Designation: A 928/A 928M 00

An American National Standard

Standard Specification for

Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric

Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 928/A 928M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 240/A 240M Specification for Heat-Resisting Chromium
and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and
Strip for Pressure Vessels2
A 480/A 480M Specification for General Requirements for
Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate,
Sheet, and Strip2
A 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys3
A 999/A 999M Specification for General Requirements for
Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe3
E 426 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys4
2.2 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:5
Section III, Nuclear Vessels
Section VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels
Section IX, Welding Qualifications
2.3 AWS Specifications:6
A 5.4 Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and ChromiumNickel Steel Covered Welding Electrodes
A 5.9 Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and ChromiumNickel Steel Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes
A 5.11 Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Covered Welding Electrodes
A 5.14 Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Rods and
Electrodes
A 5.22 Flux Cored Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and
Chromium-Nickel Steel Electrodes
A 5.30 Consumable Weld Inserts for Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding

1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers electric-fusion-welded steel
pipe suitable for corrosive service.
NOTE 1The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has
been substituted in this specification for traditional terms such as nominal
diameter, size, and nominal size.

1.2 This specification covers nine grades of ferritic/

austenitic steel as indicated in Table 1. The selection of the
proper alloy and requirements for heat treatment shall be at the
discretion of the purchaser, dependent on the service conditions
to be encountered.
1.3 Five classes of pipe are covered as follows:
1.3.1 Class 1Pipe shall be double welded by processes
using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed
completely.
1.3.2 Class 2Pipe shall be double welded by processes
using filler metal in all passes. No radiograph is required.
1.3.3 Class 3Pipe shall be single welded by processes
using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed
completely.
1.3.4 Class 4Same as Class 3, except that the weld pass
exposed to the inside pipe surface may be made without the
addition of filler metal (see 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2).
1.3.5 Class 5Pipe shall be double welded by processes
using filler metal in all passes and shall be spot radiographed.
1.4 Supplementary requirements covering provisions ranging from additional testing to formalized procedures for
manufacturing practice are provided. Supplementary Requirements S1 through S4 are included as options to be specified
when desired.
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the M designation of the specification is specified in the order.

3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The definitions in Specification A 999/A 999M and
Terminology A 941 are applicable to this specification.
2

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
5
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St.,
New York, NY 10017.
6
Available from American Welding Society, 550 LeJeune Road, P.O. Box
351040, Miami, FL 33135.
3

1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.10 on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.
Current edition approved May 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originally
published as A 928/A 928M 94. Last previous edition A 928/A 928M 98.

Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

A 928/A 928M
TABLE 1 Pipe and Filler Metal Specifications
Grade
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
329
...
...
...

ASTM Plate
UNS Designation Specification No.
and Grade
S31200
S31260
S31500
S31803
S32205
S32304
S32550
S32750
S32900
S32950
S32760
S32520

A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240

S31200
S31260
S31500
S31803
S32205
S32304
S32550
S32750
type 329
S32950
S32760
S32520

A5.4

A5.9

A5.11

A5.14

A5.22

A5.30

Class

UNS

Class

UNS

Class

UNS

Class

UNS

Class

UNS

Class

UNS

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

4. Ordering Information
4.1 Orders for material under this specification should
include the following, as required, to describe the desired
material adequately:
4.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
4.1.2 Name of material (electric-fusion-welded pipe),
4.1.3 Grade (see Table 1),
4.1.4 Class (see 1.3),
4.1.5 Size (outside diameter and nominal wall thickness),
4.1.6 Length (specific or random),
4.1.7 End finish (section on ends of Specification A 999/
A 999M),
4.1.8 Authorization for repair of plate defects by welding
and subsequent heat treatment without prior approval, if such is
intended (see 13.3),
4.1.9 Specification designation,
4.1.10 Special requirements,
4.1.11 Statement invoking requirements of 13.4, if such is
intended,
4.1.12 Circumferential weld permissibility (see Section 17),
4.1.13 Supplementary Requirements (S1 through S4),
4.1.14 Applicable ASME Code, if known,
4.1.15 For ASME Code Section III applications, the service
classification intended, and
4.1.16 Certification requirements (see section on certification of Specification A 999/A 999M).

material shall be of the same P-Number (Table QW-422 of

Section IX) as the plate being joined. Backing rings or strips
shall be removed completely after welding, prior to any
required radiography, and the exposed weld surface shall be
examined visually for conformance to the requirements of
6.2.3. Welds made by procedures using backing strips or rings
that remain in place are prohibited. Welding procedures and
welding operators shall be qualified in accordance with the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
6.2.2 Except as provided in 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2, welds shall
be made in their entirety by processes involving the deposition
of filler metal.
6.2.2.1 For Class 4 pipe using multiple passes, the root-pass
may be made without the addition of filler metal.
6.2.2.2 For Class 4 pipe, the weld surface exposed inside the
pipe may result from a single pass made from the inside of the
pipe without the addition of filler metal.
6.2.2.3 All single-welded pipe shall be radiographed completely.
6.2.3 The weld surface on either side of the weld may be
flush with the base plate or may have a reasonably uniform
crown, not to exceed 18 in. [3 mm]. Any weld reinforcement
may be removed at the manufacturers option or by agreement
between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The contour of
the reinforcement should be reasonably smooth and free of
irregularities. The deposited metal shall be fused uniformly
into the plate surface. No concavity of contour is permitted
unless the resulting thickness of weld metal is equal to or
greater than the minimum thickness of the adjacent base metal.
6.2.4 Weld defects shall be repaired by removal to sound
metal and rewelding. Subsequent heat treatment and examination (that is, visual, radiographic, and dye penetrant) shall be as
required on the original welds.
6.3 Heat Treatment:
6.3.1 Unless otherwise stated in the order, heat treatment
shall be performed after welding and in accordance with the
requirements of Table 2.
6.3.2 If the purchaser desires pipe without heat treatment
subsequent to welding, the purchase order shall specify the
following condition:
6.3.2.1 No final heat treatment of pipe fabricated of plate
that has been heat treated as required by Table 2 for the
particular grade. Each pipe supplied under this requirement
shall be stenciled with the suffix HT-O.

5. General Requirements
5.1 Material furnished to this specification shall conform to
the applicable requirements of the current edition of Specification A 999/A 999M unless otherwise provided herein.
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 MaterialsThe steel plate material shall conform to the
requirements of one of the grades of Specification A 240/
A 240M, listed in Table 1.
6.2 Welding:
6.2.1 The joints shall be full penetration double-welded or
single-welded but joints using fusion welding processes as
defined under Definitions, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section IX. This specification makes no provision for
any difference in weld quality requirements, regardless of the
weld joint type used (single or double) in making the weld.
Where backing rings or strips are used, the ring or strip
2

A 928/A 928M
TABLE 2 Heat Treatment
UNS
Designation
S31200
S31260
S31500
S31803
S32205
S32304
S32550
S32750
S32900
S32950
S32760
S32520

Temperature, F [C]
19202010 [10501100]
18702010 [10201100]
18001900 [9801040]
18702010 [10201100]
18702010 [10201100]
17001920 [9251050]
1900 [1040], min
18802060 [10251125]
17001750 [925955]
18201880 [9901025]
20102085 [11001140]
19752050 [10801120]

10.2 The transverse tension test taken across the welded

joint specimen shall have a tensile strength not less than the
specified minimum tensile strength of the plate.

Quench
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid
rapid

cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling
cooling

in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in

water
water
air or water
air or water
air or water
air or water
air or water
air or water
air or water
air or water
air or water
air or water

11. Permissible Variations of Dimensions for Thin-Wall

Pipe
11.1 For thin-wall pipe, defined as pipe having a wall
thickness of 3 % or less of the specified outside diameter, the
diameter tolerance, as listed in Specification A 999/A 999M,
shall apply only to the mean of the extreme (maximum and
minimum) outside diameter readings in any one cross section.
11.2 For thin-wall pipe, the difference in extreme outsides
readings (ovality) in any one section shall not exceed twice the
permissible variations in outside diameter for the specified
diameter as listed in Specification A 999/A 999M.

7. Chemical Composition
7.1 The chemical composition of the plate shall conform to
the requirements of the applicable specification and grade
listed in Table 1.
7.2 Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, the
chemical composition of the welding material shall conform to
the requirements of the applicable AWS specification for the
corresponding grade given in Table 1 or shall conform to the
chemical composition specified for the plate. The purchaser
may choose a higher alloy filler metal when needed for
corrosion resistance or other properties.

12. Transverse Guided-Bend Weld Tests

12.1 Two bend test specimens shall be taken transversely
from the pipe. Except as provided in 12.2, one shall be subject
to a face guided-bend test and the second to a root guided-bend
test. One specimen shall be bent with the inside surface of the
pipe against the plunger, and the other with the outside surface
against the plunger.
12.2 For specified wall thicknesses over 38 in. [9.5 mm] but
less than 34 in. [19 mm], side-bend tests may be made instead
of the face and root-bend tests. For specified wall thicknesses
34 in. [19 mm] and over, both specimens shall be subjected to
the side-bend tests. Side-bend specimens shall be bent so that
one of the side surfaces becomes the convex surface of the
bend specimen.
12.3 The bend test shall be acceptable if no cracks or other
defects exceeding 18 in. [3 mm] in any direction are present in
the weld metal or between the weld and the pipe metal after
bending. Cracks that originate along edges of the specimen
during testing, and that are less than 14 in. [6.5 mm] measured
in any direction, shall not be considered.

8. Heat Analysis
8.1 The chemical analysis of the steel shall be determined
by the plate manufacturer and shall conform to the requirements for the particular grade as prescribed in Specification
A 240/A 240M.
9. Product Analysis
9.1 At the request of the purchasers inspector, an analysis
of one length of flat-rolled stock from each heat, or from base
metal and weld deposit from two pipes from each lot, shall be
made by the manufacturer. A lot of pipe shall consist of the
following number of lengths of the same size and wall
thickness from any one heat of steel:
NPS Designator
Under 2
2 to 5, incl
6 and over

13. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance

13.1 The finished pipe shall have a workmanlike finish.
13.2 Repair of Plate Defects by Machining or Grinding
Pipe showing slivers may be machined or ground inside or
outside to a depth that shall ensure the removal of all included
scale and slivers, providing the wall thickness is not reduced
below the specified minimum wall thickness. Machining or
grinding shall follow inspection of the pipe as rolled, and it
shall be followed by supplementary visual inspection.
13.3 Repair of Plate Defects by Welding Defects that
violate minimum wall thickness may be repaired by welding,
but only with the approval of the purchaser. Areas shall be
prepared suitably for welding with tightly closed defects
removed by grinding. Open, clean defects, such as pits or
impressions, may require no preparation. All welders, welding
operators, and weld procedures shall be qualified to the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX. Unless the
purchaser specifies otherwise, pipe required to be heat treated
under the provisions of 6.3 shall be heat treated or reheat
treated following repair welding. Repaired lengths, where
repair depth is greater than 14 of the thickness, shall be pressure
tested or repressure tested after repair and heat treatment (if

Lengths of Pipe in Lot

400 or fraction thereof
200 or fraction thereof
100 or fraction thereof

9.2 The results of these analyses shall be reported to the

purchaser or the purchasers representative and shall conform
to the requirements specified in Section 7, subject to the
product analysis tolerances of Table 1 in Specification A 480/
A 480M.
9.3 If the analysis of one of the tests specified in 8.1 or 9.1
does not conform to the requirements specified in Section 7, an
analysis of the base metal and weld deposit of each pipe from
the same heat or lot may be made, and all pipe conforming to
the requirements shall be accepted.
10. Tensile Requirements
10.1 The plate used in making the pipe shall conform to the
requirements as to tensile properties of the applicable specifications listed in Table 1. Tension tests made by the plate
manufacturer shall qualify the plate material.
3

A 928/A 928M
a nondestructive electric test as defined in 15.3.2.
15.3.1 Hydrostatic TestEach length of pipe shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test in accordance with Specification
A 999/A 999M, unless specifically exempted under the provision of 15.3.1.1. Pressure shall be held for a sufficient time to
permit the inspector to examine the entire length of the welded
seam.
15.3.1.1 With the agreement of the manufacturer, the purchaser may complete the hydrostatic test requirement with the
system pressure test, which may be lower or higher than the
specification test pressure, but in no case shall the test pressure
be lower than the system design pressure. Each length of pipe
furnished without the completed manufacturers hydrostatic
test shall include with the mandatory marking the letters NH.
15.3.2 Nondestructive Electric TestEach length of pipe
shall be subjected to a nondestructive electric test in accordance with Practice E 426.
15.3.2.1 For pipe up through NPS 4, the eddy current test
shall be applied to the total pipe area. For pipe larger than NPS
4, the eddy current test may, at the option of the producer, be
applied to the weld area only rather than the total pipe area.

any). Repair welds shall also be examined by suitable nondestructive examination techniques, including any techniques
required specifically of the primary weld.
13.4 The pipe shall be free of scale and contaminating iron
particles. Pickling, blasting, or surface finishing is not mandatory when pipe is bright annealed. The purchaser may request
that a passivating treatment be applied.
14. Test Specimens and Methods of Testing
14.1 Transverse tension and bend test specimens shall be
taken from the end of the finished pipe; the transverse tension
and bend test specimens shall be flattened cold before final
machining to size.
14.2 As an alternative to the requirements of 14.1, the test
specimens may be taken from a test plate of the same material
as the pipe, which is attached to the end of the cylinder and
welded as a prolongation of the pipe longitudinal seam.
14.3 Tension test specimens shall be made in accordance
with Section IX, Part QW-150, of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code and shall be one of the types shown in
QW-462.1 of that code.
14.3.1 Reduced-section specimens conforming to the requirements given in QW-462.1(b) may be used for tension tests
on all thicknesses of pipe having outside diameters greater than
3 in. [76 mm].
14.3.2 Turned specimens conforming to the requirements of
QW-462.1(d) may be used for tension tests.
14.3.2.1 If turned specimens are used as given in 14.3.2.2
and 11.3.2.3, one complete set shall be made for each required
tension test.
14.3.2.2 For thicknesses over 114 in. [32 mm], multiple
specimens shall be cut through the full thickness of the weld
with their centers parallel to the material surface and not over
1 in. [25 mm] apart. The centers of the specimens adjacent to
material surfaces shall not exceed 58in. [16 mm] from the
surface.
14.4 The test specimens shall not be cut from the pipe or test
plate until after final heat treatment.

16. Radiographic Examination

16.1 For Classes 1, 3, and 4 pipe, all welded joints shall be
examined completely by radiography.
16.2 For Class 5 pipe, the welded joints shall be spot
radiographed to the extent of not less than 12 in. [300 mm] of
radiograph per 50 ft [15 m] of weld.
16.3 For Classes 1, 3, and 4 pipe, radiographic examination
shall be in accordance with the requirements of the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, latest edition,
Paragraph UW-51.
16.4 For Class 5 pipe, radiographic examination shall be in
accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, latest edition,
Paragraph UW-52.
16.5 Radiographic examination may be performed prior to
heat treatment.

15. Mechanical Tests Required

15.1 Transverse Tension TestOne test shall be made to
represent each lot (see Note 2) of finished pipe.

17. Lengths
17.1 Circumferentially welded joints of the same quality as
the longitudinal joints shall be permitted by agreement between
the manufacturer and the purchaser.

NOTE 2The term lot is defined in 9.1.

15.2 Transverse Guided-Bend TestOne test (two specimens) shall be made to represent each lot (see Note 2) of
finished pipe.
15.3 Nondestructive TestEach length of pipe shall be
subjected to a hydrostatic test as defined in 15.3.1 or, with the
approval of the purchaser, each length of pipe having a wall
thickness up through 0.165 in. (4.2 mm) shall be subjected to

18. Product Marking

18.1 In addition to the marking prescribed in Specification
A 999/A 999M, the markings of each length of pipe shall
include the plate material designations as shown in Table 1, the
marking requirements of 6.3 and 15.3, and Class 1, 2, 3, or 4,
as appropriate (see 1.3).

A 928/A 928M
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
FOR PIPE REQUIRING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply when specified in the
purchase order. The purchaser may specify a different frequency of test or analysis than is provided
in the supplementary requirement. Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer,
retest and retreatment provisions of these supplementary requirements may also be modified.
a penetrant oil and powder method. The details of the method
and the disposition of flaws detected shall be a matter for
agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

S1. Product Analysis

S1.1 Product analysis shall be made on each length of pipe.
Individual lengths failing to conform to the chemical requirements shall be rejected.

S4. Ferrite Control in Weld Deposits

S2. Tension and Bend Tests
S2.1 Tension tests (see Section 10) and bend tests (see
Section 12) shall be made on specimens to represent each
length of pipe. Failure of any test specimen to meet the
requirements shall be cause for the rejection of the pipe length
represented.

S4.1 The ferrite content of the deposited weld metal in any

length of pipe may be determined. The procedural details
pertaining to this subject (that is, welding, plate and weld
deposit chemistry, testing equipment and method, number and
location of test sites, and ferrite control limits) shall be a matter
for agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

S3. Penetration Oil and Powder Examination

S3.1 All welded joints shall be subjected to examination by
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