Magnetism (Revised)

Chapter
19
Magnetism
At the end of this chapter,

you should be able to
State the properties of magnets.

Describe induced magnetism.
Distinguish between magnetic and
non-magnetism materials.
Describe electrical methods of
magnetisation and
demagnetisation.

Describe the plotting of magnetic

field lines with a compass.
Distinguish between the properties
and uses of temporary magnets
(eg. iron) and permanent magnets
(eg. steel).

Describe the plotting of magnetic

field lines with a compass.
Distinguish between the properties
and uses of temporary magnets
(eg. iron) and permanent magnets
(eg. steel).
Properties of Magnetic
Materials
A magnetic force is felt as a repulsion

__________
.
or as an attraction
two
A magnet always has ________
poles.
N
S
strongest
The
magnetic effects are
_______________ at the poles
Materials and Magnets

Magnetic and Non-magnetic materials
The law of magnetism states that

________________________________________.
like poles repel and unlike poles
Aattract
magnet can __________
magnetic materials. Magnets have no
attract
effect on non-magnetic materials.

Magnetic and Non-magnetic materials
Examples of magnetic materials

Iron, Steel, Nickel and
are
Cobalt
Examples
non-magnetic
Wood,ofglass,
cotton,
materials
are:
copper
and brass.

Properties of Magnets
If a bar is suspended freely, it will

always point in the north-south
direction
Quiz Time
How do you use a magnet to
determine whether an unknown
object is a magnet?
Quiz Time
How do you use a magnet to
determine whether an unknown object
is a magnet?
Place the unknown object near one
pole of the magnet. If the object is
attracted, we can only confirm that the
object is a magnetic material. Then
place the other pole of the magnet
near the object. If the object repels the
magnet, then we can confirm that the
Repulsion is the only test to

determine if an unknown object is
a magnet.
Magnetic Induction
Magnetic induction is the

magnetic
process whereby
a material is
made to behave like a magnet.
________________________________
Induced magnetism is
temporar
y.
Magnetic Induction
In this example,
the magnet
induces an south
pole at the
top of the first nail
and an north pole
at the bottom of
the first nail.
Magnetic Induction
The first nail

acting as a magnet
will induce a south
pole at the top of
the second nail
and an north pole
at the bottom of
the second nail.
Magnetic Induction
When the bar

magnet is taken
away, the nails
will fall showing
that induced
magnets are
temporary.
Quiz Time
Two steel nails are hanging from the

ends of a magnet as shown below.
Why do you think the nails are leaning
towards each other.
N
Quiz Time
On the right side, the south pole of the

magnet induces the top of the nail to be
north pole and bottom of the nail to be
south pole.
N
N
S
Quiz Time
On the left side, the north pole of the

magnet induces the top of the nail to be
south pole and bottom of the nail to be
north pole.
N
N
N
Quiz Time
Since the bottom of the nail are of

unlike polarity, hence they will be
attracted to each other.
N
N

Magnetic Induction
Advantages of Induced Magnets

A simple method
Induced magnets are produced
instantly.
Disadvantages of Induced Magnets
Induced magnets are weak magnets, it

will lose all their magnetism when not
attracted by other magnets.
Food for Thought
What happens when you cut a

permanent magnet into ten
pieces? A hundred pieces? A
million pieces?

Theory of Magnetism
A magnetised bar is made up of

tiny magnet all lined up with their
north poles pointing in the same
direction.
S
N
S
N
S
N
Free pole
Free pole

Theory of Magnetism
A unmagnetised bar is made up of

tiny magnet pointing at different
direction. Hence the resulting
magnetic effect of all the tiny
magnets are then cancelled off
and thus it is said to be
unmagnetised.

Theory of Magnetism
Storage of magnets using keepers
Due to the free poles near the ends of

the magnets repelling each other, the
alignment of tiny magnets may be
upset. This makes the magnet weaker
as time passes.
S
S
S
Free pole
N
N
N
Free pole

Theory of Magnetism
Storage of magnets using keepers
To prevent the weakening of the

magnets, we store the bar magnets in
pairs by using soft iron magnets called
keepers across the ends of the bar
S
N
magnets.
N
Soft iron
keepers

Theory of Magnetism
Magnetic Saturation
Every magnet has a maximum

possible strength. This happens when
all the tiny magnets are aligned in the
same direction.

Theory of Magnetism
Demagnetisation of Magnets
Demagnetisation is the process of
removing the magnetism from a
magnet.
During demagnetisation, the atoms of
the magnet vibrates vigorously, mixing
up the directions of the tiny magnets
(magnetic domain).
Methods of Magnetism
(By Electrically)
A steel bar is placed inside a

solenoid.
(By Electrically)
When an electric current passes

through the solenoid , a magnetic field
is produced and the steel bar becomes
magnetised.
(By Electrically)
The polarity of the magnet can be

determined in two ways.
Direction of current at the ends of the

solenoid.
(By Electrically)
Right-hand Grip Hand

By
gripping the solenoid with right hand

such that the fingers are in the direction
of the current, the end of the magnetised
steel bar that the thumbs point to is an
north pole.
(By Electrically)
Advantage
Stronger permanent magnet produced.
Disadvantage
Direct current is needed to make the
magnet,
Safety measures have to be taken when
using electricity.
Industrial solenoid
Methods of Demagnetising
magnets
Heating
Hammering
Alternating
current
magnets (Heating)
The heatcauses the vibration of the

atoms of the magnet which cause
alignment
the tiny magnets to lose
their
. Hence the magnetisation
is destroyed.
magnets (Heating)
Advantage:
Simple Method
Disadvantages:
It causes damage to the material
of the magnets.
Often require a long time to heat
and cool.
magnets (Hammering)
Similarly to heating, hammering

causes the tiny magnets to lose
their
, causing the
alignment
magnet to lose its magnetism.
magnets (Hammering)
Advantage:
Simple mechanical method
Disadvantages:
It may change the shape of the
magnet.
It takes a bit of hammering before
the magnetism is all lost.
magnets (Alternating
By placing a magnet inside a
Current)
solenoid facing east-west direction
alternating
current power
connected
to an
supply, slowly removed
it from the solenoid will cause the
magnet to lose its magnetism.
Current)
Advantage:
Current)
It allows magnets to lose magnetism
faster.
Disadvantages:
Safety measures have to be taken
when using electricity.
Magnetic Fields and the

Plotting Compass
region in which
A magnetic field is the
a magnetic object, placed within the
influence of the field, experience a
magnetic force.

Plotting Compass
Magnetic field lines arecloser to

each other in a stronger magnetic
field.
magnetic field is stronger at A than at B

Plotting Compass
A uniform magnetic field is

represented by straight parallel
magnetic field lines
a uniform magnetic field

Plotting Compass
The magnetic field lines run from

the north pole to the south pole.
A compass needle points towards
the same direction as the magnetic
field lines.

Plotting Compass
The point where there is no

neutral
magnetic effect is
calledpoint
the
point X is the neutral point

Plotting Compass
In magnetic shielding, soft

magnetic materials can be placed
to divert magnetic field lines
through themselves and away from
sensitive equipment.

Plotting Compass

Plotting Compass

Plotting Compass
Plotting Magnetic Field

Lines
(c) Mark the end points of the compass
needle on the paper (e.g. A and B).
(d) Move the compass so that the
compass needle coincides with one of
the marked points (e.g. B).
(e) Mark a third point at the other end
of compass needle (e.g. C).
Plotting Magnetic Field

Lines
(f) Continue doing this until the
compass reaches the south pole.
(g) Join the dots smoothly to get one
magnetic field line.
(e) Repeat the process on the other
side of the magnet for more magnetic
field lines.
Magnetic Properties of Iron

and Steel
bar magnet
steel
bar
soft
iron
iron
filings
bar magnet is on top
bar magnet is removed
Magnetic Properties of Iron

and Steel
Iron (Temporary Magnets)
Soft magnetic material

- easier to magnetise
- loses its magnetism
Properties
easily when removed
Steel (Permanent Magnets)
Hard magnetic material

- difficult to magnetise
- retains its magnetism for
a long time.
from a magnetic field.
Uses
electromagnet
Compass, magnetic door

catchers, loudspeakers,
magnetic strips
Some uses of Permanent

Magnets and
Electromagnets
Moving-coil galvanometer

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Chapter

At the end of this chapter,

State the properties of magnets.

At the end of this chapter,

Describe the plotting of magnetic

At the end of this chapter,

Describe the plotting of magnetic

A magnetic force is felt as a repulsion

Materials and Magnets

The law of magnetism states that

Materials and Magnets

Examples of magnetic materials

Materials and Magnets

If a bar is suspended freely, it will

Repulsion is the only test to

Magnetic induction is the

The first nail

When the bar

Two steel nails are hanging from the

On the right side, the south pole of the

On the left side, the north pole of the

Since the bottom of the nail are of

Materials and Magnets

Advantages of Induced Magnets

Disadvantages of Induced Magnets

Induced magnets are weak magnets, it

Food for Thought

What happens when you cut a

Materials and Magnets

A magnetised bar is made up of

Materials and Magnets

A unmagnetised bar is made up of

Materials and Magnets

Storage of magnets using keepers

Due to the free poles near the ends of

Materials and Magnets

Storage of magnets using keepers

To prevent the weakening of the

Materials and Magnets

Every magnet has a maximum

Materials and Magnets

A steel bar is placed inside a

When an electric current passes

The polarity of the magnet can be

Direction of current at the ends of the

Right-hand Grip Hand

gripping the solenoid with right hand

Safety measures have to be taken when

The heatcauses the vibration of the

Similarly to heating, hammering

Magnetic Fields and the

Magnetic Fields and the

Magnetic field lines arecloser to

magnetic field is stronger at A than at B

Magnetic Fields and the

A uniform magnetic field is

a uniform magnetic field

Magnetic Fields and the

The magnetic field lines run from