1

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
B.Tech. (Civil) IV YEAR CE 402 Major Project

Start of Project: August 2012 Credits: 08
Semester: Autumn & Spring Session: 2012-13
Contact Hours: 3 Hrs /Week in Autumn
& 12 Hrs/week in Spring Semester

1.0 TITLE OF THE PROJECT: Planning and Design of a hydropower project
*

2.0 BACKGROUND

A hydropower project on Alaknanda river has to be planned and designed. The diversion
structure shall be a concrete gravity dam located at 3030'52.22"N; 7929'27.15"E. The site of
the dam is shown in Figures 1-3. The plan layout of the proposed hydropower project is shown
in the Fig. 4. Various components of the project are diversion dam, coffer dam, sluices, Ogee
spillway, Intakes, Intake channel/duct, desilting chamber, head race tunnel (HRT), power
house, tail race tunnel (TRT), outfall of TRT etc. Components to be designed are diversion
dam and its spilling arrangement, coffer dam, intake and onwards structures.
The probable location power house is 3025'22.82"N, 7924'30.06"E while the tail race
outfalls into Alaknanda river at location 3024'30.82"N, 7923'12.34"E. The desilting chamber
may be located on the right bank near the dam site
The class shall be divided into 15 groups and input data shall be different for each group as
per the details given in Table 1. The scope of the project work is described in the following
paragraphs. The expected end-product has been summarized in Appendix-I. Some of the
required data are given in Annexure-II. Other data shall be uploaded on the departmental web
site.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* This is purely an academic exercise based upon generated data.








2



Fig. 4 Plan layout of the
proposed hydropower project
Fig. 1 Proposed site of dam
Fig. 2 Close view of dam site
Fig. 3 Photograph of dam site
3
Table 1 Input Data for Different Groups for B.Tech. Major Project Work
Group FRL
(m)
Crest
level
of
sluices
(m)
Energy
dissipators
Geotechn
ical sets
Transport
ation sets
Environmental
Sets
Size of
sediment
to be
removed
+

(mm)
G-1 1267 1230 Roller
Bucket
GT1 TP1 EN1 0.20
G-2 1267 1230 Roller
Bucket
GT2 TP2 EN2 0.18
G-3 1267 1230 Trajectory
Bucket
GT1 TP3 EN3 0.20
G-4 1267 1230 Trajectory
Bucket
GT2 TP4 EN4 0.18
G-5 1267 1235 Roller
Bucket
GT1 TP5 EN1 0.20
G-6 1267 1235 Roller
Bucket
GT2 TP6 EN2 0.18
G-7 1267 1235 Trajectory
Bucket
GT1 TP7 EN3 0.2
G-8 1280 1230 Roller
Bucket
GT1 TP8 EN4 0.2
G-9 1280 1230 Roller
Bucket
GT2 TP9 EN1 0.18
G-10 1280 1230 Trajectory
Bucket
GT1 TP10 EN2 0.2
G-11 1280 1230 Trajectory
Bucket
GT2 TP11 EN3 0.18
G-12 1280 1235 Roller
Bucket
GT1 TP12 EN4 0.2
G-13 1280 1235 Roller
Bucket
GT2 TP13 EN1 0.18
G-14 1280 1235 Trajectory
Bucket
GT1 TP14 EN2 0.2
G-15 1280 1235 Trajectory
Bucket
GT2 TP15 EN3 0.18

+ required for the design of desilting chamber







4
3.0 SCOPE OF WORK
3.1 Geomatics Engineering Aspects (Weightage 10%)
The following plan/map/data are to be generated
(a) Contour map at 1 m in reservoir area and 5m D/S of dam site up to power house
and TRT.
(b) Slope Map.
(c) Aspect Map.
(d) Longitudinal profile of river from start of reservoir to TRT at 100 m interval.
(e) X- Section profile at every 100 m interval along the river and 5 m along the cross
section.
(f) Generation of Area-Elevation curve and Elevation-Storage capacity curve of
reservoir.
(g) Layout plan of power house.
(h) Fixing of alignment of HRT and TRT.
(i) Identification of catchment area from satellite data.
(j) Preparation of land use map of the catchment using satellite data.
3.2 Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering Aspects (Weightage 37.5%)
3.2.1 Hydrological studies
(a) Determination of catchment characteristics
(b) Collection and analysis of hydro-meteorological data like rainfall, evaporation,
temperature, flow etc.
(c) Water availability studies for power generation flow duration curve
(d) Estimation of design flood (SPF & PMF) using Hydro-meteorological approach
(empirical equations & unit hydrograph) and stochastic approach (Log normal
distribution, Gumbel extreme value, Log Pearson type etc.).
3.2.2 Power potential studies
(a) Fixation of Full reservoir level, minimum drawdown level, tail water level etc.
(b) Determination of dependable flow.
(c) Alternatives installation & Optimisation of power capacity.
3.2.3 Hydraulic Design of various components of project
a) General arrangements of various components of project
b) Free board computation
c) Design of Diversion dam
d) Design of Spilling arrangements (under-sluices and un-gated ogee spillway)
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e) Design of energy dissipators
f) Design for intake and trash racks
g) Design of desilting system
h) Hydraulic design of water conducting system
i) Design of penstock (optimum diameter) with surge shaft

3.3 Geotechnical Engineering Aspects (Weightage 10%)

3.3.1 Objectives
(a) Stability analysis of slope sections along dam axis and 100 m u/s of dam axis.
(b) Stability analysis of proposed dam section; Overturning, Compression, Tension,
Sliding
3.3.2 Scope
(a) Preparation of slope profiles along dam axis and 100m u/s of dam axis.
(b) Analysis of drill-hole data to arrive at geotechnical engineering parameters
required for slope stability analysis and stability analysis of the gravity dam
section.
(c) Development of computer program (C/C++/Fortran/ Ms Excel) to carry out
stability analysis using Bishops simplified method. Pseudo-static analysis will be
used to incorporate earthquake effect.
(d) Stability analysis of all the four sections and suggestions of remedial measures if
slopes are found to unstable.
(e) Proportioning of dimensions of coffer dam based on flood frequency analysis.

3.4 Structural Engineering Aspects (Weightage 25%)

a) Stability analysis of concrete gravity dam section, for toppling, sliding,
compression, tension modes of failure
b) 2D Finite Element Analysis of non-overflow section of the diversion concrete
gravity dam
c) Structural Design of energy dissipators
d) Design of a power house building excluding machine foundation of size 60
m20m 14 m (Ground floor 10 m; First floor 4 m)
e) Concrete Mix Design for the following:
i) Abrasion Resistant Concrete for use in spillways & energy dissipators.
ii) Low heat of Hydration Concrete for use in mass concreting works of diversion
dam, coffer dam, etc., with maximum size of aggregate as 40 mm.


6

3.5 Transportation Engineering Aspects (Weightage 7.5%)

3.5.1 (i) Design of Four Lane Divided Carriageway Cement Concrete Pavement with
Central Median of 1.2 m: (Approach Road to Dam Site : Animath (NH-58) to Dam
Site for a Length of 3.0 km) Using IRC : 58 2011.

(ii) Concrete Mix Design
It is proposed that Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) be constructed with M15 grade of
concrete. The minimum cement content in DLC shall not be less than 150 Kg/cum
of concrete. The average compressive strength of each consecutive group of 5 cubes
shall not be less than 10 Mpa at 7 days.
For cement concrete pavement M40 grade of concrete mix is recommended. The
mix design shall be based on Laboratory tried mixes using the good quality of
materials and approved method as per IRC: 44 (Tentative Guidelines for cement
concrete mix design for pavements).
The cement content shall not be less than 350 Kg/cm
3
of concrete. However, it
should not exceed 425 Kg/cm
3
of concrete.
3.5.2 Fixing the alignment of Approach Road to Dam Site from NH-58 using Toposheets
3.5.3 Geometric Design of Road as per Hill Roads Manual
3.5.4 Provide suitable drains as per site condition.

3.6 Environmental Engineering Aspects (Weightage 5%)

3.6.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Management

Carry out EIA and suggest an environmental management plan (EMP) including
following:
(i) Existing environmental characteristics e.g. water and air resources/ flora and
fauna/ physical and cultural resources/ social aspects/ ecology/ biodiversity/
archaeological aspects etc.
(ii) Potential impacts e.g. environmental, social, construction related etc.
(iii) Mitigation measures and environmental management plan.

3.6.2 Water Supply from the Reservoir to a group of Villages

Storage reservoir will also be utilized for the supply of water to a group of villages.
Suggest an appropriate schematic layout of water treatment system. Design population
and component of the system to be designed by each group are given in table below.
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Water of River Alakhnanda at dam site has low minerals and almost no organics.
However, turbidity during monsoon may be as high as 500 NTU. You may assume that
water is nor polluted and coliforms are present in low concentration.

Group Population to be served Unit to be designed
EN-1

40000 Rapid mixing, flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
EN-2 60000 Rapid mixing, flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
EN-3 80000 Rapid mixing, flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
EN-4 100000 Rapid mixing, flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration


3.7 Estimating and Costing (Weightage 5%)

Estimating and costing shall be carried out for items related to the Diversion dam,
approach road to power house and power house buildings.
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Appendix I

Details of Expectation from Major Project Work
A - What is expected from the students?
i) Definition of the problem and systematic and logical approach to solution.
ii) Originality and innovative ideas rather than orthodox approach to materials, analysis
and design.
iii) Use of cutting edge tools for analysis and design.
iv) Detailed manual drawings as per specifications covered in Engineering Graphics
courses.
B - What is looked for in the Final Submission?
i) Understanding of the problem and basic concepts for its solution.
ii) Technical and economic feasibility of the project.
iii) Logical conclusion / completeness of the project.
iv) Understanding demonstration on a PC, wherever employed.
C - How to prepare for mid-term Evaluations?
i) Clear definition of different segments of the problem.
ii) Identification of tasks for each member of the class with time frame with equal
weightage.
iii) Each student is required to make use of power point presentations.
D - Guidelines for Final Submission
A hand written project report is required to be submitted, containing the following:

An introduction to the problem
Definition, objective and scope of the problem

Data required, assumed, collected or acquired with justification

Assumption made, if any

Methodology of analysis and design with justification
Salient features of the project

In case software is developed, a copy of the source code on a CD along with compiler
requirements, validation procedure / test problems and solutions, flow chart etc.

Detailed drawings (handmade)

Detailed calculations (Manual)

Estimation of quantities and costing of all components

Environmental impact assessment due to construction of proposed project
Conclusions
9
Appendix II
AVAILABLE DATA/METHODOLOGY
Geomatic Engineering Aspects
a) DEM data (ASTER/SRTM)
b) satellite Data (Landsat)
Hydrology and Hydraulics Engineering Aspects
a) 10-daily discharge data at the project site- to be provided in soft copy
b) Intensity-duration-frequency curve for the catchment area
c) Approximate cost of civil works =Rs. 4.2 crore per MW
Approximate cost of Electro-mechanical (E&M) works = Rs. 2.8 cr. per MW
Geotechnical Engineering Aspects
There will two broad groups i.e. GT1 and GT2; Data is given in the form of drill-hole data
(Appendix-A). The drill holes were located on left bank and debris was observed upto a
depth of about 14m. The rock mass is heavily fractured. The drill-hole data indicates
length of cores available from 15
th
m to 50 m depth. This data should be taken
representative for entire rock mass available at the site (foundation as well as sides slopes
in rocks). Triaxial strength data for intact rock cores (to get c and for intact rock cores)
is also given (Table B1). Representative stress-strain curves under uniaxial loading
condition for the intact rock cores are also given (Figs. B1, B2). The rocks exposed in the
reservoir are quartzites; the rocks are traversed by many sets of secondary geological
discontinuities like foliations and joints which makes the rock mass heavily fractured.
Following steps may be used to analyze the drill-hole data:
a) Using stress-strain curve work out the UCS and modulus of the intact rock.
b) Using UCS value and also the triaxial strength values, work out Mohr-Coulomb
shear strength parameters (c
i
and
i
) for intact rock.
c) Work out RQD at various depths. Decide a representative RQD value. Use any
statistical technique to get the representative value.
d) Refer the paper by Zhang (2009) and use Eq (28) to work out UCS of jointed rock
mass (
cj
). Also use Eq (25) to get modulus of the jointed rock mass.
e) To get c
j
and
j
for jointed rock mass use the following equations:

i
i
i
i
j
sin - 1
sin
SRF) - (2
sin - 1
sin
SRF) (1
sin

+
+
=
j
j j
cj
c

sin 1
cos 2

=

ci
cj
factor reduction Strength SRF

= =
Where:
cj
is the UCS of jointed rock mass;
ci
is the UCS of intact rock core.
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f) For slope stability analysis, consider the right bank as rock slope, and the left bank to
be comprising of two types of materials i.e. debris (soil and boulders matrix) at the top
and rock at the bottom (Fig. 1). The bed rock dips at an angle of 30 as shown in Fig.
1. The debris has the following shear strength parameters:
c
debris
= 0.0 ;
debris
= 30







Fig. 1 General layout of valley profile
References:
Zhang L. (2009) Estimating the strength of jointed rock masses, Int. Jl. Rock Mech. Min. Sci,
43 (4), 391-402, DOI: 10.1007/s00603-009-0065-x.
Transportation Engineering Aspects
(a) Modulus of Sub-grade Reaction
K = 2.1, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, 4.5, 4.8, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.9, 7.5, 8.5, 9, 12, 14 Kg/cm
3
and their
respective effective K values over DLC are 9.7, 13.8, 15.5, 20.8, 23.5, 27.7, 32, 41.7,
41.7, 41.7, 41.7, 41.7, 41.7, 41.7, & 41.7 Kg/cm
3
(Sets TP1-TP15)
(b) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, E = 3 x 10
5
Kg/cm
2

(c) Poissions Ratio, = 0.15
(d) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion = 10 x 10
-6
per degree celsius
(e) Axle Load Spectrum (Use enclosed Table)
(f) Flexural Strength of concrete at 90 days = 4.95 Mpa or 49.5 Kg/cm
2
factor of 1.10
was taken to get 90 days strength from 28 days flexural strength.
(g) Maximum single axle load = 190 kN
(h) Tyre Pressure P = 8 Kg/cm
2

(i) Temperature differential for C.C. Slab be assumed as per Table 1 of IRC : 58-2011.
(j) Assume Percentage of Load Transfer = 40%
Assume a load transfer of 30% at terminal stage to the tied concrete shoulder.
Safety of the dowel bar can be examined for a load of 80 kN.
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(k) C/C distance between two tyres = 31 cm
(l) Allowable Tensile Stress in plain bars = 1250 Kg/cm
2

(m) Allowable Tensile Stress in Deformed Bars = 2000 Kg/cm
2
(n) Allowable Bond Stress for Plain Tie Bars = 17.5 Kg/cm
2

(o) Allowable Bond Stress for Deformed Tie Bars = 24.6 Kg/cm
2

(p) Modulus of Dowel / Concrete Interaction (Dowel Supports) = 41500 Kg/cm
2

(q) Load Safety Factor = 1.2
(r) Provide a Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) thickness of 150 mm.
(s) Dimensions of Cement Concrete Slab be taken as 3.5m (lane width) and 4.5 m
(Transverse Joint Spacing) respectively.
(t) It is expected that the road will carry in the year of completion of construction about
1000 commercial vehicles per day in each direction.
(u) Axle load survey of commercial vehicles indicated that the percentage of front single
axle, rear single axle and rear tandem axle are 55 percent, 20 percent and 25 percent
respectively.
(v) The average number of axles per commercial vehicle is 2.35 (due to the presence of
multi-axle vehicles). Traffic count indicates that 60 percent of the commercial vehicles
travel during night hours (6 PM to 6 AM).
The % age of commercial vehicles with spacing between the front axle and the first
rear axle has less than 4.5 m is 62%.
Table : Axle Load Spectrum as per IRC : 58-2011
Single Axle Loads Tandem Axle Loads
Axle Load Class, kN % of Single Axles Axle Load Class, kN % of Tandem Axles
185-195 0.64 380-400 2.14
175-185 0.80 360-380 2.14
165-175 0.80 340-360 2.14
155-165 2.58 320-340 2.14
145-155 2.58 300-320 4.28
135-145 5.80 280-300 4.28
125-135 5.80 260-280 12.86
115-125 11.82 240-260 12.86
105-115 11.82 220-240 10.72
95-105 12.9 200-220 10.72
85-95 12.16 180-200 7.14
<85 32.30 <180 28.58
Total 100 Total 100
Design the pavement for a period of 30 years considering tied concrete shoulder with dowel
bars across transverse joints.

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Appendix-A
Data from Drill-holes: GT-1
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length, mm
14 1 109
2 55
3 103
4 90
5 115
6 100
7 116
8 90
15 9 113
10 143
11 10
12 118
13 81
14 136
15 86
16 15
17 145
16 18 150
19 65
20 158
21 57
22 187
23 69
17 24 190
25 62
26 181
27 126
28 192
18 29 154
30 376
31 196
32 92
33 349
34 214
35 256
36 14.5
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length, mm
37 165
20 38 110
39 22
40 305
41 110
42 30
21 43 140
44 80
45 70
46 150
22 47 300
48 65
49 30
50 60
51 45
52 30
23 53 172
54 22
55 63
56 117
57 273
24 58 165
59 210
60 140
61 73
62 600
69 112
26 63 145
64 162
65 94
66 342
67 123
27 68 78
69 48
70 186
71 68
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length, mm
72 143
73 110
28 74 109
75 36
76 144
77 126
78 284
79 402
80 64
30 81 97
82 168
83 56
84 145
85 60
86 115
31 87 123
88 63
89 153
90 99
91 127
32 92 146
93 34
94 193
95 138
96 46
97 325
34 98 44
99 162
100 84
101 158
102 48
103 183
35 104 66
105 36
106 42
13
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length, mm
107 161
108 33
109 330
110 50
111 65
36 112 65
113 30
114 65
115 175
116 20
117 150
118 80
37 119 85
120 250
121 40
122 190
123 350
124 70
125 170
39 126 40
127 70
128 120
129 75
130 150
131 50
132 280
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length, mm
40 133 60
134 150
135 170
136 120
137 45
138 334
41 139 82
140 58
141 84
142 146
143 39
144 37
145 108
146 32
147 141
42 148 43
149 114
150 83
151 153
152 58
43 153 31
154 152
155 87
156 98
157 136
158 105
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length, mm
44 159 104
160 38
161 263
162 40
163 179
45 164 48
165 57
166 173
167 143
168 64
169 254
170 59
171 58
47 172 33
173 159
174 76
175 115
176 108
48 177 58
178 82
179 44
180 76
181 102
182 153
50 183 146




14
Data from Drill-holes: GT-2
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length,
mm
14 1 13
2 62
3 111
4 66
5 143
6 64
7 54
8 59
15 9 58
10 33
11 59
12 76
13 115
14 108
15 58
16 82
17 44
16 18 76
19 102
20 153
21 146
22 72
23 151
17 24 108
25 169
26 458
27 75
28 134
18 29 88
30 173
31 62
32 172
33 75
34 174
35 182
36 96
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length,
mm
37 111
20 38 88
39 133
40 58
41 103
42 182
21 43 48
44 118
45 64
46 141
22 47 118
48 53
49 106
50 97
51 62
52 102
23 53 83
54 194
55 73
56 95
57 83
24 58 110
59 84
60 139
61 73
62 275
63 47
25 64 50
65 46
66 173
67 27
68 133
26 69 24
70 103
71 64
72 66
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length,
mm
73 63
74 113
27 75 29
76 33
77 76
78 283
79 197
28 80 125
81 44
82 102
83 68
84 72
85 138
29 86 93
87 136
88 94
89 155
90 25
30 91 73
92 93
93 163
94 151
95 164
96 128
97 296
98 66
32 99 89
100 72
101 74
102 144
103 43
104 232
34 105 103
106 126
107 133
108 43
15
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length,
mm
109 136
110 113
111 105
112 202
36 113 88
114 69
115 118
116 116
117 123
118 146
119 113
37 120 89
121 134
122 116
123 48
124 53
125 59
126 125
39 127 298
128 273
129 60
130 175
131 84
132 24
133 72
40 134 40
135 144
136 30
137 39
138 166
139 92
41 140 47
141 13
142 83
143 144
144 27
145 87
146 148
Depth,
m
Core
No.
Core
length,
mm
147 62
148 245
42 149 75
150 169
151 172
152 57
153 46
43 154 93
155 115
156 63
157 173
158 270
159 49
44 160 67
161 66
162 183
163 69
164 154
45 165 58
166 306
167 59
168 49
169 133
170 48
171 56
172 54
47 173 103
174 203
175 61
176 148
177 78
48 178 78
179 43
180 28
181 42
182 87
183 211
50 184 118
16
Appendix-B
1. LABORATORY DATA ON INTACT ROCK
Table B1.Triaxial strength test data for intact rocks:
GT-1
= 27 kN/m
3

GT-2
= 26 kN/m
3

3

(MPa)

1

(MPa)

3

(MPa)

1

(MPa)
5 134 5 51
10 152 10 68
15 171 15 84



Fig. B1 Representative stress-strain curve for intact
rock (GT-1)


Fig. B2 Representative stress-strain curve for intact rock
(GT-2)





GT-1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Axial strain ,%
A
x
i
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

M
P
a
GT-2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Axial strain, %
A
x
i
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

M
P
a