
survey data or to conduct surveys to gather pertinent market information. Survey methodology
recognizes the following concepts that have been defined for informational purposes:

Labor Market Rate is the average rate of pay that competitors have reported through
surveying in a classification similar to that found in state government.

Labor Market Pay Gap is the relationship expressed in percentage terms between the
states average salary for a benchmark class and the average wage reported for a relevant
labor market for that class.


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Turnover Rate is a percentage reflecting all separations from employment for both
voluntary and involuntary reasons compared to the total number of employees over a span
of 1 year.

Vacancy Rate is the percent of positions by classification that are vacant among the
total number of positions covered by the State Personnel Act for any specific period of
time.

Market Analysis

Average Salary Overall Comparison

For 2012, an analysis of salary survey data for the benchmark classes indicates state
employees salaries overall trail their equivalent labor market by 2.7%. This was a 0.3%
increase over the last analysis conducted for the year 2011, and is still generally considered to
be an overall favorable competitive position for the state. Table 5 shows the average annual
salary comparison between North Carolinas benchmark class titles and the composite market
averages for the past six years (2012 report excluded). The percent difference should not be
directly compared year-to-year because the labor market information available, classes
sampled and the total number of classes for each year usually varies slightly.

Table 5: OVERALL MARKET COMPARISON
Year of Report North Carolina Pay Market Pay % NC Trails Market
2013 49,399 50,732 -2.67%
2012 not reported not reported not reported
2011 48,926* 50,402** -3.02%
2010 48,384* 49,127** -1.21%
2009 48,711* 51,081** -4.43%
2008 47,722* 49,660** -4.06%
2007 45,597* 46,483** -1.94%
2006 43,215* 46,543** - 7.70 %
2005 41,787* 46,035** -10.2 %
*Average annual salary for NC Benchmark classes only
**Composite market average for NC Benchmark survey comparisons (North Carolina and/or Southeast Regional job markets)

Survey Findings for Selected Benchmark Classes

Market data collected for the fifty-four (54) benchmark classes -- representing approximately
35% of the states workforce -- in this report were analyzed by staff in the Office of State
Personnel and indicate that the 2012 average wage for 15 of the 54 (28%) classes trailed the
market by at least 5% and 9 of the 54 (17%) trailed by at least 10% (compared to 39% and
22%, respectively, in 2010). This indicates a slight increase in North Carolinas overall
competitive pay position. However, there are still significant pay gaps with certain types of
jobs. Table 6 lists selected classes that trail the market as shown under Market Pay Gap.
Data indicating turnover and vacancy rates for the period ending J une 30, 2010 also have
been included to give a more complete view of potential recruitment and retention issues for
these classes. It is evident from the data that North Carolina was reasonably competitive in
2010 for many of the benchmark classes. See the Market Data Appendix for a complete list of
benchmark classes surveyed including turnover and vacancy rates.


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Average salaries and market averages are subject to constant change and influence, including
the influence of any across-the-board legislative increase. Therefore, in years where they are
granted, any legislative increase must be considered before market-based salary adjustment
recommendations can be made.

Table 6: SELECTED BENCHMARK CLASSES

Class Title

NC
Average

Market
Rate

Market
Pay Gap

# Incumbents

Turnover
Rate
Auditor 53,871 65,810 -22.2%
517
9.1%
Info & Communications Spec II 46,331 53,720 -15.9%
52
9.6%
Electrician II 38,933 42,135 -8.2%
55
13.0%
Engineer 64,280 70,864 -10.2%
1513
7.0%
Occupational Therapist I 65,859 68,585 -4.1%
26
16.7%
Professional Nurse 54,060 50,964 +5.7%
1376
20.7%
Social Worker III (MSW) 42,997 51,695 -20.2%
129
8.3%
Source: PMIS and BEACON
Note: The State's average turnover rate for all occupations in fiscal year 2011-2012 was determined to be 11.1%

New Graduates Starting Pay

The State must compete with private companies and local governments for qualified
candidates to fill vacancies. One measure of the States ability to compete in the labor
market is the ability to offer competitive starting salaries for college graduates that are
being recruited and hired by competitors. The Office of State Personnel must continue
to evaluate new graduate hiring rates in order to attract new college graduates.

It is critical that the state attract and retain high quality younger employees to its
workforce. With national trends showing a wave of retirements about to occur, younger
employees will be more sought after in coming years than ever before. See analysis of
turnover among 18-25 year old employees in the following section.

One way to address this critical issue is through establishment and maintenance
of an intern and co-operative education program. The Office of State Personnel is
currently exploring development of an intern program with the community college
and university systems that would offer the opportunity to supplement workforce
needs while exposing students to state government operations.

Use of Salary Adjustment Funding

One tool that has helped keep salaries competitive in the past is the Salary Adjustment
Fund. The Salary Adjustment Fund is used to increase salaries in occupational fields,
such as those listed in Table 6, where some salaries are significantly below the market
and turnover is trending up. The primary funding mechanism, transferring legislative
increase funds remaining after employees receive their legislative increase, is often
inadequate to address occupational areas where salaries are below the market. Due to
economic instability, no Salary Adjustment Fund moneys were allocated in each of the
past five years. In 2007, $17.6 million was allocated to the SAF for agency and
university requests totaling $24.4 million. Total needs were considerably higher in

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2007, and increased in 2008. Projected retirements are expected to create significant
vacancies in many occupational areas in the States workforce over the coming years,
including those that are critical to the delivery of services to citizens. The recent budget
situation makes the use of these funds for labor market revisions impracticable.
However, many agencies may still face difficulty in filling critical vacancies without
sufficient funds to maintain competitive recruitment.

In order to ensure market competitiveness, state leaders should charge the Office
of State Personnel (in consultation with the Office of State Budget and
Management) with establishing a process to set priorities and request funding for
labor market increases and salary adjustment funds based on criticality, turnover
and market position. OSP and state agencies should evaluate job-specific
turnover in order to identify critical needs.

Additional Analysis

Turnover Rates and Cost
Turnover rates vary among industries, organizations, geographic locations,
departments, occupations, and by employee characteristics such as age, education,
and organizational tenure. For example, younger, newer, unskilled, and blue-collar
employees tend to have higher turnover rates than their contrasting groups. For this
reason, turnover should be calculated for various categories of interest, as well as for
the organization as a whole. For example, an organization may not have a severe
organization-wide turnover rate, but may have a severe departmental turnover rate or a
high professional employee turnover rate, which requires appropriate action to alleviate.
Source: Society for Human Resources Management (SHRM)
The cost to an organization for each position turnover has been estimated by experts at
anywhere from 50% to 250% of the departing employees annual salary depending on
the type of position being filled and the performance level of the departing employee.
The Human Capital Institute places the average value of turnover at 150%. Turnover of
top performers may be valued at an exponentially higher rate. There are many factors
included in estimating the cost of turnover. Some obvious costs include advertising the
vacancy; salaries of employment screening panels; and managers time spent
interviewing candidates. Other costs are not so easily quantified such as lost
productivity particularly during the time that a position is left vacant during recruitment
-- or lost knowledge from the organization. Other costs include required onboarding,
training, and higher rates of mistakes made by new hires. The high cost of turnover
presents a clear argument for agencies and universities to engage in rigorous workforce
and succession planning.

Turnover is a measure of employee separations from an agency or university most often
expressed as turnover rate. Two types of turnover are tracked: Total Turnover and
Voluntary Turnover. Total turnover includes all separations for any reason. The total
turnover rate is calculated by dividing the number of separations by the total number of
employees at the beginning of a fiscal year. Voluntary turnover includes separations for
reasons that the employee has control of such as resigning to take a job with another
employer. Voluntary turnover rate is calculated by dividing the number of voluntary
separations by the total number of employees at the beginning of the fiscal year.


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Statewide turnover is simply a marker by which to compare job-specific turnover. The
Office of State Personnel should work with agencies and universities to evaluate job-
specific turnover and the reasons behind it, which may or may not relate to pay.

Table 7: FIVE YEARS OF TURNOVER RATES STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
FY 2007-2008 FY 2008-2009 FY 2009-2010 FY 2010-2011 FY 2011-2012
Voluntary T/O 8.6% * 5.6% * 5.6% * 5.8%* 5.0%*
Retirement T/O 2.2% * 1.8% * 2.2% * 2.6%* 3.0%
Involuntary T/O 1.5% * 2.6% * 2.4% * 1.9%* 3.1%*
Total T/O 12.3% * 9.9% * 10.2% * 10.3% 11.1%
* NOTE: The continued transitioning of positions and employees from PMIS to the BEACON system in 2007 and
2008, along with the transitioning of many positions and employees to Career-banding make the 2007-2009
data potentially questionable. Retirement turnover is also questionable for 2007-2012 because of inconsistent
reporting in BEACON and the University Systems HR Datamart. However, data appear to be relatively consistent
with past years and economic trends.

In FY 2011-2012, the State had a 5.0% voluntary turnover rate. Using the HCI turnover value
of 150% cost of turnover, the cost to the state would be more than $282 million (5.0% of state
88,837 employees is approximately 4,442, multiplied by average state salary $42,371,
multiplied by 150%). Because the cost of replacing human capital is so high, this underscores
the need to closely monitor turnover, strive for competitive salaries, and maintain a positive
work environment with high employee engagement levels. Simply put, uncompetitive salaries,
poor working conditions and the low employee engagement that can come along with those
conditions exacerbate turnover and needlessly cost the state hundreds of millions of dollars.

While the costs of turnover are astonishing, solutions do not have to be. The Corporate
Leadership Council (CLC) has conducted extensive research to put a value on the factors that
drive employee attraction and retention. While compensation is a key to employee
commitment to an organization, it is important to note that the CLC cites development
opportunities, future career opportunities and high quality management (among several others)
as far more critical retention factors than pay. According to the Human Capital Institute (HCI),
40% of employees leave jobs because of managers. HCI also reports that 90% of managers
say retention is about money, while 90% of employees say it is not. Coaching, feedback,
growth, challenge and relationships are all more important factors. Turnover cannot be
eliminated and in fact turnover of employees who are not considered a right fit can
ultimately provide cost-saving opportunities for organizations. But where retention is
considered critical, it is important to pay attention to factors other than compensation. Support
and funding for the states human capital management system will go a long way
towards recognizing the high value employees place on their professional development.

While the retirement rate has remained relatively steady in recent years, it is widely recognized
that the baby boomer generation will be leaving the workforce at a more accelerated rate in
the next 3 to 10 years. This is especially critical in light of the fact that the state consistently
has trouble attracting and retaining younger employees entering the workforce.

Turnover among 18-25 year olds has generally outpaced overall state employee turnover until
FY 2011-2012. Meanwhile, the average age of N.C. state employees has generally increased
over the past two decades though holding steady at around 45-46 for the past few years --
further illustrating the impending aging workforce issues.


14
Charts showing turnover and workforce age trends are included in the appendix of this report.


VI. BENEFITS ANALYSIS

Paid Time Off Analysis

Paid time off referred to here is employees time off for which they continue to receive pay.
Categories of Paid Time Off include Vacation Leave, Sick Leave, and Holiday pay. The
contiguous states of South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia report similar responses to the
figure shown for the southeastern states, and so, were not reflected separately.

Vacation

When last surveyed in 2009, southeastern states average 13.77 days of vacation leave
based on 1-5 years of service. Similar to North Carolina the average accrual rate
progressively increases to reflect the concurrent increases in years of service.

Table 8: VACATION LEAVE

Years of State Service

North
Carolina

SE States

Differential in
Days
0 but less than 5 years 14.00 13.77 Negligible
5 but less than 10 years 17.00 16.81 Negligible
10 but less than 15 years 20.00 19.92 Negligible
15 but less than 20 years 23.00 22.27 +0.73
20 but less than 25 years 26.00 24.00 +2.00
25 years or greater 26.00 24.40 +1.60
2009 Southeastern States Benefits and Pay Practices Survey (last date of publication)

Sick Leave

Southeastern states grant an average of 13.77 days per year sick leave for employees
with up to 3 years of service. North Carolina is below the average for all southeastern
states at 12 days per year of employee sick leave.

Table 9: SICK LEAVE
Sick Leave North Carolina SE States Differential
Accrual 12 Days 13.77 Days -1.77 Days
2009 Southeastern States Benefits and Pay Practices Survey (last date of publication)

Holidays
North Carolina is competitive with the other southeastern states in recognized holidays.
The total average for all southeastern states in the survey was 11.39 holidays. That is
slightly greater than the 11 holidays normally granted state employees in North Carolina
(note that the NC number varies year to year depending on whether 2 or 3 holiday days
are granted around Christmas).




15
Table 10: HOLIDAYS
Holiday Leave North Carolina Southeastern
States
Days per Year 11 or 12 11.58
2009 Southeastern States Benefits and Pay Practices Survey (last date of publication)

It is recommended that the State Personnel Act be revised to allow for 12 paid
holidays every year in order to increase competitiveness with the southeastern
states and standardize the allotment.

Health Insurance

The information below is used to compare North Carolinas current standard PPO plan to other
organizations.

Comparison to Southeastern States

10 of 14 southeastern states subsidize their employees' dependent care coverage.
Only North Carolina, Alabama, Kentucky and Mississippi do not subsidize dependent
care coverage. Amounts subsidized varied greatly by state and type of health plan
employees selected. North Carolina contributes $411 per month for Employee Only
coverage but zero additional allowance is made for Dependent (Family) coverage.

Table 11: SURVEY OF HEALTH INSURANCE
COVERAGE FOR DEPENDENT CARE
AND CHOICE OF PLAN
Survey Participants Percent that Subsidizes
Dependent Coverage

Southeastern States


71%
Source: 2009 Southeastern States Benefits and Pay Practices Survey
(last date of publication)

Comparison to Local Government Practices

In surveys, local governments report on choice of health plan, deductibles and
employee and agency cost. The comparative results suggest that N.C. compares
favorably in normal deductible and co-pay amounts but unfavorably in average annual
premium amounts paid by the employee and employer, lagging N.C. counties and
municipalities by 33-35%.











16
Table 12: SURVEY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS HEALTH INSURANCE PRACTICES


Type of
Agency
Normal
Deductible
(if flat $
amount
reported)
Normal
Co-pay
(if flat $
amount
reported)
Average
Annual
Amount
Employee
Pays
Average
Annual
Amount
Agency
Pays
Municipalities $1,114 no data $159 $6,583
Counties $814 $23 $165 $6,147
State of North
Carolina
$700 $30 $259 $4,931
The above information applies to employee only coverage; NC data applies to the standard PPO plan.
Source: North Carolina League of Municipalities 2010 Survey of Municipal Fringe Benefits (biannual report) and
County Salaries in North Carolina 2011

Statewide Flexible Benefits Program (NC Flex)

The NC Flex program is administered by the Office of State Personnel. Currently there are
over 249,000 pre-tax Flex options elected for use by participants from the agencies,
universities, and community colleges. Employees select benefits and enroll in the program
on a calendar year basis through BEACON and NCFlexonline web enrollment systems
(a process that would be aided by the State Health Plan operating its enrollment on a
calendar year basis). Claims for reimbursement are also web-based.

The State's Flexible Benefits Program now includes the following pre-tax plans:

Health Care Flexible Spending Account allows for a pre-tax payroll deduction to place
money in an account to pay for eligible health and dental care expenses not covered by
insurance (note: employees may opt to use a Debit Convenience Card for eligible
Spending Account expenses)
Dependent Day Care Flexible Spending Account allows for a pre-tax payroll deduction
to place money in an account to pay for day care expenses.
Dental Plan has two options available, High Option and Low Option. Depending on the
plan chosen, these options cover expenses for preventive, basic, major, and
orthodontia.
Vision Care Plan has three options, Plan 1, Plan 2 and Plan 3. Depending on the plan
option chosen, these plans cover eye exams and materials such as eyeglass lenses,
frames, and contact lenses. Plan 3 offers enhanced exam and materials benefits.
Voluntary Accidental Death & Dismemberment Insurance pays a benefit if a loss is
suffered as the result of a covered accident, as well as a disabling injury. Starting in
2009, $10,000 of core AD&D coverage was provided at no cost to employees.
Voluntary Group Term Life Insurance provides new employees the option to purchase
up to $100,000 of term life insurance without providing evidence of insurability, when
first eligible. Employees may elect coverage in increments of $10,000, with a minimum
of $20,000 and a maximum of $500,000, not to exceed five times the base annual
earnings.
Cancer Insurance offers two plan options, High Option and Low Option, depending on
the desired coverage and benefit paid. This plan also provides benefits for 29 other
specified diseases, such as Muscular Dystrophy, Multiple Sclerosis, Tuberculosis,
Sickle Cell Anemia and Cystic Fibrosis. Upon initial enrollment for new hires, no

17
evidence of insurability is required. In 2011, a new Wellness Screening option was
added to premium and high options.
Critical Illness coverage provides optional benefit coverage for certain cancer, heart-
related and other serious health conditions.

Post-tax supplemental insurance products are currently administered by each agencys
Employee Insurance Committee. The efficiency and effectiveness of providing these
benefit options should be reviewed.

Retirement

The percent factor used by southeastern states to calculate retirement benefits ranges from
1.6% to 2.5% times Average Final Compensation. North Carolina's factor used to calculate
pension benefits is 1.82%. Six southeastern states (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Oklahoma and West Virginia) have a factor that is higher than North Carolinas.

In North Carolina, the 2012-2013 employer contribution on behalf of employees in the
Teachers & State Employees Retirement System (TSERS) is 14.23%. This includes
contributions to the retirement systems pension fund, death benefit trust fund, retiree health
plan reserve and disability income plan. The states contribution to the pension fund only is
currently 8.33%.

Supplemental Retirement Programs

Besides the traditional retirement program, the State offers voluntary supplemental retirement
programs (a 401(k) plan, a 457(b) plan and a 403(b) plan.) North Carolina does not match
employee contributions. According to Mercer Consulting, 78% of public and private
organizations offer an employer match that averages 4% of an employees pay. The key driver
in determining the value of a Deferred Contribution plan is the amount of an employers
contributions.

The following are the results reported for North Carolina County governments. A review of the
past three years reveal that more than half of North Carolinas 100 counties have consistently
made matching 401(k) contributions . In 2011, 51% of 86 reporting counties offered an
employer match or contribution averaging 1.9%. North Carolina State Government provides
no contribution to 401(k) except for law enforcement employees. The State of North Carolina
is not competitive in this area by not offering a match.

Table 13: FIVE-YEAR COMPARISON OF COUNTY GOVERNMENT 401(K) PLANS

Program
Plan
Counties
Contributing
to 401(k)
Programs
2007*
Counties
Contributing
to 401(k)
Programs
2008*
Counties
Contributing
to 401(k)
Programs
2009*
Counties
Contributing
to 401(k)
Programs
2010*
Counties
Contributing
to 401(k)
Programs
2011*
NC County
401(k)
Contributions

67%

62%

72%

63%

51%
Source: County Survey 2011 (MAPS Group) *only counties reporting data were used in calculation


18
About 85% of municipalities have 401(k) programs. Of these, 78% make a contribution to the
program. For those counties contributing to 401(k) programs, the average contribution is 4.3%
of salary. The most common contribution for both counties and municipalities is 5%.
Source: North Carolina League of Municipalities 2010 Survey of Municipal Fringe Benefits (biannual report), County Survey
2011 (MAPS Group)

Half (50%) of the southeastern states provide a match to either their 457(b) Deferred
Compensation plan or 401(k) supplemental retirement programs.

Table 12: NUMBER OF SOUTHEASTERN STATES CONTRIBUTING
FOR EMPLOYEES

Program Plan
# of States
that contribute
457(b) Deferred
Compensation
5
401(k) Supplemental
Retirement
2
Both 457(b) and 401(k) 0
2009 Southeastern States Benefits and Pay Practices Survey (last date of publication)
































19

























History of Legislative Increases
1992-2012
NC Pay comparison to CPI and
Average Market Movement
Turnover and aging trends
NC Pay Comparison to Southeast
States and Local Governments
List of Benchmark Classes
and Labor Market Analysis



20














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21
History of Legislative Increases 1992-2012



Year

Cost-of-Living
Increase

Career Growth
Increase

Bonus/Other
1992 $522 0 0
1993 2% 0 1% bonus
1994 4% 0 1% bonus
1995 2% 0 0
1996 2.5% 2% 0
1997 2% 2% 0
1998 1% 2% 1% performance bonus
1999 1% 2% $125 performance bonus
2000 2.2% 2% $500 bonus
2001 $625 0 0
2002 0 0 10 days bonus leave

2003

0

0
$550 bonus plus
10 days bonus leave

2004
2.5% for salaries over
$40K; or $1000 / yr for
salaries under $40K



0



0
2005 the greater of $850 or
2.0%
0 5 days bonus leave
2006 5.5% 0 0
2007 4.0% 0 0
2008 the greater of $1100 or
2.75%
0 0
2009 0 0 0
2010 0 0 0
2011 0 0 0
2012 1.2% 0 5 days special leave















22
NC Legislative Increases compared to actual average market movement
2002-2012 and projected average market movement for 2013
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
Legislative Increase Average Market Increase

Source: William Mercer, Incorporated
*2.5% for employees with salaries over $40K; $1000 increase for employees with salaries below $40K during 2004.
**The greater of $850 or 2% for 2005, plus 5 days bonus leave.
***The greater of $1100 or 2.75% for 2008

Comparison of CPI with Legislative Increases (COLA only) 2002-2012


Sources: US Department of Labor/Bureau of Labor Statistics and the N.C. Office of State Personnel
*2.5% for employees with salaries over $40K; $1000 increase for employees with salaries below $40K during 2004.
**The greater of $850 or 2% for 2005, plus 5 days bonus vacation.
***The greater of $1100 or 2.75% for 2008
****CPI 2.2% as of end of October 2012
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2002 2003 2004* 2005** 2006 2007 2008*** 2009 2010 2011 2012****
Legislative Increase CPI

23
FY 07-08 FY 08-09 FY 09-10 FY 10-11 FY 11-12
voluntary 8.60%
5.59% 5.60%
5.80% 5.00%
retirement 2.20%
1.77% 2.20%
2.60% 3.00%
involuntary 1.50%
2.55% 2.40%
1.90% 3.10%
total 12.30% 9.91% 10.20% 10.30% 11.10%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
FY 07-08 FY 08-09 FY 09-10 FY 10-11 FY 11-12
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r

r
a
t
e
fi l
Five Years of Turnover Rates
voluntary
retirement
involuntary
total

Source: PMIS, University HR Datamart and BEACON


source: PMIS, University HR Datamart and BEACON


source: PMIS, University HR Data Mart and BEACON


24

NC Pay comparison to Southeastern States

Historically North Carolina has generally led Georgia, South Carolina and Tennessee in pay,
and trailed Virginia slightly (see Tables 9-12). Compared to 2010, North Carolinas pay position
in relation to these other states has deteriorated by anywhere from 3.4% (Georgia) to 19.7%
(South Carolina).

COMPARISON TO GEORGIA (CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES ONLY)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Georgia 40,297 40,297 36,920 unavailable 38,698
North Carolina 41,646 41,804 41,714 42,371
NC Differential +3.2% +3.7% +12.9% +9.5%

COMPARISON TO SOUTH CAROLINA (CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES ONLY)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
South Carolina 35,911 36,906 32,273
unavailable
38,672
North Carolina 41,646 41,804 41,714 42,371
NC Differential +13.8% +13.3% +29.3% +9.6%

COMPARISON TO TENNESSEE (CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES ONLY)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Tennessee 36,188 35,945 38,443 unavailable 40,549
North Carolina 41,646 41,804 41,714 42,371
NC Differential +13.1% +16.3% +8.5% +4.5%

COMPARISON TO VIRGINIA (CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES ONLY)
2008 2009 2010 2011
Virginia 42,937 42,953 41,941 unavailable 44,149
North Carolina 41,646 41,804 41,714 42,371
NC Differential -3.1% -2.7% -0.5% -4.2%
NOTE: Virginia average includes the Washington, D.C. metro area, where employees receive
generally higher pay than in other parts of the state.

Source: PMIS, BEACON, University HR DataMart and survey of contiguous states 2013















25
Benchmark Classes
Labor Market Data Summary



Class Titles
North
Carolina
Salary
Composi
te
Market
Rate
Labor
Market
Pay Gap
Turnover
Rate *
(FY 11-12)

EEs
(12/2012)
Administrative & Managerial

Accountant (banded)
57,962 48,568 +16.2% 6.4% 643
Accounting Manager (banded)
81,561 80,691 +1.1% 2.4% 73
Accounting Technician (banded)
39,257 37,048 +5.6% 5.6% 919
Administrative Secretary III
38,671 36,641 +5.2% 7.0% 123
Admin Support Assoc (banded)
32,063 32,446 -1.2% 8.4% 2576
Attorney III
86,583 89,190 -3.0% 5.9% 126
Attorney (banded)
103,146 89,190 +13.5% 3.4% 28
Executive Assistant I
43,750 48,561 -11.0% 7.9% 39
Auditor (banded)
53,871 65,810 -22.2% 9.1% 517
Office Assistant IV
32,471 32,446 +0.1% 7.3% 964
Paralegal II
43,032 49,174 -14.3% 5.0% 50
Personnel Analyst II
57,192 54,772 +4.2% 10.0% 56
Engineering & Architecture

Engineer (banded)
64,280 70,864 -10.2% 7.0% 1513
Human Services

Social Worker II (BSW)
39,962 41,986 -5.1% 3.7% 27
Social Worker III (MSW)
42,997 51,695 -20.2% 8.3% 129
Rehabilitation Counselor I
39,395 37,226 +5.5% 18.6% 204
Information & Education

Artist Illustrator II
39,452 43,567 -10.4% 6.1% 33
Information and Communication
Spec II 46,331 53,720 -15.9% 9.6% 52
Library Professional (banded)
48,917 44,401 +9.2% 9.1% 33
Public Health Educator II
40,237 33,869 +15.8% 100.0% 2
Information Technology

Business & Technology
Applications Analyst (banded) 69,616 59,947 +13.9% 8.5% 966
Information Technology Manager
(banded) 94,579 95,785 -1.3% 13.8% 263
Networking Tech (banded)
48,962 51,023 -4.2% 8.9% 115
Operations & Systems Specialist
(banded) 86,973 77,428 +11.0% 12.8% 329
Operations & Systems Technician
(banded) 42,795 39,977 +6.6% 1.6% 102

26


Class Titles
North
Carolina
Salary
Composi
te
Market
Rate
Labor
Market
Pay Gap
Turnover
Rate *
(FY 11-12)

EEs
(12/2012)
Institutional Services

Building & Environmental
Services Tech (banded) 24,970 23,186 +7.1% 16.4% 2366
Cook II
26,624 26,420 +0.8% 12.0% 142
Food Service Tech (banded)
24,705 26,420 -6.9% 16.7% 119
Housekeeper
24,018 23,186 +3.5% 8.1% 442
Law Enforcement & Public Safety

Correctional Officer
29,633 30,426 -2.7% 17.0% 9382
Public Safety Officer (banded)
36,843 37,912 -2.9% 2.4% 378
SBI Agent II
45,770 51,188 -11.8% 5.9% 22
Security Guard
26,172 27,099 -3.5% 10.3% 104
Medical & Health

Clinical Dietitian I
44,723 50,790 -13.6% 16.2% 38
Health Care Tech I
25,960 25,854 +0.4% 14.9% 3506
Medical Laboratory Technologist
II 45,277 40,828 +9.8% 5.7% 52
Nurse Supervisor (banded)
66,521 63,157 +5.1% 11.5% 274
Occupational Therapist I
65,859 68,585 -4.1% 16.7% 26
Pharmacist (banded)
100,386 98,399 +2.0% 9.0% 130
Physical Therapist I
70,716 73,283 -3.6% 0.0% 6
Physician Extender I
76,176 81,908 -7.5% 0.0% 3
Licensed Practical Nurse (banded)
39,510 39,497 0.0% 17.3% 603
Professional Nurse (banded)
54,060 50,964 +5.7% 20.7% 1376
Speech & Language Pathologist I
58,837 57,740 +1.9% 14.3% 50
Natural Resources & Scientific

Chemist II
51,425 50,485 +1.8% 3.8% 30
Forester I
41,226 39,183 +5.0% 4.6% 32
Park Superintendent (Law
Enforcement Supv - banded) 48,023 47,213 +1.7% 4.9% 40
Operations & Trades

Electrician II
38,933 42,135 -8.2% 13.0% 55
Facility Maintenance Technician
Mechanical (banded) 39,350 38,404 +2.4% 8.8% 867
HVAC Mechanic
40,494 40,803 -0.8% 13.1% 92
Maintenance Mechanic IV
38,678 38,404 +0.7% 13.9% 282
Mechanic II
39,335 41,646 -5.9% 2.4% 82
Vehicle/Equipment Repair
Technician (banded) 38,769 41,646 -7.4% 7.8% 607
Welder II
38,628 36,360 +5.9% 10.0% 20

* Turnover Rate provided for agencies only