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ABSTRACT
Species of yam (Dioscorea spp.) except gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) were planted by people in South Kalimantan and
Lampung, Sumatera. On both research areas, yam tuber were not only planted for food need, but so for ritual activities. Research
problems are related to yam species diversity and its traditional usage by people in transmigrant placing in South Kalimantan and
Lampung, Sumatera. Samples collection were conducted by survey and interview methods in the transmigrant places. Yam samples are
include tuber and bulbil (aerial tuber) planted as a life collections. Morphological analysis were conducted for leafs, stems, tubers,
and bulbils characterization, furthermore interview were conducted emphasized to the traditional uses of yam on both research areas.
The data were analyzed descriptively for species identification and traditional usage The result of the research showed that there are
difference species composition on both research areas, Lampung have more species richness than South Kalimantan. The common wild
species on both research area is gadung (D. hispida), and the common cultivated species is wter yam (D. alata L.), that is origin from
Java. Species which were found in Lampung, but not found in South Kalimantan are D. pentaphylla L.(tomboreso), and D. esculenta
(Lour.) Miq. (gembili or lasser yam). Tuber of water yam (D. alata) are not only for food stock in dry season, but so for ritual objective.
The usage of yam species on both research areas have the same traditional culture concepts on ritual aspect, namely as condition to
opening land for new agriculture area, it was planted in this area together with the other condition as sesaji or tumbal related to the
local wisdom of peoples on both research areas. In Lampung tubers of yam (Dioscorea spp.) were used as materials to accelerate
tapping rubber sap coagulation traditionally.
Key words: Dioscorea spp., Ethnobotany, Lampung (Sumatera), local wisdom, South Kalimantan
PENGANTAR
Dioscorea spp. (Dioscoreaceae) merupakan tanaman
yang membentuk umbi. Di alam, umbi tanaman dimakan
oleh sebangsa mammal misalnya babi hutan dan oleh
manusia umbi dapat dijadikan sumber makan berbasis
karbohidrat. Terdapat spesies anggota Dioscorea terbukti
beracun yaitu gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.), namun
dengan teknik pengolahan tertentu umbi gadung dapat
dimakan (criping gadung) (Ariesta, 2004). Umbi spesies
Dioscorea yang lain dimanfaatkan secara tradisional pada
umumnya untuk ketahanan pangan masyarakat pedesaan di
musim kering (paceklik) (Purnomo, 2009). Secara modern
umbi tanaman tersebut dijadikan sebagai bahan dasar untuk
membuat tepung, tonik, dan alkohol (etanol) (Balakhrisant
et al., 2007).
Pemanfaatan tradisional oleh budaya masyarakat
tertentu merupakan bagian pola dasar (emic), yang secara
modern akan dikaji mengenai alasan ilmiah pemanfaatan
(etic) kajian etnobotani (Waluyo, 2009). Kajian etnobotani
62
Tabel 1. Spesies, nama local, dan keberadaan Dioscorea spp. di Kalimantan Selatan dan Lampung (Sumatera)
Spesies
Dioscorea alata L.
Nama local
Uwi putih
Uwi ungu
Uwi jingga
Uwi bangkulit
Uwi hitam
Uwi Kuning
Gembili
Gadung
Tomboreso, uwi buah
Uwi alas
A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Keterangan: A = Kal-Sel, B = Lampung. Ilustrasi dari setiap spesies dapat diperiksa pada gambar 1 dan 2 (Lampiran)
Tabel 2. Manfaat tradisional tanaman Dioscorea spp. di Kal-Sel dan Lampung
Nama lokal
Uwi
Uwi
Uwi
Uwi
Uwi
Uwi
Gembili
Gadung
Tomboreso
Uwi alas
Manfaat
Pangan pangan lokal
Sesaji (tumbal)
Batas wilayah
Penjendalan getah karet
Obat diare
Mengatasi gula darah
Bahan pangan lokal
Bahan pangan dan pestisida alami
Bahan pangan lokal
Tali dan pestisida alami
A
+
+
+
+
+
-
B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Nama lokal
Umbi uwi
Candu
Tebu ireng
Bambu kuning
Nama spesies
Dioscorea alata L.
Papaver somniferum L.
Saccharum officinarum L.
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.
63
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