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    Oil Palm Planting Materials: Mohd Din Amiruddin

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    Firdaus Huzaide
    This document provides information on oil palm planting materials and the modified recurrent selection (MRS) breeding method used to improve oil palm varieties. It can be summarized as follows: 1) MRS involves intercrossing selected parents and advancing progeny to the next cycle, allowing introduction of new genes to increase genetic variability. It exploits general combining ability and can produce a large number of Dura x Pisifera seeds. 2) Selection of Dura parents is direct, based on their own performance, while Pisifera selection is indirect, based on progeny tests with elite Duras. Progeny are tested to select superior Dura and Pisifera combinations. 3) Data collection includes individual palm fruit

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Oil Palm Planting Materials: Mohd Din Amiruddin

    Uploaded by

    Firdaus Huzaide
    83 views45 pages
    This document provides information on oil palm planting materials and the modified recurrent selection (MRS) breeding method used to improve oil palm varieties. It can be summarized as follows: 1) MRS involves intercrossing selected parents and advancing progeny to the next cycle, allowing introduction of new genes to increase genetic variability. It exploits general combining ability and can produce a large number of Dura x Pisifera seeds. 2) Selection of Dura parents is direct, based on their own performance, while Pisifera selection is indirect, based on progeny tests with elite Duras. Progeny are tested to select superior Dura and Pisifera combinations. 3) Data collection includes individual palm fruit

    Original Title

    l1-The Oil Palm (Part i)

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    This document provides information on oil palm planting materials and the modified recurrent selection (MRS) breeding method used to improve oil palm varieties. It can be summarized as follows: 1) MRS involves intercrossing selected parents and advancing progeny to the next cycle, allowing introduction of new genes to increase genetic variability. It exploits general combining ability and can produce a large number of Dura x Pisifera seeds. 2) Selection of Dura parents is direct, based on their own performance, while Pisifera selection is indirect, based on progeny tests with elite Duras. Progeny are tested to select superior Dura and Pisifera combinations. 3) Data collection includes individual palm fruit

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    83 views45 pages

    Oil Palm Planting Materials: Mohd Din Amiruddin

    Uploaded by

    Firdaus Huzaide
    This document provides information on oil palm planting materials and the modified recurrent selection (MRS) breeding method used to improve oil palm varieties. It can be summarized as follows: 1) MRS involves intercrossing selected parents and advancing progeny to the next cycle, allowing introduction of new genes to increase genetic variability. It exploits general combining ability and can produce a large number of Dura x Pisifera seeds. 2) Selection of Dura parents is direct, based on their own performance, while Pisifera selection is indirect, based on progeny tests with elite Duras. Progeny are tested to select superior Dura and Pisifera combinations. 3) Data collection includes individual palm fruit

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 45

    OIL PALM PLANTING MATERIALS

    Mohd Din Amiruddin


    DIPLOMA IN PALM OIL MILLING TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT (DIPOM). MPOB HQ. 17 MACH !""#.
    TAXONOMY OF THE OIL PALM

    Family:Palmae

    Tribe: Cocoineae

    Genus: Elaeis
    Elaeis guineensis
    Elaeis oleifera
    .
    Mesocarp
    Palm oil
    Kernel
    Kernel oil
    Sell
    !y"pro#uc$
    INTRODUCTION
    Te oil palm %Elaeis guineensis&:

    Ori'ina$es (rom )es$ A(rica

    *+,+ - , see#lin's in$ro#uce# $o $e Far Eas$


    %!o'or. In#onesia&

    In$ense bree#in' / selec$ions - 0eli dura

    In Con'o. 1an'ambi popula$ion #e2elope# since


    *345s

    In $e Far Eas$. $e 1an'ambi popula$ion


    e2ol2e# in$o A6ROS pisifera popula$ion

    0eli dura / A6ROS pisifera - bul7 o( paren$s in


    see# pro#uc$ion
    REPRODUCTIVE
    BIOLOGY

    Monoco$yle#on - (ibrous roo$ sys$em

    Monoecious - separa$e male / (emale in(lorescence


    on same palm

    Func$ionally cross pollina$e# %al$erna$in' cycle o(


    male / (emale in(lorescence&

    Abou$ 455 spi7ele$s8in(lorescence in bo$ 'en#er

    955"*455 male (lo:ers8spi7ele$

    ;"<5 (emale (lo:ers8spi7ele$

    S$i'mas are suppresse# in male (lo:ers

    S$amens are un#e2elope# in (emale (lo:ers


    Pollina$in' :ee2il
    (Elaeidobius kamerunicus
    REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

    A2era'e pollen pro#uc$ion per male in(lorescence


    - <5 '

    Mos$ pollen 'rains se# in (irs$ 4 #ays a($er


    an$esis / ceases :i$in ; #ays

    Female (lo:ers recep$i2e <=",+ a($er an$esis

    In#i2i#ual (lo:ers per in(lorescence an$esise


    spora#ically %in$er2al up $o , :7s be$:een ini$ial /
    las$ (luses&

    Flo:ers mos$ recep$i2e / sui$able (or pollina$ion a$


    $e secon# #ay o( an$esis
    GENETICS OF OIL PALM (DxP) SEED PRODUCTION

    Te oil palm is an e>cep$ional e>ample :ere


    selec$ion pro'ress is ob$aine# $rou' a sin'le 'ene

    Tis 'ene %S& con$rols sell $ic7ness o( $e (rui$

    0ominan$ omo?y'o$e %S@S@& (orme# $e $ic7"


    selle# dura

    Recessi2e omo?y'o$e %S"S"& (orme# $e sell"


    less pisifera

    Ae$ero?y'o$e %S@S"& (orme# $e $in"selle#


    tenera %T&
    Sh+ Sh+ Sh- Sh- Sh+ Sh-
    Tenera
    %S
    @
    S
    "
    &
    4;B
    Tenera
    %S
    @
    S
    "
    &
    4;B
    Dura
    %S
    @
    S
    @
    &
    4;B
    Pisifera
    %S
    "
    S
    "
    &
    x
    4;B
    Tenera
    %S
    @
    S
    "
    &
    Tenera
    %S
    @
    S
    "
    &
    Ineri$ance an# se're'a$ion in a
    Tenera x Tenera %T>T& cross
    Frui$ composi$ion o( #i((eren$ (rui$ (orms an# $e ineri$ance (or sell
    $ic7ness in a Dura > Pisifera %0>P& cross
    Pisifera
    %S
    "
    S
    "
    &
    x
    Dura
    %S
    @
    S
    @
    &
    *55BTenera %S
    @
    S
    "
    &
    Tin mesocarp
    %45B"=;B&
    Kernel
    %,B"45B&
    Kernel
    %<B"+B&
    Kernel
    %<B"*;B&
    Fibre rin'
    Fibre rin'
    Tic7 mesocarp
    %34B"39B&
    Tic7 sell
    %45B";5B&
    Sell"less
    Tic7 mesocarp
    %=5B"3=B&
    Tin sell
    %<B"45B&
    Trai$s
    Frui$ $o bunc %B&
    Mesocarp $o (rui$ %B&
    Sell $o (rui$ %B&
    Kernel $o (rui$ %B&
    Oil $o :e$ mesocarp %B&
    Oil $o bunc %B&
    Dura
    =5
    =5
    <5
    *5
    ;5
    *+
    Tenera
    =5
    +5
    *5
    *5
    ;5
    4,
    A2era'e (rui$ composi$ion o(
    dura an# tenera
    Trai!
    CFres (rui$ bunc %7'8p8yr&
    CCMesocarp $o (rui$ %B&
    CCSell $o (rui$ %B&
    CCKernel $o bunc %B&
    CCOil $o #ry mesocarp %B&
    CCOil $o bunc %B&
    Dura
    *;5
    ;;
    <;
    "
    9;
    *+
    Tenera
    *95
    "
    "
    <
    "
    4;
    Selec$ion reDuiremen$s o( paren$ palms (or
    commercial 0>P see# pro#uc$ion
    %MS *;9:455;&
    C 1iel# recor#s: Mean (our years o( yiel# recor#s
    CC !unc analysis: Minimum $ree bunces8palm
    IMPRO6EMENT PROGRAMME

    Oil yiel# - prime in$eres$ in oil palm cul$i2a$ion

    Kernel yiel#" secon#ary pro#uc$

    Selec$ion in2ol2es e2alua$ion o( FF! yiel# / oil


    #e$ermina$ion
    MO0IFIE0 RECERRENT SELECTION %MRS&

    MRS plan is prac$ise# by maFori$y o( Malaysian oil


    palm bree#ers

    Dura / pisifera 7ep$ as #is$inc$ly separa$e base


    popula$ions

    Selec$e# duras crosse# in 2arious combina$ions


    usin' NCM* bree#in' #esi'n / pro'enies plan$e#
    in replica$e# $rials

    NCM* in2ol2es crossin' a ran#om male %pisifera&


    :i$ a se$ o( <"; ran#om (emales %dura&

    Se2eral se$s o( crosses ma#e $o ma7e up a $rial

    Lar'e 'ene$ic 2ariabili$y crea$e#

    Impro2emen$ in FF! yiel# %(rom 44"<< $8a& an#


    O8! %(rom 45B"4;B& usin' MRS
    0 > 0
    MO0IFIE0 RECERRENT SELECTION %MRS&
    Tenera Selec$ion
    !ase# on
    (amily.
    in#i2i#ual
    an# pro'eny"$es$
    per(ormanceG
    Pisifera Selec$ion
    !ase# on tenera
    sib an# pro'eny"
    $es$ per(ormanceG

    Dura Selec$ion
    !ase# on
    (amily.
    in#i2i#ual
    an# pro'eny"$es$
    per(ormanceG
    0 > T 8
    T > 0 8
    0 > P
    Pro'eny
    $es$e#
    0>P
    See#
    pro#uc$ion
    CYCLE "O#
    T>T 8 T>P
    CYCLE "I"
    T>T 8 T>P 0 > 0
    Ne: In$ro#uc$ion
    SEMMAR1 OF MRS

    In2ol2es in$ercrossin' amon' selec$e# paren$s


    an# carryin' pro'enies (or:ar# $o ne>$ cycle

    Allo:s in$ro#uc$ion o( ne: 'enes in$o bree#in'


    pro'ramme $o increase $e 'ene$ic 2ariabili$y

    In2ol2es 4 s$eps:
    i& E2alua$ion o( paren$al 0eli duras %(rom 0>0
    crosses& an# pisiferas %(rom T>T or T>P crosses&
    ii& Pro'eny $es$in' o( 0eli duras :i$ eli$e pisiferas

    Lon'er $ime $o pro#uce 0>P see#s %H45 yrs&

    E>ploi$s 'eneral combinin' abili$y %GCA&

    Can pro#uce lar'e number o( 0>P see#s


    Trial
    1ear
    plan$e#
    Type o( ma$erial
    NoG o(
    pro'enies
    FF!
    %$8a&
    Oil8!unc
    %B&
    Es$ima$e#
    Oil 1iel#
    %$8a&
    A *3=4
    00 > CI
    00 > EAC
    00 > SP
    <4
    *;
    =
    44G5
    4,G=
    4*G*
    44G4
    45G=
    4<G5
    ,G3
    ;G*
    ,G3
    ! *3=, 00 > A6ROS 44 <*G5 4<G; 9G<
    C *3=+ 00 > A6ROS *= <*G* 44G* =G3
    0 *395 00 > A6ROS 43 <*G= 4,G4 9G=
    E *393
    00 > A6ROS
    00 > 0y"A6ROS
    ;
    *5
    <,G;
    <<G<
    4;G+
    4;G+
    +G3
    +G=
    1iel# per(ormance o( Gol#en Aope 0>P plan$in' ma$erial 1iel# per(ormance o( Gol#en Aope 0>P plan$in' ma$erial
    Lee an# To %*33*&
    SELECTION CRITERIA FOR PARENTS

    Selec$ion o( dura paren$ is #irec$. base# on o:n


    meri$s %(amily / in#i2i#ual palm selec$ion&G Selection
    criteria: i' bunc :ei'$ / lo: bunc numberG

    Selec$ion o( pisifera paren$ is in#irec$. base# on


    pro'eny $es$ :i$ eli$e duras.
    Selection criteria: Teneras/pisiferas :i$ i' bunc
    number / lo: bunc :ei'$
    Pisiferas :i$ 'oo# GCA %bes$ a2era'e per(ormance
    o( i$s al("sib pro'eny& base# on tenera per(ormance
    o( 0>P or 0>T pro'eny $es$ e>perimen$s selec$e#G

    Follo:e# by pro'eny $es$in' $o selec$ dura / pisifera


    combina$ion
    DATA COLLECTION
    4 main ac$i2i$ies:
    i& Recor# o( (res (rui$ bunc %FF!& yiel#
    ,"= years
    ii& !unc analysis
    <"; bunces per palm
    R$%&r' &( (r$!h (r)i *)+%h (FFB) ,i$-'

    In#i2i#ual palms

    Number an# :ei'$ o( in#i2i#ual FF! recor#e#


    (or e2ery sin'le palm

    Recor#in' (reDuency: 9"*5 #ay in$er2al (or a


    perio# o( ,"= years
    !ENCA ANAL1SIS

    In#i2i#ual palms

    <"; bunces sample# per palm

    Frui$ $o bunc %F8!&. mesocarp $o (rui$ %M8F&. oil


    $o :e$ mesocarp %O8)M&. oil $o bunc %O8!&.
    7ernel $o bunc %K8!&

    Oil yiel# I FF! > O8!


    B$NCH ANALY%I%
    SEE0 PRO0ECTION
    !AGGING OF MALE INFLORESCENCE

    Scou$in' (or male in(lorescence on selec$e# pisifera


    palms ;"9 #ays be(ore an$esis

    Palm is climbe#

    Surroun#in' (ron#s ben$ #o:n:ar#s

    O$er obs$ruc$in' in(lorescence / bunces remo2e#


    (or access

    Fibres / spines o( sub$en#in' pe$ioles #iscar'e#


    an# brac$s remo2e#

    In(lorescence cleane# o(( #ebris. #ir$. e$cG Spraye#


    :i$ insec$ici#e / sur(ace s$erilise# :i$ 4B (ormalin
    !AGGING OF MALE INFLORESCENCE

    !a''in' process:

    S$al7 a$ bo$$om o( ba' :rappe# roun# :i$ a


    layer o( rolle# co$$on :ool #us$e# :i$
    insec$ici#e. $en secure# :i$ s$ron' (ine :ire
    / $i'$ene#

    !a''e# in(lorescence co2ere# :i$


    'al2anise# :ire $o pre2en$ ro#en$ a$$ac7
    COLLECTION OF POLLEN

    A($er one :ee7. male in(lorescence ar2es$e#


    $o'e$er :i$ $e ba' / brou'$ $o $e lab (or
    processin'

    Pollen is pac7e# in air$i'$ or in 2acuum pac7e#


    2ials (or s$ora'e in a #eep (ree?er
    %";
    O
    C&
    !AGGING OF MALE INFLORESCENCE AN0
    COLLECTION OF POLLEN
    1 2
    3
    4 5
    6
    7 8
    9
    !AGGING OF FEMALE INFLORESCENCE

    Female in(lorescence ba''e# %in similar


    proce#ure as male in(lorescence& ;"9
    #ays be(ore an$esis

    Ai' Duali$y con$rol %JC& measureG


    !AGGING OF FEMALE INFLORESCENCE
    RECEPTI6IT1 OF FEMALE INFLORESCENCE

    Female (lo:ers recep$i2e <=",+ a($er an$esis

    In#i2i#ual (lo:ers per in(lorescence an$esise


    spora#ically %in$er2al up $o , :7s be$:een ini$ial /
    las$ (luses&

    Flo:ers mos$ recep$i2e / sui$able (or pollina$ion a$


    $e secon# #ay o( an$esis
    CONTROLLE0 POLLINATION

    6iabili$y o( pollen cec7e# in $e labora$ory

    4B (ormalin spraye# on ba' $o 7ill s$ray pollen

    Small openin' ma#e a$ obser2a$ion :in#o:

    5G*"5G; ' pollen mi>e# :i$ $alcum a$ ra$io o(


    *:*5 pu((e# on $o recep$i2e (lo:ers

    Openin' $en seale#

    !a' $orou'ly sa7en (or $orou' pollen


    #ispersal
    CONTROLLE0 POLLINATION

    Pollina$ion ba's remo2e# , :ee7s a($er pollina$ion

    Pollina$e# bunces ar2es$e# ;"= mon$s a($er


    pollina$ion

    A sin'le pollina$ion yiel# 455"<555 (rui$s

    A dura mo$er palm can pro#uce 45.555 see#s8year


    (rom ="+ bunces
    SEE0 PROCESSING / GERMINATION

    Pollina$e# bunc brou'$ $o lab is coppe# $o


    separa$e $e s$al7 (rom $e spi7ele$s

    Spi7ele$s re$$e# <"; #ays $o #e$ac (rui$s

    A($er re$$in'. (rui$s an#pic7e# (rom spi7ele$s

    Normal or #e2elope# (rui$s separa$e# (rom


    par$enocarpics
    SEE0 PROCESSING / GERMINATION

    Frui$s mecanically #epericarpe#. $en :ase#


    :i$ #e$er'en$ . a($er $a$ $rea$men$ :i$
    (un'ici#al solu$ion

    )e$ see#s air"#rie#. coun$e# / cec7e# (or


    #e(ec$s

    Sen$ (or s$ora'e in air con#i$ione# room a$ *+


    $o 45 C
    SEE0 PROCESSING / GERMINATION

    See#s ea$ $rea$e# a$ <3",5 C (or ,5"=5 #ays $o brea7


    #ormancy

    Follo:e# :i$ soa7in' <", #ays $o raise mois$ure


    con$en$

    Pac7e# in poly$ene ba's / place# on rac7s a$


    ambien$ $emp 4;"<; C

    FreDuen$ly spraye# :i$ #is$ille# :a$er $o pre2en$


    #esicca$ion
    SEE0 PROCESSING / GERMINATION

    Firs$ (lus o( 'ermina$ion e>pec$e# 9"*5 #ays /


    con$inues (or ano$er 4 :ee7s @

    Firs$ sor$in' a($er *5"*, #ays. (ur$er sor$in' e2ery ;"=


    #ays

    Germina$ion ra$es 2ary 95"35B

    Germina$e# see#s (or #eli2ery pac7e# a$ 455";55


    see#s8poly$ene ba'
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.
    8.
    9.
    10.
    11.
    12.
    Seed Producers
    Federal Land Development ut!or"t# $F%LD&
    'ut!r"e (esearc! )!emara* +umpulan 'ut!r"e ,!d.
    'olden -ope Plantat"ons ,!d
    -".!lands (esearc! /n"t* +umpulan 'ut!r"e ,!d.
    ppl"ed .r"cultural (esearc! Sdn. ,!d. $(&
    /n"ted Plantat"ons ,!d.
    Department o0 .r"culture Sa1a!
    232 )orporat"on ,!d.
    S"me Plantat"ons Sdn. ,!d.
    ,orneo Samudera Sdn. ,!d.
    4ala#s"an Palm 3"l ,oard $4P3,&
    +ul"m $4& ,!d.
    Pisifera
    parent
    5an.am1"
    /(6
    7(3S
    Dump# 7(3S
    Dump# 7(3S85an.am1"
    5an.am1" der"ved
    7(3S
    7(3S
    7(3S
    7(3S
    7(3S
    7(3S
    See# Pro#ucers in Malaysia
    Dura
    parent
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    Del" dura
    CAOICE OF PLANTING MATERIALS

    !es$ source o( plan$in' ma$erials

    Sa(e $o assume limi$s o( bunc yiel#:

    Firs$ly. en2ironmen$al

    Secon#ly. plan$in' ma$erial

    Impor$an$ $o consi#er OER

    MPO! e>perimen$:

    Ai'er yiel#s ob$aine# on (er$ile soil %eG'G LG


    0a$u& $an inlan# %poor& soil %eG'G a$ Elu
    Pa7a&

    Plan$ers soul# #o some researc $emsel2es


    %plan$in' ma$erials (rom #i((eren$ sources /
    main$ainin' proper recor#s&

    )oul# be elp(ul in #eci#in' ne>$ replan$


    4ean per0ormance o0 teneras 0rom s"9 a.enc"es "n 6r"al 0.189* planted "n
    1983 at 4P3, (esearc! Stat"on* /lu Pa:a* 6ren..anu* 4ala#s"a
    +5
    $:.;p;#r&
    9.32
    11.39
    8.73
    9.49
    12.19
    9.27
    9.63
    6%P
    $:.;p;#r&
    44.10
    47.31
    40.26
    48.91
    43.07
    44.20
    44.20
    Plant"n. dens"t#< 148 palm;!a
    5"eld record"n. and 1unc! anal#s"s "n 198781997
    FF,= Fres! 0ru"t 1unc! F;,= Fru"t to 1unc! 4;F= 4esocarp to 0ru"t
    3;,= 3"l to 1unc! +;,= +ernel to 1unc! 35= 3"l #"eld
    +5= +ernel #"eld
    6%P= 6otal econom"c product $o"l per palm per #ear > 0.6 :ernel palm per #ear&
    +;,
    $?&
    6.27
    7.14
    6.35
    5.80
    7.75
    6.08
    6.37
    35
    $:.;p;#r&
    38.50
    40.48
    35.02
    43.21
    35.76
    38.64
    38.43
    4;F
    $?&
    77.54
    76.85
    77.13
    78.79
    72.95
    77.82
    77.23
    3;,
    $?&
    25.87
    25.56
    25.45
    26.09
    22.71
    25.46
    25.40
    FF,
    $:.;p;#r&
    131.45
    143.34
    128.24
    144.99
    142.14
    141.87
    137.20
    F;,
    $?&
    67.74
    68.74
    65.80
    65.27
    66.78
    66.79
    66.75
    .enc#
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    4ean
    4ean per0ormance o0 teneras 0rom seven a.enc"es "n 6r"al 0.284* planted "n
    1984 at 4P3, (esearc! Stat"on* La!ad Datu* Sa1a!* 4ala#s"a
    +5
    $:.;p;#r&
    10.16
    8.33
    8.90
    8.54
    10.17
    11.80
    8.79
    9.35
    6%P
    $:.;p;#r&
    53.21
    48.40
    45.67
    44.44
    49.93
    54.28
    45.24
    48.72
    Plant"n. dens"t#< 148 palm;!a
    5"eld record"n. "n 199581997
    ,unc! anal#s"s "n 199681997
    +;,
    $?&
    4.88
    4.24
    4.81
    4.54
    5.29
    5.43
    4.61
    4.76
    35
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    47.11
    43.40
    40.22
    39.32
    43.83
    47.20
    39.97
    43.11
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    $?&
    80.87
    81.70
    80.23
    79.90
    79.55
    79.52
    78.64
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    22.33
    22.01
    21.65
    20.86
    22.61
    21.85
    20.77
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    182.39
    171.28
    172.43
    179.42
    200.61
    160.90
    177.72
    F;,
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    55.44
    56.65
    56.89
    55.06
    57.42
    56.71
    54.45
    56.07
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    Ge$ your plan$in' ma$erials ONL1 (rom le'i$ima$e sourcesG1ou
    SAOEL0 NOT plan$ see#lin's or so: see#s (oun# lyin' on $e
    'roun# in your plan$a$ionsG )yK
    CAOICE OF PLANTING MATERIALS

    Oil palm bree#in' len'$y processG ReDuires


    lar'e space. $ime / moneyG

    45 years $o #e2elop pro'eny $es$e# ma$erial

    Goo# s$ar$in' bree#in' pop in 0eli dura

    E>ploi$a$ion o( sin'le 'ene (or sell $ic7ness


    boos$e# oil yiel# $o <5B

    )ell mana'e# plan$a$ions. oil yiel# o( = $8a8yr

    !esi#es oil yiel#. ne: plan$in' ma$erials o(


    speci(ic $rai$s bein' #e2elope#

    A$ MPO!. plan$in' ma$erials / bree#in'


    popula$ions o( speci(ic $rai$s %PS*"PS*4& a2e
    been #e2elope#
    6ARIOES PLANTING / !REE0ING MATERIALS
    0E6ELOPE0 AT MPO!

    PS* " Slo: ei'$ incremen$

    PS*G* " Slo: ei'$ incremen$

    PS4 " Ai' io#ine 2alue

    PS< " Ai' 7ernel

    PS, " Ai' caro$ene E. oleifera

    PS; " Tin sell tenera

    PS= " Lar'e (rui$ dura

    PS9 " Ai' bunc in#e>

    PS+ " Ai' 2i$amin E

    PS3 " Peac palm %Bactris gasipaes&

    PS*5 " Lon' s$al7

    PS** - Ai' caro$ene E. guineensis

    Ps*4 " Ai' oleic aci#


    THAN& YO$
    SEED PROCESSING

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