Jack Kilby Texas Instruments
Jack Kilby Texas Instruments
Jack Kilby Texas Instruments
During the mid-1920s, several inventors attempted devices that were intended to control current
in solid-state diodes and convert them into triodes. Success had to wait until after WWII, during
which the attempt to improve silicon and germanium crystals for use as radar detectors led to
improvements in fabrication and in the understanding of quantum mechanical states of carriers in
semiconductors. Then scientists who had been diverted to radar development returned to solidstate device development. With the invention of transistors at Bell Labs in 1947, the field of
electronics shifted from vacuum tubes to solid-state devices.
With the small and effective transistor at their hands, electrical engineers of the 1950s saw the
possibilities of constructing far more advanced circuits. As the complexity of circuits grew,
problems arose.[1]
One problem was the size of the circuit. A complex circuit, like a computer, was dependent on
speed. If the components of the computer were too large or the wires interconnecting them too
long, the electric signals couldn't travel fast enough through the circuit, thus making the computer
too slow to be effective.[1]
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments found a solution to this problem in 1958. Kilby's idea was to
make all the components and the chip out of the same block (monolith) of semiconductor
material. Kilby presented his idea to his superiors, and was allowed to build a test version of his
circuit. In September 1958, he had his first integrated circuit ready.[1] Although the first integrated
circuit was crude and had some problems, the idea was groundbreaking. By making all the parts
out of the same block of material and adding the metal needed to connect them as a layer on top
of it, there was no need for discrete components. No more wires and components had to be
assembled manually. The circuits could be made smaller, and the manufacturing process could
be automated. From here, the idea of integrating all components on a single silicon wafer came
into existence, which led to development in small-scale integration (SSI) in the early 1960s,
medium-scale integration (MSI) in the late 1960s, and then large-scale integration (LSI) as well
as VLSI in the 1970s and 1980s, with tens of thousands of transistors on a single chip (later
hundreds of thousands, then millions, and now billions (10 9)).