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    SPFirst-L04 EV0

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    SPECTRUM Representation - Graphical Form shows DIFFERENT Freqs Copyright (c) Monash University 2009 Lecture 4 Spectrum Representation READING ASSIGNMENTS This Lecture: - Chapter 3, Section 3-1 Other Reading: - Appendix A: Complex Numbers - Next Lecture: Ch 3, Sects 3-2, 3-3, 3-7 and 3-8.

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    SPFirst-L04 EV0

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    14 views25 pages
    SPECTRUM Representation - Graphical Form shows DIFFERENT Freqs Copyright (c) Monash University 2009 Lecture 4 Spectrum Representation READING ASSIGNMENTS This Lecture: - Chapter 3, Section 3-1 Other Reading: - Appendix A: Complex Numbers - Next Lecture: Ch 3, Sects 3-2, 3-3, 3-7 and 3-8.

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    SPECTRUM Representation - Graphical Form shows DIFFERENT Freqs Copyright (c) Monash University 2009 Lecture 4 Spectrum Representation READING ASSIGNMENTS This Lecture: - Chapter 3, Section 3-1 Other Reading: - Appendix A: Complex Numbers - Next Lecture: Ch 3, Sects 3-2, 3-3, 3-7 and 3-8.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views25 pages

    SPFirst-L04 EV0

    Uploaded by

    kewancam
    SPECTRUM Representation - Graphical Form shows DIFFERENT Freqs Copyright (c) Monash University 2009 Lecture 4 Spectrum Representation READING ASSIGNMENTS This Lecture: - Chapter 3, Section 3-1 Other Reading: - Appendix A: Complex Numbers - Next Lecture: Ch 3, Sects 3-2, 3-3, 3-7 and 3-8.

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    You are on page 1of 25

    Signal

    Processing
    First

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    Lecture4
    Spectrum
    Representation

    READING ASSIGNMENTS
    ThisLecture:
    Chapter3,Section31

    OtherReading:
    AppendixA:ComplexNumbers
    NextLecture:Ch3,Sects32,33,37&38

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    LECTURE OBJECTIVES
    SinusoidswithDIFFERENT Frequencies
    SYNTHESIZEbyAddingSinusoids

    x (t ) Ak cos(2 f k t k )
    k 1

    SPECTRUM Representation
    Graphical FormshowsDIFFERENT Freqs

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    Eulers Formula Reversed


    Solveforcosine (orsine)

    e
    e

    j t

    cos( t ) j sin( t )

    j t

    cos( t ) j sin( t )

    j t

    cos( t ) j sin( t )

    j t

    j t

    cos( t )
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    2 cos( t )

    1 ( e j t
    2

    j t

    )
    4

    INVERSE Eulers Formula


    Solveforcosine

    cos( t )

    1 ( e j t
    2

    j t

    Solveforsine (youtryit)

    sin( t )
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    1
    2j

    (e

    j t

    j t

    )
    5

    SPECTRUM representation
    Cosine=sumof2complexexponentials:

    A cos(7 t )

    A
    2

    A
    2

    j7t

    j0

    j7t

    e e

    A
    2

    j7t

    e
    A
    2

    j0 j7t

    One has a positive frequency = 7


    The other has negative freq = -7
    Amplitude of each is half as big A/2
    Phases
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    GRAPHICAL SPECTRUM
    A cos(7t ) Ae e

    j 0 j 7t

    1
    2

    1
    2

    ( A )e

    Ae e

    j0

    Re

    Re

    Im

    -7

    j 0 j 7t

    1
    2

    1
    2

    ( A )e

    j0

    Im

    AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are shown

    Two-sided Spectrum : {(ej0A/2,7), (e-j0A/2,-7)}


    Copyright Monash University 2009

    NEGATIVE FREQUENCY
    Isnegativefrequencyreal?NO
    DopplerRadarprovidesanexample
    PoliceradarmeasuresspeedbyusingtheDoppler
    shiftprinciple
    Letsassume400Hz60mph
    +400Hz meanstowardstheradar
    400Hz meansaway(oppositedirection)
    Thinkofatrainwhistle
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    SPECTRUM of SINE
    Sine=sumof2complexexponentials:
    j 7t
    j 7t
    A
    A
    A sin(7t ) 2 j e 2 j e
    j 0.5 j 7 t
    j 0.5 j 7 t
    1
    1
    2 Ae
    e 2 Ae
    e
    1
    j

    je

    j 0.5

    Positivefreq.hasphase=0.5
    Negativefreq.hasphase=+0.5
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    GRAPHICAL SPECTRUM
    EXAMPLE of SINE

    A sin(7t )

    ( 12

    A)e

    1
    2

    Ae j 0.5 e j 7t 12 Ae j 0.5 e j 7t

    j 0.5

    1
    (2

    Im

    A) e

    j 0 .5
    Im

    Re
    -7

    Re
    0

    AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are shown


    Copyright Monash University 2009

    10

    SPECTRUM SINUSOID
    Addthespectrumcomponents:

    4e

    j / 2

    7e

    250

    j / 3

    10
    7e

    j / 3

    4e
    100

    100

    j / 2

    250

    f (in Hz)

    What is the formula for the signal x(t)?


    Copyright Monash University 2009

    11

    Gather (A,) information


    Frequencies:

    250Hz
    100Hz
    0 Hz
    100Hz
    250Hz

    Amplitude&Phase

    4
    7
    10
    7
    4

    /2
    +/3
    0(DC)
    /3
    +/2

    Note the conjugate phase


    DC is another name for zero-freq component
    DC component always has or (for real x(t) )
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    12

    Add Spectrum Components-1


    Frequencies:

    Amplitude&Phase

    250Hz
    100Hz
    0Hz
    100Hz
    250Hz

    4
    7
    10
    7
    4

    /2
    +/3
    0
    /3
    +/2

    x (t ) 10
    7e
    4e

    j / 3 j 2 (100) t

    j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    7e

    4e

    j / 3 j 2 (100) t

    j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t

    13

    Add Spectrum Components-2

    4e

    j / 2

    7e

    j / 3

    10
    7e

    j / 3

    4e

    250

    100

    100

    j / 2

    250

    x(t ) 10
    7e
    4e

    j / 3
    j / 2

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    j 2 (100 ) t

    j 2 ( 250 ) t

    7e
    4e

    f (in Hz)

    j / 3 j 2 (100 ) t

    j / 2 j 2 ( 250 ) t

    14

    Simplify Components
    x (t ) 10
    7e
    4e

    j / 3 j 2 (100) t

    j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t

    7e

    4e

    j / 3 j 2 (100) t

    j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t

    Use Eulers Formula to get REAL sinusoids:


    j

    A cos( t ) Ae e
    1
    2

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    j t

    Ae
    1
    2

    j j t

    15

    FINAL ANSWER
    x (t ) 10 14 cos(2 (100)t / 3)
    8 cos(2 ( 250)t / 2)
    So, we get the general form:

    x (t ) A0 Ak cos(2 f k t k )
    k 1

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    16

    Summary: GENERAL FORM


    N

    x (t ) A0 Ak cos(2 f k t k )
    k 1
    N

    x (t ) X 0 e X k e j 2 f k t
    k 1

    e{ z}

    1
    2

    z
    N

    1
    2

    x (t ) X 0
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    Phasor : X k Ak e j k

    k 1

    1
    2

    Frequency f k

    Xke

    j 2 f k t

    1
    2

    j 2 f k t
    Xke

    17

    Vowel Waveform
    (sum of all 5 components)

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    18

    Example: Synthetic Vowel


    Sumof5FrequencyComponents

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    19

    SPECTRUM of VOWEL
    Note:Spectrumhas0.5Xk(exceptXDC)
    Conjugatesinnegativefrequency

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    20

    SPECTRUM of VOWEL (Polar


    Format)
    0.5Ak

    k
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    21

    Frequency is the vertical axis

    Another FREQ. Diagram

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    A-440

    Time is the horizontal axis


    22

    Synthesize Complicated Signals


    SynthesizeComplicated Signals
    MusicalNotes
    Pianouses3stringsformanynotes
    Chords:playseveralnotessimultaneously

    HumanSpeech
    Vowelshavedominantfrequencies
    Application:computergeneratedspeech

    Canall signalsbegeneratedthisway?
    Sumofsinusoids?

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    23

    Fur Elise WAVEFORM


    Beat
    Notes

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    24

    Speech Signal: BAT


    NearlyPeriodic inVowelRegion
    Periodis(Approximately)T=0.0065sec

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    25

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