Exercises -Present Progressive

A. Add ing to the following verbs:

1. die ____________ 7. eat ____________
2. fight ____________ 8. blow ____________
3. tan ____________ 9. break ____________
4. plan ____________ 10. snow ____________
5. sail ____________ 11. show ____________
6. prepare ____________ 12. do ____________
B. Fill in the following sentences in the present progressive
1. They ____________________(wait) for us on the corner now.
2. Listen! I think the telephone______________________(ring).
3. I see that you_____________________(wear) your new suit today.
4. The boys___________(make) a lot of noise. Please tell them to be quiet.
5. Mr. Zehavy ______________(not work) in his office today.
6. My parents_________________(go to a concert tonight.
7. The bus driver______________(not drive) carefully.
8. _______the pupils____________(decorate the room at the moment?
9. You________________(not take) a shower right now.
10. They______________(have) sales in all the big stores now.
11. Look! It________________(begin) to rain
12. At present my grandparent___________(travel) in London.
13. The maid______________(clean) the room now.
14. ________you________________(watch) TV right now?
15. Sharon______________(not swim) in the pool at the moment.
16. My brother_____________(not come) home today.
17. Two old ladies_____________(sit) under a tree.
18. ________they__________(laugh) at what I said?
19. Ronen___________(look) for the book which he lost.
20. Mom is sick. She__________(lie) in bed.
21. The Bus
The bus________(come). The passengers____________ (sit down). One woman ____________

(give) the driver the money. An old man ____________ (read) his newspaper. The young boy
____________ (ring) the bell. Two children ____________ (run) for the bus. The bus
____________ (stop) and the people ____________ (get off) it. .
22. Autumn Is Here
It is beginning of autumn. I can see though the window that it ____________ (rain). The wind
____________ (blow) and some leaves ____________ (fall). My brothers____________ (listen)
to records and they ____________ (discuss) the weather. It seems that the summer is over and
there is nothing to look forward to. A small dog outside____________ (run) and ____________
(bark) in happily. I guess he____________ (look) for shelter. I think that the best thing about
autumn and winter is that spring and summer are soon to follow.
23. A Busy Afternoon
It is 06:00 o'clock in the afternoon. Everybody is busy. Father ____________ (read) the Evening
paper. Mother ____________ (help) David with his homework. Miriam ____________ (do) the
dishes. Uri ____________ (wash) the family car. Our little dog ____________ (bark) unhappily.
He _____________ (wait) for somebody to take him out. There are a lot of actives outside.
People ____________ (come) from work. Mothers ___________ (call) their children to come
back home. Another day ____________ (come) to an end.
(C) Present Progressive Wh Questions:
1. Ron is visiting his grandmother right now.
2. The children are playing outside at this moment.
3. We are playing tennis today after school.
4. Look! The dogs are lying under a tree
5. Tami and Tali are studying in the library this week.
6. The boys are crying now because their dog is sick.
7. Listen! She's singing in the shower.
8. They are watching the film: "titanic" right now.
9. Mr. and Mrs. Levi are leaving in a few minutes because it's late.
10. Miri is walking slowly
11. I am eating a cheese sandwich right now.
12. Liron is sitting in her room.
13. Vered is thinking about her parents tonight.
14. I am having lunch with my sister at "Apropo" now.
15. Esther is planning to go to Eilat.
(D) Ronit is calling her sister Yael. Write questions and complete their conversion

A: Hi Ronit___________________________________________________________?
B: I'm at the big parade.
A: _________________________________________________________________?
B: It's on Herzel street.
A: _________________________________________________________________?
B: Yes, there are a lot of people in the streets.
A: _________________________________________________________________?
B: No, Im not alone. Oded is with me.
A: _________________________________________________________________?
B: No, We are standing on the sidewalk.
A: _________________________________________________________________?
B: Yes, We are having a great time.
A: _________________________________________________________________?
B: I'm coming home in an hour, please wait for me.
A: O.K, but don't be later.
Exercises - Past Progressive
A. Past Simple & Past Progressive
1. When Mrs. Golan _______ (open) the door, her children _______(do) homework and her
husbend (read)_____________ the newspaper.
2. What _____you _____ (do) yesterday at half past eight in the morning I ________(study) at
school.
3. __________he__________(arrive) to the meeting last time?
4. __________they_________(paint) the walls when your mother __________ (come) in?
5. While Dan_________(fix) the chairs, his sister, Ronna,_______(work) in the garden.
6. They _________(watch) television when the lights ________(go) out.
7. While mother __________ (hang) the clothes, her two daughters __________(wash) the
dishes.
8. Tom _________(water) the garden when it __________(start) to rain.
9. She _________(talk) on the phone, when I ____________(arrive).
10. I____________(read) a book when you ___________(call) me.
11. The children ____________(play) tennis, when their grandmother __________(come) to
visit.

12. When Mrs. Smith ______(enter) the room, her children _____(listen) to the radio very loudly.
13. Ann _________(sweep) the floor while John_________(make) the beds.
14. The parents_________(sleep) while the baby _________(play) quietly in her bed.
15. When the teacher _________(walk) into the room, the pupils _________ (make) a lot of
noise.
16. I (meet) ________a group of my friends as I (leave )_________my house yesterday. They
(run) _________ along the street. Some of them (talk) ________ in loud voices. Others
(shout) _________ and (laugh) __________. My friend, Danny, (wear) __________a funny
red hat. His sister Judy (hold) _________ some colored balloons. George (carry)
_________ some bottles. .I (look) ________at them for a moment and then I
(understand)_________ what (happen) __________. They (get) ________ready for our
class party and they (be) _________on their way to my house because they (need) my help.
B. Make YesNo Questions in the Past Simple and Past Progressive
1. Yes, my grandmother was lying I bed all morning. She`s sick !
2. Yes, the party last night was a success.
3. No, we weren't watching a movie yesterday from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m.
4. No, my friends didn`t fly to Africa last year.
5. Yes, the children were sleeping all night.
6. No, Dana didn't tell me what happened yesterday.
7. Yes, the car was making strange noises all the way home.
8. Yes, the baby ate her supper a few minutes ago.
9. No, Amir didn't borrow his father`s car when he was younger.
10. Yes, Liran was playing football as his parents were reading a book.
C. Make WH Questions in the Past Simple and Past Progressive:
1. The vegetables were fresh.
2. I was sleeping in a tent yesterday night between 9:00 and 11:00 p.m .
3. She was tired yesterday because she worked hard.
4. Sima was knitting a new sweater when the telephone rang.
5. The building was beautiful last year .
6. We were doing homework when the telephone rang.
7. The money was in my pocket an hour ago.
8. John recognized his friend last June.
9. Tom was driving to Eilat yesterday between 5:00 and 10:00 a.m.

10. The accident happened 10 minutes ago.

11. I quickly wrote down the pome.
12. My mother preferred the red dress.
13. The opera singer sang loudly.
14. We spent 50 shekels last Friday.
15. I wrote poems last week.
D. Ask the correct question:
Sarah is talking to Hanna on the phone.
Sara: ______________________________________________________?
Hanna: Yes, I was busy when you called yesterday.
Sara: ______________________________________________________?
Hanna: No, I wasn't reading a book.
Sara: ______________________________________________________?
Hanna: No, I wasn't listening to music.
Sara: ______________________________________________________?
Hanna: No, I wasn't watching television. I was study for a test .
Sara: ______________________________________________________?
Hanna: No, I am not angry that you called.
- Exercises - Past Simple
A. Fill in the correct form of "was" or "were"
A class trip to Jerusalem
Yesterday our class 1. ________ on a trip. It 2. ________ a trip to Jerusalem. At seven oclock
we 3. ________ still at home. Our things 4. ________ ready. At half past seven we 5. ________
at school. All the pupils 6. ________ there. Our teachers 7. ________ there and the buses 8.
________ there, too. At eight oclock we 9. ________ on the buses on the way to Jerusalem.
We 10.________ in Jerusalem all day. The weather 11. ________ very pleasant. It 12. ________
a long day but it 13. ________ very interesting.
At six oclock in the evening we 14. ________ back at our school. It 15. ________ a nice class
trip.
B. Write Yes/No questions to the following answers
1. Yes, we were in the park on Saturday.
2. No, I wasnt angry about what she said.

3. No, he wasnt late this morning.

4. No, the weather was nice yesterday.
5. Yes, I was in the kitchen a minute ago.
6. No, Karen wasnt sick yesterday.
7. Yes, I was at home last night.
8. Yes, Or was in my class last year.
9. No, Gal was in Israel last year.
10. Yes, Ben was in Haifa a week ago.
C. Write WH questions about the underlined words
1. ___________________________________________________
The circuit was here last month.
2. ___________________________________________________
I was at the zoo on Sunday.
3. ___________________________________________________
Many pupils were late for school this morning because of the traffic.
4. ___________________________________________________
We were in Eilat last summer.
5. ___________________________________________________
Some apples were in the basket.
6. ___________________________________________________
Tomer was at the library yesterday afternoon.
7. ___________________________________________________
Mr. and Mrs. Segev were at home two hours ago.
8. ___________________________________________________
The dog was in the garden.
9. ___________________________________________________
Eyal was at home because he was sick.
10. __________________________________________________
The weather was very pleasant yesterday.
D. Add d, +ed or +ied to the following verbs
1. call ___________

2. clean ___________
3. play ___________
4. close ___________
5. cry ___________
6. drop ___________
7. wait ___________
8. practice ___________
9. notice ___________
10. jog ___________
E. Fill in the passages with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple
A minute before we 1. ________ (leave) Casablanca, a women 2. ________ (get) on the plane.
She 5. ________ (not have) much luggage for an international flight. From the moment I
6.________ (see) her I 7. ________ (think) she was an interesting person. The only empty seat 8.
________ (be) next to me. She 9. ________ (ask) me if she 10. ________ (can) sit there. She 11.
________ (speak) English but she 12. ________ (have) a foreign accent. Later I 13. ________
(hear) her speak French and Italian. I 14. ________ (want) to talk to her but she 15. ________
(not say) much the whole flight. I 16. ________ (become) more and more curious as the trip 17.
________ (continue). I 18. ________ (watch) her carefully and 19. ________ (notice) that she
20. ________ (have) two passports. From time to time she 21. ________ (read) her book, but
most of the time she 22. ________ (seem) to be thinking about something else. When we finally
23. ________ (arrive) in New York she 24. ________ (go) to the customs officer. He 25.
________ (look) quickly inside her luggage. Then he 26. ________ (tell) her to go on. Later I 27.
________ (meet) her at the airport. She suddenly 28. ________ (wave) to someone and 29.
________ (smile) I 30. ________ (turn) around for a minute and she 31. ________ (disappear).
F. Write WH questions about the underlined words
1. The wind made the noise.
___________________________________________________________
2. The opera singer sang loudly.
___________________________________________________________
3.
Yoni
wrote
about
his
___________________________________________________________
4. They thought about the problem all day.
___________________________________________________________
5. Vered knew all the answers.
___________________________________________________________

grandparents.

6. We left because it was boring.

___________________________________________________________
7. They sold their books at the end of the year.
___________________________________________________________
8. The company built a new factory in Tel-Aviv.
___________________________________________________________
9. David had a party last week.
___________________________________________________________
10. My father paid for the computer.
___________________________________________________________
11. They heard a strange noise in the middle of the night.
___________________________________________________________
12. Dan found the little puppy in the park.
___________________________________________________________
13. Lital bought two English books.
___________________________________________________________
14. Mr. Dror drove carefully.
___________________________________________________________
15. We spent a lot of money yesterday.
G. A car hit Gils bicycle. Write the policemans questions.
Policeman : (1) ____________________________________________
Gil : The accident happened 10 minutes ago.
Policeman : (2) ____________________________________________
Gil : A car hit my bicycle.
Policeman : (3) ____________________________________________
Gil : Yes, the driver tried to stop, but he didnt succeed.
Policeman : (4) ____________________________________________
Gil : Yes, I wrote down his name.
Policeman : (5) ____________________________________________
Gil : No, he didnt hurt me.
Policeman : You were very lucky. Try to be more careful next time !

- Exercises - Present Simple

(A) Add s / es / ies to the following verbs:
1. do ____________ 8. worry____________
2. study ____________ 9. play ____________
3. teach ____________ 10. grow ____________
4. say ____________ 11. watch____________
5. cry ____________ 12. miss ____________
6. dance ____________ 13. hurry ____________
7. fix ____________ 1 14. stop ____________
(B) Circle the correct answer :
1. I plays / play tennis every afternoon.
2. My parents live / lives in Ramat-Gan.
3. Tom listens / listen to the radio in the morning.
4. We eat / eats eggs for breakfast every morning.
5. My dog barks / bark at night.
6. Mrs. Gold sweep / sweeps the stairs once a week.
7. My brother never watches / watch television.
8. My family go / goes to the beach together in the summer.
9. I often eat / eats dinner at my grandmothers house.
10. Sharon do / does her homework regularly.
11. They takes / take a bath daily.
12. You seldom listen / listens in class.
13. Dana and Liat goes / go to the swimming pool every afternoon.
14. I never hurt / hurts my cat.
15. He never finish / finishes his work on time.
(C) Fill in the correct form of the verb in Present Simple:
1. Fish (not fly) ____________. They (swim) ____________
2. The sun (not rise) ___________ in the west. It (set) ____________ down in the west.
3. A spider (not have) ____________ wings. A bird (have) ____________ wings.
4. Cats (not bark) ____________. Dogs (do) ____________.
5. Natalie usually (not sit) ____________ in the sun. She rarely (go) ____________ to the beach.

6. Babies (not talk) ____________. They (cry) ____________.

7. Dalia often (dry) ___________ the dishes but she (not put) ___________ them away.
8. Betty usually (not do) __________ homework before she (eat) ___________supper.
9. Sarit (brush) ____________ her hair every morning before she (go) ____________ to school.
10. Nir always (try) __________ to be a good boy, but he (not behave) __________ well.
11. Mike usually (not catch) ____________ a cold in the winter. He frequently (catch)
____________ in the summer.
(D) Rewrite the following sentences, putting the frequency expressions in the right place
1. They are happy to have guests. (always)
2. We laugh at people in trouble. (never)
3. Im busy on Wednesdays. (usually)
4. Birds build their nests on this roof. (every winter)
5. They sing very loudly. (generally)
6. Dalit is late for school. (rarely)
7. My parents help me with my homework. (hardly ever)
8. My parents visit us. (from time to time)
9. We are at home on Saturdays. (often)
10. The secretary works here. (five days a week)
11. We have fish for lunch. (sometimes)
12. Sharon has lunch before two oclock. (seldom)
(E) Make YES/NO Questions in the Present Simple:
1. Yes, Tamar hates mice.
2. Yes, our neighbor fixes bikes.
3. Yes, your mother bakes cakes every Friday.
4. No, Bennys father doesnt work in a bakery every week.
5. Yes, I always clean on Thursdays.
6. No, Neta doesnt run fast.
7. Yes, Idan tries to win the swimming contest every year.
8. No, these rooms dont have two windows.
9. Yes, the baby usually cries a lot.
10. Yes, Gilad always drives too fast.

(F) Write YES/NO Questions OR Wh-Questions to the following answers:

1. I study English four days a week.
2. We usually finish school at 13:25.
3. My Father washes the car once a week.
4. Rinat comes late to work because she takes her son to kindergarten.
5. The last bus leaves at 10:00 oclock every night.
6. Rinat feels very good.
7. Yes, I like geography.
8. No, we dont go to the park every afternoon.
9. My sister studies French because she wants to go to France.
10. Yes, Ronit belongs to a youth club.
(G) Danny is asking Galit questions. Fill in the questions below:
Danny: _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : My name is Galit.
Danny : _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : I live in Haifa.
Danny : ____________________________________________________________.
Galit : Yes, I go to school in Haifa.
Danny : _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : My father drives me to school.
Danny : _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : School begins at 08:15 in the morning.
Danny : _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : No, my father doesnt take me back home.
Danny : ____________________________________________________________.
Galit : Nobody makes my lunch when I return home.
Danny : Well we very alike. It is nice to meet you.
- Exercises - Present Simple
(A) Add s / es / ies to the following verbs:
1. do ____________ 8. worry____________
2. study ____________ 9. play ____________

3. teach ____________ 10. grow ____________

4. say ____________ 11. watch____________
5. cry ____________ 12. miss ____________
6. dance ____________ 13. hurry ____________
7. fix ____________ 1 14. stop ____________
(B) Circle the correct answer :
1. I plays / play tennis every afternoon.
2. My parents live / lives in Ramat-Gan.
3. Tom listens / listen to the radio in the morning.
4. We eat / eats eggs for breakfast every morning.
5. My dog barks / bark at night.
6. Mrs. Gold sweep / sweeps the stairs once a week.
7. My brother never watches / watch television.
8. My family go / goes to the beach together in the summer.
9. I often eat / eats dinner at my grandmothers house.
10. Sharon do / does her homework regularly.
11. They takes / take a bath daily.
12. You seldom listen / listens in class.
13. Dana and Liat goes / go to the swimming pool every afternoon.
14. I never hurt / hurts my cat.
15. He never finish / finishes his work on time.
(C) Fill in the correct form of the verb in Present Simple:
1. Fish (not fly) ____________. They (swim) ____________
2. The sun (not rise) ___________ in the west. It (set) ____________ down in the west.
3. A spider (not have) ____________ wings. A bird (have) ____________ wings.
4. Cats (not bark) ____________. Dogs (do) ____________.
5. Natalie usually (not sit) ____________ in the sun. She rarely (go) ____________ to the beach.
6. Babies (not talk) ____________. They (cry) ____________.
7. Dalia often (dry) ___________ the dishes but she (not put) ___________ them away.
8. Betty usually (not do) __________ homework before she (eat) ___________supper.
9. Sarit (brush) ____________ her hair every morning before she (go) ____________ to school.

10. Nir always (try) __________ to be a good boy, but he (not behave) __________ well.
11. Mike usually (not catch) ____________ a cold in the winter. He frequently (catch)
____________ in the summer.
(D) Rewrite the following sentences, putting the frequency expressions in the right place
1. They are happy to have guests. (always)
2. We laugh at people in trouble. (never)
3. Im busy on Wednesdays. (usually)
4. Birds build their nests on this roof. (every winter)
5. They sing very loudly. (generally)
6. Dalit is late for school. (rarely)
7. My parents help me with my homework. (hardly ever)
8. My parents visit us. (from time to time)
9. We are at home on Saturdays. (often)
10. The secretary works here. (five days a week)
11. We have fish for lunch. (sometimes)
12. Sharon has lunch before two oclock. (seldom)
(E) Make YES/NO Questions in the Present Simple:
1. Yes, Tamar hates mice.
2. Yes, our neighbor fixes bikes.
3. Yes, your mother bakes cakes every Friday.
4. No, Bennys father doesnt work in a bakery every week.
5. Yes, I always clean on Thursdays.
6. No, Neta doesnt run fast.
7. Yes, Idan tries to win the swimming contest every year.
8. No, these rooms dont have two windows.
9. Yes, the baby usually cries a lot.
10. Yes, Gilad always drives too fast.
(F) Write YES/NO Questions OR Wh-Questions to the following answers:
1. I study English four days a week.
2. We usually finish school at 13:25.
3. My Father washes the car once a week.

4. Rinat comes late to work because she takes her son to kindergarten.
5. The last bus leaves at 10:00 oclock every night.
6. Rinat feels very good.
7. Yes, I like geography.
8. No, we dont go to the park every afternoon.
9. My sister studies French because she wants to go to France.
10. Yes, Ronit belongs to a youth club.
(G) Danny is asking Galit questions. Fill in the questions below:
Danny: _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : My name is Galit.
Danny : _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : I live in Haifa.
Danny : ____________________________________________________________.
Galit : Yes, I go to school in Haifa.
Danny : _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : My father drives me to school.
Danny : _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : School begins at 08:15 in the morning.
Danny : _____________________________________________________________.
Galit : No, my father doesnt take me back home.
Danny : ____________________________________________________________.
Galit : Nobody makes my lunch when I return home.
Danny : Well we very alike. It is nice to meet you.
VV (THE)
(The definite article)
1.

the [] : VV V : the book, the boy, the lady, the

university, the union

2.

the [i] : : the American, the animal; V

h- V :hour, honour, honest; V V
V h- : the horizon .

I . VV
V

: towards the North, in the North, : from north to south, from

east to west V.

: the East-Indies, the Netherlands, the

Hebrides.

, , , , : the Thames, the Atlantic, the

Alps

: the moon - , the earth - , the sun -

V V : I bought a postage stamp yesterday.

The stamp is very interesting.

republic, union, kingdom, states V : The United

states of America -

V
, the old - VV, the wolf - .

V : the English -

V : the first week -

, the second floor - .

: the highest mountain in the world .

V V V : the Smiths -

, , : the Daily News, the

Bach Choir, the Beatles

: all, both, half, double, quite, twice - "the" . all

the world, double the sum, all the money.
II . VV

( poor, old, little, good, saint -) : poor Peter, little John

: dmiral Nelson, King Richard, Queen

Elizabeth,
Uncle
Sam,
Dr.Miller
: the Queen
of
England
V
.
: the : emperor, czar, archduke, elector : the

Emperor William, the Czar Peter I

: Switzerland,
: the London of today - V .

Turkey,

London,

Mount-

, cape- , lake- , harbour- , bay- : Mount Everest,

Cape Trafalgar, Lake Geneva, New York Harbour, Hudson Bay,
: the Cape of Good Hope V .

, VV, : Oxford street, Trafalgar

square, Windsor castle, London bridge.

V : life, death, love, Earth, Heaven, Hell ; He

was
weary
of
life.
: the life of the whole nation V VV .

V , V : two boys, his friend, this room,

some apples.

Church,

school, college, prison, bisiness, chapel, hospital, market, sea, table, town,
work, bed V : church is over, school
begins,
he
was
sent
to
prison,
go
to
bed.
: VV : The school is near the
church. - V .

: coal, iron , wood, gold : coal is important for export,

: the coal of Wales ( VV) .

: cats, mice, dogs, birds : swallows are pretty birds.

: the swallows of this summer -
VV .

, : summer, March, Sunday : on Monday, in Winter, in April, at

Christmas
: the last Sunday in August. V .

My
brother
studies
algebra.

Photography is my hobby. - .

:
.

: "of"- VV
V

VV .
the Cape of good Hope, The England I know is different from . . .

 VV (, AN)
(The indefinite article)
1.

a : VV V : a boy, a lady, a European

2.

an : V : an animal, an english book,

V h- V : an hour, an heir, an honour
V V V h- : an historian

: I
have a pen. I see a dog.

V : a dof is domestic
animal. ("" )

V, : my brother is a painter, he is an
englishman,
she
became
a
Protestant
: the title of (doctor), the rank of (general), the dignity of (senator)-
VVV.

, , : four shillings a yard, sixpence a pound, twice a

year, four times a day

V : a million, a thousand, a dozen, a

couple, a little

: "" - half, such, quite, many ( ), rather, what -

: half a dozen - 6 , such a good story -
VV.
"" - as, so, too, how, however -
: as good a swimmer as I am - V ; to heavy
a weight - VV V ; too difficult a task - VV

 V (The noun)
I . V : V V = V
. V V
V V, V V

he

V V, V V

she her

V V V V
it

him his he met his friend

its

she saw her friend

the book is in its place

.
V : The lion licked its paw.
: V V
.
V (V) = V : the dog, his name
V ( ) = V : the cat, she is dead
V "-ess" V VV. : actor actress, host - hostess, prince - princess, waiter - waitress, lion - lioness,
duke - duchess
: , V
: the 'Atlantic' lost her crew, England and her dominions
II . V VV
Singular
+
s : dog
dogs,
friend
friends
V VV "-s" .
: leg -legs, wall - walls, tree - trees, table - tables.
V :
s,

ss, x, z, ch, sh, tch, "-es" . : ass - asses, box - boxes, church hurches

VV
fe,

+ y "-ies" VV. : baby - babies

f "-ves" . : wife - wives, knife - knives, wolf - wolves

. : chief - chiefs, roof - roofs VV .

- "- oes" : hero - heroes, potato - potatoes. V : photo photos, piano - pianos, radio - radios VV.

Y V

, : sheep - , deer - , swine - , fish - , fruit , grouse - .

: trout - , salmon - , carp - , pike -

. herring, -s = , eel, -s = VV V .

V,

: Japanese, Swiss, Vietnamese

ox, child, brother V -(r)en : ox - oxen, child children, brother - brethren

V V

VV.
: man - men, woman - women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, goose
- geese, mouse - mice, person -people, louse - lice
: man - V : gentleman gentlemen,
Frenchman
Frenchmen

.
: German, -s; Roman, -s; Norman, -s V "s" .
(Abstract) (Collective)
.

:
advice - , business - , furniture - , knowledge , merchandise - , progress - .
:

V

: scissors - , tongs , spectacles
- V

, lungs , trousers , scales

VV,
These spectacles are strong. - V .
! : V

.
They came in with their hats on their heads -
.
III . (The case)
(Normative) = (the,
a,
an)
(Genitive - V ) =of (the, a, an)
(Dative - V ) = to (the, a, an)

 (Accusative) = (the, a, an)

V
V 's,
s' - . :
V

V : Jack's blue book. they boys'

book

V , , : a week's
holiday, a month's stay, a mile's walk, at arm's length, a stone's throw

: for Heaven's sake - V , for God's sake , for goodness' sake -

: house, shop, church,

practice
V

.
I am at my uncle's (house). - () . at the doctor's
(practice) -
to
- V .
VVVV VVVV
We

gave

the beggar

a penny

sent

you

some books

V :
to - .
VVVV

VVVV

V ..

We

Gave

a penny

to the beggar

Sent

some books

to you(and not to him)

V V
to - . :
english

mongolian

english

mongolian

english

mongolian

to add

to reply to

cruel to

to listen to

, to happen to

- just to

to declare,
explain to

to say to

to mention to

kind to

polite to

V V . V V :
english

mongolian

english mongolian

english

to give

to bring

to forgive

to tell

to lend

VV

to take

to cost

to write

to offer

to send

to owe

to sell

to pay

to show VVV

to promise

to fetch

mongolian

english mongolian

: "it" - V

:
give it me - VV ; bring it us - VV
(The adjective)
V. The great
poets of England - .
I . (Degrees of Comparison of
the Adjective)
(positive) (comparative)
V

- er

(superlative)
- est

long

longer

the longest

large

larger

the largest


more
V

most

beautiful

more beautiful

VV

the most beautiful

good

Better

VV

the best

bad

worse

V the worst

:

VV "the"- .

V : ) V b ) V
: (polite - politer - the politest , severe - severer - the
severest) VV -y, -le, -er, - ow, - some -
V : happy - happier - the happiest, clever - cleverer - the - cleverest .

V : a ) V V
: cautious - more cautious - the most cautious, useful - more useful - the most
useful. b ) V VV V
VVV : interesting - more interesting - the most interesting, delighted - more
delighted - the most delighted.

VV V :
"e"

- -er, -est . : fine - finer - finest, polite politer - politest

VV "y" "y" - "- i -" .

: dry - drier - driest, happy - happier - happiest.

VV , VV
, V V VV
. : big - bigger - biggest, hot - hotter - hottest, fit - fitter - fittest.

VV

VV .

later

latest

I'll see you later -

. the latest paper - VV

late
latter

last

the latter sentence -

VV, (the) last time - VV

farther

farthest

the farthest way -

further

furthest

without frther delay -

V

older

oldest

he is older than I - , the

oldest tree -

elder

eldest

VV

my elder brother - , his eldest

son - VV VV

nearer

nearest

the nearest way to the station -

V

next month - . the next

stop -

far

old

near
next

smaller

smallest

the smallest room -

less

least

he drinks less wine than milk - VV

little

II . V

: as - as : my sister is as big as I am - .

: not so - as ( not as - as) : he is not so (not as) tall as his

brother -

(comparative) + than : he is bigger than his brother -

VV .

the

- the : the further they went the worse the road was -
.

the

less - the less : the less you work, the less you will earn -
.

the
former
the
same
the .
the
latter .
.
other than - . . . - , . . . -

,
.

.
.

VV

III . (Substantivization of adjectives)

V VVV , V , ,

VV
the V.
the good
the blind
the poor

VV V V
V, V man / woman, boy / girl, gentleman /
VVV
lady, person / people V . : the blind
women, the poor person, poor people . . .

"-sh", "-ch'' - V V
V

V
man / woman, gentleman / lady -
.
: the English - an Englishman, the French - a French lady, the Scotch
two
Scotchmen,
the
Dutch
some
Dutchmen
V V . : (the)
Americans, (the) Germans, (the) Russians
IV .
1.

V VV (attributive
use) V. : This is an interesting book. -
. They live in the old house. - .

2.

V V VVVV (predicative

use) : This book is interesting. - . Their house is

old. - .

V (Adverb)
V V , , ,
, , .
I . V VV
Adjective
+
ly
=
Adverb ,
"ly"
VV V VV V .
1.

VV V VV VV + "y" "-y"- "-i" - . :happy - happily, easy - easily.

2.

V "-y" -
: gay - gaily .

3.

VVV -e . true - truly, whole - wholly, due - duly,

noble - nobly

4.

full - fully

5.

"- ic" "- ally" - VV. : fantastic fantastically, diplomatic - diplomatically

. dryly drily,

! "-ly" in a . . . manner
(way) V V . : in a friendly manner; in a
lovely way
V VV .

"-ly" : early,
daily,
weekly,
monthly,
yearly . . .
.
pretty

only

still

very

(adjective)

, V,

V (adverb)

, ,

"-ly" VV V V
. : hardly - VV , ;nearly ,

 : " " = very - V

: very good,
very
badly,
(very) much V V : I thank you very much.
: (Adjective) V (adverb)
: to work hard - , to
walk slow - , to talk loud (low) - , to spell
right (wrong) - () , to feel happy -
, to stop short - V
II
.
V

(Degrees of Comparison of the adverb)

1.

V : ("-ly" - VV V V "more,
most"
)
brightly - more brightly - most brightly ; slowly - more slowly - most slowly

2.

V : ("-ly" VVV V V
"-er,
est" )
soon - sooner - soonest ; often - oftener - oftenest ; early - earlier - earliest

3.

:
well - better - best ; badly - worse - worst ; little - less - least ; much - more - most
late - latter - last ; far - farther (further) - farthest (furthest) ; near - nearer - nearest
(next)

III. V
V
V
: V

VVVV V.

VV V :
1.

V (, V
V ) VV .
(
!)

:
in
1999
we
went
to
London

:I
met
him
yesterday.
: We thanked him heartily

2.

V V ( V
V V ) V V ,
V V . :
: She allways heard the child cry. - VV V

.
I have often been in America -

 : I did not quite understand you. - V.

3.

VV V : + +
. :We arrived safely in London yesterday.

 (The Numeral)
V (Cardinal numerals)
1 -one, 2 - two, 3 - three, 4 - four, 5 - five, 6 - six, 7 - seven, 8 - eight, 9
- nine, 10 - ten,11- eleven, 12 - twelve, 13 - thirteen,14 - fourteen,15 fifteen, 16 - sixteen, 17 - seventeen, 18 - eighteen, 19 - nineteen, 20
- twenty, 21 - twenty one, 22 - twenty two, 30 - thirty, 40 - forty, 50 - fifty,
60 - sixty, 70 - seventy, 80 - eighty, 90 - ninety, 100 - a (one) hundred,101
- a (one) hundred and one, 200 - two hundred, 1000 - a (one) thousand,
2000 - two thousand, 100 000 - a (one) hundred thousand, 1 000 000 - a
(one) million, 2 000 000 - two million(s)
(Ordinal numerals and Fractional numerals)
Ordinal numerals = Cardinal numerals + th : the hundredth . V

: first,
second,
third
(1st,
2nd,
3rd)
V : five - fifth, eight - eighth, nine - ninth, twelve - twelfth,
twenty
- twenthieth
.
: He was born on July 14th on the 23rd of July ;
: Elizabeth II - Elizabeth the second()
"the" VV . the first, the
second,
the
eleventh, 101
- the
hundred
and
first
(Common Fractions): 1/2 a (one) half, 1/3 one third,
2/5 two
fifths,
2.3/7 two
and
three
sevenths
(Decimal Fractions): 0.3 nought (zero) point three,
2.35 two point three five (thirty five)
V

= first
then
:
First he lived at home, then he went to England. -
.
: - VV = at first - at last, at lenght :
At first I believed him, but at last I became distrustful. -
VV , V .
V : V = firstly in the first place ;
= thirdly in the third place . . . ; in the
fifth place . : = in the sixth place
: =once

=how many
times?

three times (thrice)

 =twice , =sometimes

once more

=single

=treble,
threefould

100

=a (one)
hundredfold

=double

=fourfold

=manifold

, ,
V VV
(Personal, Possessive, Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)

VVVV
Accusative
Nominative = Subject
Objective

=
=

II

mine -

V
VV
.
-self -
.

myself - ()
,

me -, my -

you

you - , , your - , yours - , yourself - (, )

,

he - ()

him - VV,
VV

his - VV his - VV

himself - ,
()

she - ()

her - VV,
VV

her - VV hers - VV

herself - ,
()

it - ,

it - VV,
VV,
VV, VV

its - VV
( V)

its - VV

itself - ,
(, )

we - ,

us - ,
,

our - ,

ours - ,

ourself - ,
()

you -

you - ,

your - , yours - ,

they - ,

them - , their - , theirs - , themselves - ()

,


,

yourselves - ( )
,

one

one

one's

one's (own)

oneself

to
-V : give
me
the
book
to : give the book to me
VV :
V VV

VVVV

I shall speak to him. - VV .

VVVV

That was he. - .

.-

VV

I shall speak to him. - VV .

VV

Her paper was interesting. - VV

VV

VVVV

My ruler is long yours is longer. -

, V .

VVVV

This car is his. - VV.

We haven't seen your paper, we have seen

only theirs. -
VV, V

.-

II

VV

I wash myself. - .

V
VV

V ( )-
V VV VV

He himself saw it. - VV

V.
He saw it himself. - VV
V.

V (Reciprocal pronouns)
each other - , one another - , :
They
greeted
each
other.

.
We know each other very well. - .
The children look at each other in the mirror. - VVVV
.
(Demonstrative pronouns)

this -

that -

these -

those -

1.

VVVV VV : This was pleasant. - .

2.

VVVV VV : It was that. - .

3.

VV : He likes this. - VV .
(Interrogative Pronouns)
1. V

2.

V V
(, )

V V

who? = ?
Who can swim?

what? = ?
What is this?

which? = , ,
, ?
Which of you is ill?

what?,which?

whose = ?
of whom? =
?
1. Whose book is
this?
2. Of whom did you
speak?

of what? =
?
Of what did you
speak?

of which? = ,
?
There were two
accidents. Of which
did you near?

what (which) boy?

what (which) table?

to what? = ?
To what does this
refer?

to which?
There are two teams,
to which do you

to whom? = ?
To whom did you
give?

belong?
whom? = ? what? = ?
Whom did you call? What do you see?

which?
Which do you like
better, tea or coffee?

: V (Prepositions)

V
V

:
Whom are you speaking of? - .
What
is
he
laughing
at?

?
What are you talking about? - .

(Relative and conjunctive pronouns)
V

V V

who

which

that

whose, of whom of which (whose)

(that - of)

to whom

to which

(that - of)

whom

which

that

who

my friend who made a trip to

London

the girl whose father I know

the house whose walls are grey

of whom

the boy of whom we spoke

- VV

to whom

the pupil to whom he gave the

book

- VV

whom

the man whom I asked

which

the train which (that) arrived

of which

the house, the windows of which . . ( V

whose

VV V)

to which

the story to which we listened

- VV

which

the things which (that) we need

- V

: V
(Preposition) V
V
.
The man whom I was waiting for. - V .
The house, that I lived in. - .
that
.

VV

VV

1.

who,
which-

:
Who was the man that you were talking of? - ?
This is the bird (that) he caught. - VV .

2.

V (Indefinite pronouns)
: all, everything, something, anything, much, little, nothing, the same :
That is everything (that) I know. - V .

3.

it is . . . , it was . . . -
It was the storm that destroyd the house. - .

4.

:
They talked about the natives and plants (that) they had found interesting. -
.

: that - V V V
V
V
.
The train that I waited for arrived. - V
.
: VV VV V
.
This is the boy (whom) Iike best. - VV
.
The house (that) we live in. - .

V
(Indefinite pronouns)
some = , , , (
)
1.

: We had some books. -

.

2.

VV VV: In the evening we had some tea. .

any = , ,
1.

V , : You may come at any

time. - .

2.

a) VV: Do you see any mistakes? - ?

b) VV VV: No, I do not see any mistakes. - VV,
V.
c) VV: If you see any mistakes ... -
...

3.

VV " " : Give me any book.

some

any-

V
V.
someone, somebody - , V; something - ,
; somewhere - , , ; anyone, anybody -
V, ; anything - , , ; anywhere - ,
, ,

each = V, V, , V (V, V
V )

VV: Each player did his best - V V

V VV:

Each of them did his best - V V

every = V (V, )

VV : Every house has a roof - V

.

V V : everyone, everybody ; everything - V, V

V,

V,

: every day - ; every fortnight - 14 ; every other day -

all = V, V ( V V
)

VV: all men - V VV

V VV:
V

all of them - V

VV: he was all dirty -

: all the better - V ; not at all - V, V; all at once : after all - , VV ; first of all - , ; once for
all - V ; all the day - V , V ;

whole = V, V (all - VV ): the whole

town, the whole of Asia

: the whole day - V , V ;

either = , ; neither = , , ,

VV: on either side of river - ; neither

way is right -

V VV: either one or the other one must leave -

; neither of us could help him - VV V

: either ... or - ... ...; neither ... nor - ... VV ...

VV

nor either

-
VV

not - either

I cannot swim, nor my borther either - V,

I cannot swim, he cannot swim either - V,

V

other = , ,

VV: the other girl -

V VV:

the others stayd at home - V

the other day - , ; the other morning - ; every

other day - ; one after another - ; some day or other -
; some time or other - , V; on the other hand VV; another (cup of coffee) - ( )

much =
it takes too much
time

many =
many families live
there

little =
I have little hope

few =
I saw only few boys

many a = ()
a little = ,
a few = , ,

a greate deal of = V ; a good many = , ; very

much = ; in few words = V; very many, greate many =

V V
(Ordinary verbs)
V V V VV VV to open
(, ) V V VV VVV.
VV VV
VV
VV(Affir VV
mate)
(Negative)

VV
(Interrogative)

VV
VV
(Interrogativenegative)

(The present indefinite
tense)

I open
he opens

I do not open
do I open?
he does
does he open?
notopen

do I not open?
does he not open?

(The past indefinite tense)

I opened

I did
not open

did I open?

did I not open?

(The present perfect tense)

I have opened

I have
notopened

have I opened?

have I not opened?


(The past perfect tense)

I had opened

I had
notopened

had I opened?

V
I shall open
(The future indefinite tense) you will open

I should
shall I open?
notopen
shall (will) you
you will not
open?
open

V I should open
(The future indefinite in the you would open
past)

I should
notopen
you would
notopen

had I not opened?

shall I not open?

shall (will) you not
open?

should I open? should I not open?

should (would ) should (would) you
youopen?
notopen?

:
- V V when, if, while,
as soon as - VV
V.
:
I shall go out when I am ready - .
he would do it if he could - VV .

 V V
(Auxiliary verbs)
to have = -,
V V V : he has come -

to

have + + V V = - , VV: I
have my hair cut - V .

to

have + / + (infinitive) = -, VV, - ,

: the teacher will the boys learn by heart - VV VV
.

to

have + to - (infinitive with to) = : he has much

to do - V .

to have - V V VV ( got V V
VV) : have you (got) a new house? VV
to do - . Do you have a new house? -
?

to be =
V

(passive) VV : the story was told by father VV

(progressive form) VV : it is raining .

to

be + to - (infinitive with to) = (3

V
) : he was to die in Africa - V .

to

be + V = - : the lesson is to be
finished - .

to

be - V V VV : "To be or not to be" that is the

question - " " .

to do = , V

VVVV V V VV

: do
you
like
it?

VV to
V:

?
do-

1.

VVVV V V : will he come? -

VV?

2.

VVVV VV : who knows that?

VV

?
VV VV to do -
: who does not know that? - VV V ?

V V VV : we do not forget it
VV
V
VV to do -
V:
1.

V V : he cannot swim - V.

2.

not (never, nothing etc.) - VV VV

: you never can tell - V. we sow nothing V.

3.

not V V VV
VV : is she ill? - no I suppose not. ? VV
V .

VV
to do - VV V V
to have to be - VV: do not have a look at it?
- don't be sorry! - VV V ? VV !

( ) V V to do -
:
1.

VV V V : he
knows more then I do. - VV .

2.

, V yes no - : Do you
listen to the music? Yes, we do. No we do not.

3.

" ", " ", " ", "

" - : He reads much - so do I - ,
. She does not read much - nor do we - V
.

4.

"V

VV?
V

?" VV
VV
: You feel better, do not you? - ,

?
VV VV : he didn't say so,
did
he?

?

VV
V V

: You are not glad, are you? - V , ?

V V VV ( VV VV to do ): He did his best - V

. How do you do? - ?

 V V
(Modal verbs)
VV V V V
V V V V .

I could
I can
...-
...-

V V

to be able to: I play

chess = I'm able to play
: I can swim - chess -

: he could
(VV V) to be
translate -
: can I help you? - unable to - V
( 2-): to know,
?
(know to) -

to be to
shall: V
V:

you shall not steal! -
: what am I to do V!
I shall
?
I should
: his death was to
should:
( 3
decide her fate - VV

V
: the teacher said we
V)

should work
: to be said - to

be supposed to : he is said
V ,
(supposed) to be ill VV : you should tell the
VV
truth - V

I will
I would
will: V V: I will get on in V: to want, to wish, to
... -
... -
my life - like: I wantto see him -
V V
VV .
do as you like -
V .
would:
V
V V: going to, to
V V (
mean to, to propose to
VV): he would not go
: to be willinf to: he
abroad - V
is willing to do all -
. V : I
V V
would I were at home -
. VV

V: boys will be boys - VV V: to wish VV VV would + V
: I would the day were
.
she would play every day - over -

V .

V. VV
: to pretend: he
pretends to be ill -

V.

may:

may
-V,

might
-

I must
.
()
(
V)

(I must)

(
VV
V)
I ought to

: this may be true - V

: you may
come. VV
: cannot: this cannot be true to be allowed to / to be
V
permitted to =
V. VV
: may not (
I have not been allowed to
): you may not use this book -
smoke -
V
V
. VV : must
.
not( V
they will not be permitted to
): you must not smoke -
play -
V. VV
V.
V: may not : may you never be
it is possible -
unhappy! -
.
V !
might: V
: he might have
missed the trian -
V
.
must:

to have to: I had to stay at

home - V

V V : all men
must survive - V VV
V . VV
to be forced to: he was
: must not,need not:
forced to leave his country you must not tell a lie - VV
V.VV V
.
V: need not: I need not tell you this
story - VV
to be obliged to: she was
V.
obliged to earn her living I ought to : VV: I ought to
go to church - VVV
VV
.
V
to be compelled to: they
were compelled to work
hard -


to be bound to: she is bound
to her freedom -

: V V V V :
(to)
need ,

.
he
does
not
need
to
come
/
he
need
not
come
(to)
dare V,

he did not dare to go out / he dared not go out

V
(The tenses of the verb)

V V (active) 16
V V (passive) 10 , 26
.
:
P1
-

V
V
P2 - V V / (V V V)
V
(The active tenses)
(Tenses)

VV
(Form)
(Example)

verb / verb + s (es)
(The present indefinite tense)
V

(The present continuous

tense)
(Present
tenses)

(The present perfect tense)
V

(The present perfect

continuous tense)

(The past indefinite tense)

(Past tenses)
V
(The past continuous tense)

(The past perfect tense)

(Translation)

she works

()

am / are / is + P1
(verb +ing)

he is working

()

have / has + P2
(verb +ed)

she has worked

have / has been + P1 he has

(verb + ing)
beenworking

verb + ed(d) {only

irregular verb}

she worked

was / were + P1
(verb +ing)

he was working

had + P2 (verb + ed) she had worked

(Future
tenses)

had been + P1
(The past perfect continuous (verb + ing)
tense)

he had
beenworking

V
shall / will +verb
(The future indefinite tense)

she will work

V V
(The future continuous
tense)

shall / will be + P1
(verb +ing)

he will
be working

V
(The future perfect tense)

shall /will have + P2 she will

(verb+ ed)
haveworked

V
V
(The future perfect
continuous tense)

shall / will have

been + P1
(verb + ing)

he will have
beenworking

she would work

V
should /
(The future indefinite in the would + verb
past tense)

V V should / would be + he would
(The future continuous in the P1 (verb + ing)
beworking
past tense)

(Future in the
V
should / would
she would
past)
(The future perfect in the
have +P2 (verb + ed) haveworked
past)

V
should / would have
he would have
V
been + P1
been working
(The future perfect
(verb + ing)
continuous in the past)
V V V VV
1.

V V VV "ed" . : work + ed =
worked

2.

V V "e" - "d" . : receive + d = recieved

3.

V V VV V "ed" VV VV
. : stop + ed = stopped

4.

V V VV "y" "ed"
V "y" "i" .
: carry
+
ed
=
carried
( "" V. : obey + ed = obeyed)

V
(The passive tenses)
(Tenses)

V
(The passive present
indefinite tense)

(Present
tenses)

(Past tenses)

(Future
tenses)

V
V
(The passive present
continuous tense)

VV
(Form)

(Example)

am / are / is + P2

I am called

( )

I am being
called

(
)

am / are / is being + P2

(Translation)

V
have / has been + P2
(The passive present perfect
tense)

I have been
called
( )

V
was / were + P2
(The passive past indefinite
tense)

I was called

V
V
(The passive past
continuous tense)

I was being
called
(
)

was / were being + P2

( )

V
(The passive past perfect
tense)

had been + P2

I had been
called

V
V
(The passive future
indefinite tense)

shall / will be + P2

I shall be
called

( )

V
V
(The passive future perfect

shall / will have been + P2 I shall have

beencalled

tense)

V V
should / would be + P2

(The passive future

indefinite in the past)
V

(Future in

the past)
V
should / would have been +
V
P2
(The passive future perfect
in the past)

I should be
called

(
)

I should
have
beencalled

V V
(Sequens of tenses)
VV VV V V
VV V V VV. VV
V :
a) (V V ):
VV

VV
is angry (present)

he says (present)
was angry (past)
has been angry (perfect)
he has said (perfect)

that she
had been angry (past perfect)
will be angry (future)

he will say (future)

would be angry (conditional)
VV

he said (past)
he had said (past perfect)
he would say (conditional)

VV
was angry (past)

that she

had been angry (past perfect)

would be angry (conditional)

V
VV (present)
.
: He stated that the earth is round -
.
b) "if VVVV" - V.

V V VV (The moods of the verb)

V

The Imperative Mood , , , ,

, . Come here! - !
, Close the door! - !

The Indicative Mood

The Subjective Mood ,

V . (
)

VV :
1.

: a)

3-
: He

have

He

"-s"live

) I, you, he etc. be : If that be true - V .

I, you, he etc. were : I wish I were you - ; I wish I were
rich. - .
2.

: may - might : I wish(ed) he may(might) win the game. -

VV

V.
should (V V V) : It is impossible that he
should know it. - VV V.

:
1.

- - - it is right, wrong,
natural, necessary, good (better), impossible, time V
should,
may,
might -

:
It is natural that she should marry him. - VV
.
It is possible, is probable - may might - . : It is possible that he
may (might) come.

2.

VV : (al)though - whatever - whoever - however

V
:
Whoever he may be, we shall help him. - VV .

3.

VV :

If - VV

Present

Past

Past perfect

 VV

Future indefinite

Conditional 1

Conditional 2

4.
a) V V V V
.
If you ask me, I shall answer. - .
b)

V
V
V V . :

VV

VV

I VV(Conditional 1)

If I
were
in
your
( )

place I should go home

( )
II VV(Conditional 2)

If I
had
been
in
your
place I should have gone home
( )
( )
5.
6.

a) , : V ,
V VV . :
We are afraid that we shall lose our money -
.
VV V may - might - . :
She feared that she might be gravely ill. - V .
b) - - - V
V should - . :
to be glad - ; it is a pity - ; It is pity than they should
be
so
lazy.

.
c) V : V V V V

:
I wish I were in England now. .
V V V may - might .
:
May you
be
right
!V

!
I wished that he might be right. - VV V .

d) , : VVVV
that in order to - may - might - . :
Speak loud that I may hear you. - .

V VV
(Progressive forms)
V V V
to be + V V V
(to be + Participle present or Participle 1) VV. V V
VV V V VVV .
I
am
reading
(now) =

()

It was raining (then) = .

: V V
VV V
(Progressive
form) .
We were working, while they were sleeping.

(Expression of Habit)
(Present tense) will + to-V
(will + infinitive without to) VV :
In April the weather will often change. - V
.

VV.

VV

would to-V
(infinitive without to):

I would go there.

= V .

used to +
(infinitive) :

I used to take a bus.

=
.

V
(The passive voice)
V V VVV
V VVV.to be + Participle
perfect or Participle 2 ( to be- to get )
Active

Passive

 (Present)

The master punishes John

(Past)

Did the master punish John? Was John punished by the master?

V (Future)

The master will not punish

John

John wiil not be punished by the

master

V (Progressive
form)

They are looking at John

John is being looked at by then

"to"-V

(Infinitive without to)

John is punished by the master

"to" -V :
1.

V
V to
do -
:
I shall go home - VV . We do not drink. - V.

2.

(Active) to
make,
to
let,
I let him come. - VV .

3.

V
I hear him sing (singing) - VV .

4.

VV
I had rather . . . ; I had better . . . ; I cannot but . . . ; I had as good . . . .

to

did-

"to"-
(Infinitive with to)
"to" - :
1.

2.

VVVV VV :
o

. V V : Always to help is not easy. -

V.

. V : It is better to stay here. - V

.

VVVV
He seemed to be angry. - .

3.

He promised to come. - .

4.

5.

V V : We helped him to translate the letter. - VV

.

: Be slow to promise. - .

V : I have the pleasure to know him - VV

.

: He was the first to swim -

:
o

: I harried to fetch a doctor. -

.

V : He was too tired to learn. -

.


(Special use of the Infinitive)
how to, want to, where to, so
(such) . . . as to, in order to - .
,

, V V V how to ( )
.
He learns how to ride a bike - .

what

to (), where
to ()-

He did not know what to say; I showed him where to buy the books.

VV VVVV "so" "such"- as to V ( VV V) :

You were such a fool as to believe him. - VV
.

in

order
to(-
)-

:
He made him come in order to punish him. - VV
.

: V V
.
1.

V V
This apple is good to eat. - .

2.

there
is,
there
There is nothing to say. - .

3.

to
let,
to
Rooms to let, you are to blame.

are -

blame

 VV
(Accusative with the infinitive)
to -V (without to) :
1.

V to see (), to hear (), to feel ( V), to

watch (, ), to observe ( ) V V : I
saw him come. - VV .

2.

V
VVV

:
) : to make, to have(to bid): You make me laugh. -

V
.
) : to let (, ). :
Let the boy return! - VV VV!

to - (with to) :
1.

V to want, to wish, to like- .

I wish his to learn. - VV V .

2.

V
V

:
) to cause, to order, to command V V
.

:
We caused him to send for a doctor. - VV VV
) to allow, to permit, to suffer V V .

:
We allowed the girls to come in. - .

3.

, to declare, to deny, to expect, to believe, to

think, to suppose, to remember V V :
England expect every man to do his duty. - V V VV VV
V .

: VV VV that -
.
: to say, to tell (, ), to answer, to reply, to hope, to
fear V VV VV that - .
:
He hoped that she would come. - VV .


(Nominative with the infinitive)
(Accusative with the infinitive) V (Passive)
(Nominative with the infinitive) . :
He was heard to come in. - VV .
I am told to stay away. - V .
My father was told to prepare everything. - V
.
: (Infinitive)- (Adjective)- for
- . :The town is too distant for
me to be seen - V .
V (The gerund)
V V V "-ing" V V
V V . V VV V V
VV V.
1.

VVVV VV : Swimming is healthy. - VV

.

2.

VVVV VV : That is running a great risk -

3.

VV : V V,
V V V .
V V V V :

to go on

to have done with

to put off

to give up

to stop

to keep

I do not mind

to risk

I cannot

to finish

4.

: Go

on

reading. -

VVV

V V V .
to like

to prefer

to mind

to remember

to excuse

to hate

to enjoy

to love

to regret

to start

5.

: I like walking - I like to walk - .

6.

V V, V, V
V

.
) V V :

to complain of

to delight in

to insist (up) on

to object to

to succeed in

to depend on

to despire of

to prevent from

to quarrel about

to think of

succeeded

in

7.

He

escaping.

) V :
to be in the habit of

to be in danger of

a plan for

to be on the point of

the way of

8.

He

was

in

danger

of

getting

drowned.

) :
fond of

capable of

keen on

proud of

disappointed at

far from

accustomed to

9.
: She was found of being admired.
10. V V VV VV
VVVV V.
) before - after - on - upon - (temporal) :
on leaving
America

V
) for (= - , , ), for the sake of(= - ), on account of(= -
, - ) - (causal) :
He was punished for having stolen. - . . . - .
) by (-), with (- ), without (- V), instead of (- ) -

:
He left without saying goodbye. - V .
) by (- , ) - (instrumental) :
By inventing a machine he became famous. -
.

) in spite of (-, , ) - :
In spite of being late you can hear the speech. -
.
: V V
.
( after -
)
:
after having finished - after finishing = , ; for having
stolen - for stealing -

 V V (The participles)

V
V
"-ing" "ed" V V V V . V V
V V (The prsesent participle) = V V
V (Participle 1) V V
(The perfect participle) = V V
(Participle 2) .
V V "-ing" : I saw a boy
beating
a
dog.

VV
.
V V V V V "-ed"
VV.
(V

V
V
V
VV)
There lived a little girl called Red riding hood. -
.
I . V V VV
:

1.

VV VV : VV

:
The American, visiting our town, was very delighted. -
.

2.

VV (adverbial clause) :
) : Having done their work, they went home. -

.
) : (being) tired of waiting, I went off
) : He entered the room carrying some books. -

.
) : This poem, if carefully declaimed, will be impressive
V . (while, though
)

II . V V ( )
VVVV
.
a) : This done, we went home.
) : The task being too hard, he gave up all hope
: V V VV .
:

considering

V,

excepting

VV , , -

including

, , VV, VV

supposing

, V

strictly speaking

generally speaking , , V
, , V V
(Transitive, intransitive, reflexive verbs)
1.

V V (The transitive verb) V

V
(Indirect object),
(Direct
object)
.

:
: to think - He thanked his father. -
.
V V V VV
VVVV . : His father was thanked by
him.

2.

V V (The intransitive verb) V V

(
)

:
He shouted laudly. - . I am going to the shop. - VV
VV

.
V : V V (The perfect participle) -
VV ( ) to be -
. He
is
gone.

.
V V
to .

english

mongolian

to add to

to mention to

to prefer to

to belong to

to present to

to deliver to

- VV

to explain to

to introduce to

to seem, appear to - V
to communicate to -
to propose to

to yield to

to add to

to relate to

to say to

to repeat to

3.

( V )

4.

a)
to

(The

( V ) : to
pride o.s - , .

) :
to defend
to excuse
to enjoy ,

reflexive
avail

o.s -
: Don't pride

verb) :

yourself!

to prove
to warm
to mix

,
5.

: I warmed my hands. - He warmed himself at the fire.

) :

to approach
to fear

to remember ,
to wash

to refuse

to mind

to join

to dress

6.
) :

to amount to

- V,

to sit down

to wonder at

to depend (up) on -
to care for

to surrender

to happen

to turn to

to be mistaken

to rejoice

to complain of

to bow to

to be glad to, of

to differ from

to rise

to be ashamed of - ,
to long for

- , VV

to apply to

VVV V V
V V V V VV
VVV .
to drop
, to grow
V to run V
to stand
to fly
to return
, to sink ,

: The ball dropped. - . ; He dropped the ball. -

.
! VVV V V V (Passive) VV.

:
the captain decided to sink the ship - - the ship was sunk by the captain.

 V V (Phrasal verbs)
V V V V
V V

.
: V V V V V
.
what?
when?
where?

V
V

.
: give away - , ; give up - ,
; look after - , ; look for - , ; look out
V V V V.
I . V V + V (verb + adverb)
a) V V VVV . :
My parents get up very early. - , .
) V V V V .
:
The man called back his words. - V V .
II . V V + (verb + preposition) :
V V V
. :
I am looking for my passport - .
I rely on her. - VV .
She asked me for help. - T .
III . V V + V + (verb + adverb + preposition) :
V V V V + V V V +
VV . :
Let's go on with our lesson. - VVV.
You should lead up to the exams. - .

 V (The preposition)

V V V
7 V
.
V (Prepositions of Place)
english

mongolian

example

on

on the house

in

in the house

at

, ,

at the house

over

, VV

over the house

VV

near

near the flat

in front of

, VV

in front of the flat

behind

behind the flat

across

across the street

through

, , -

through the window

between

between the vases

among

among the students

around(round)

around the table

atop

atop his head

VV

beneath

beneath the tree

beside

beside the house

beyond

beyond the building

by

, ,

by the river

nearby

nearby the flat

within

within the city

under the house

under
,
(below, beneath)

V (Prepositions of Direction)
english

mongolian

example

to

-, -, -

to the house

into

-, -, -()

into the house

()

out of

- ( )

out of the house

round

round the house

from

from the flat

over

VV

over the city

VV

along

along the river

towards(toward)

, . . .- , V,
,

towards the house

V (Prepositions of Time)
english
on

mongolian
-, - ()

example
on Saturday

on May 11

5 11-

on week days

VV

in

-, -,

at

-, - ()

in March

3-

in 2002

2002

in summer

()

in the morning

()

in an hour

in a day

in 4 months

in 5 years

at 7 o'clock

at first

at the beginning

by

( )

by 3 o'clock

since

since 1997

1997

since 1 o'clock

for an hour

for 5 months

for

during

V,

during the lesson

before

before the lesson

before lunch

after the lesson

after 3 years

after

till, until

till June

6- V

until I come back

from . . . till . . . . . . V

from 2 till 4 o'clock

last

last night

last month

next week

next month

next April

a day ago

a month ago

at the ago of 21

21

next

ago

around

at around 10 o'clock

10

between

between one and

two o'clock

 V (The conjunction)
V V VVVV VV
V VV .
I . VV (Co-ordinating Conjunctions) :
english

mongolian

and

, ,

neither . . . nor

. . .

as

, V

both . . . and

, . . .

whereas

or

as well as

VV

not only . . .but also . . . V, VV

but

while

- ,

either . . . or

:I
and
my
brother

He
is
small
but
strong.

V.
He
can't
(either)read
or
write.

V.
I know both you and your friend. - .
II . (Subordinating Conjunctions):
english

mongolian

that

till (until)

V,

because

lest

. . . -V

though, although . . .
before

where

if

when

. . . V, -(4)

unless

-V

for

if weather

(2), . . . VV

while

since

, ,

in order that

. . . - , . . . (4)

provided (that)

()

as soon as

-(4), -(2)
()

as long as

, -

as

, , V, -(4)

supposing

. . .(4)

after

-(4)

wherever

so that

in case

-, -, , - V

(comparative conjuctions)
V VV V
VV VV V (conjunctive words) .
VV V V
VV .
V

I know who lives in this house.

The man who lives in this house works in a bank.

V
.

V V V (Irregular verbs)
English

(Indefinite
infinitive)

(Simple past)

Mongolian

V V
(Past participle)

I .
bid

bid

bid

burst

burst

burst

cast

cast

cast

cost

cost

cost

cut

cut

cut

hit

hit

hit

hurt

hurt

hurt

let

let

let

put

put

put

read

read

read

set

set

set

shed

shed

shed

shut

shut

shut

spread

spread

spread

bent

II . -t
bend

bent

build

built

built

burn

burnt

burnt

, V

dream

dreamt

dreamt

VV,

dwell

dwelt

dwelt

lean

leant

leant

, V

learn

learnt

learnt

lend

lent

lent

VV,

mean

meant

meant

send

sent

sent

smell

smelt

smelt

spell

spelt

spelt

V,

spend

spent

spent

() ,
VV

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

III . V
bleed

bled

bled

breed

bred

bred

creep

crept

crept

deal

dealt

dealt

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

flee

fled

fled

keep

kept

kept

kneel

knelt

knelt

lead

led

led

leave

left

left

, V

light

lit

lit

meet

met

met

sleep

slept

slept

sweep

swept

swept

VV

weep

wept

wept

IV . V VV
bring

brought

brought

buy

bought

bought

catch

caught

caught

have

had

had

- , -

hear

heard

heard

lay

laid

laid

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

, V

pay

paid

paid

say

said

said

, VV

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

teach

taught

taught

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

V .
arise

arose

arisen

, ,

begin

began

begun

, VV

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

fly

flew

flown

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank

sunk

spring

sprang

sprung

V,

swim

swam

swum

write

wrote

written

beaten

VI .
beat

beat

become

became

become

bid

bade

bidden

V, ,

blow

blew

blown

come

came

come

draw

drew

drawn

, V

eat

ate(eat)

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

forbid

forbade

forbidden

forgive

forgave

forgiven

VV,

give

gave

given

grow

grew

grown

know

knew

known

mistake

mistook

mistaken

run

ran

run

, V

see

saw

seen

, V

shake

shook

shaken

slay

slew

slain

take

took

taken

throw

threw

thrown

VII . V V

awake

awoke

awoke(awaked)

bear

bore

borne

bind`

bound

bound

, , V

bite

bit

bitten

break

broke

broken

choose

chose

chosen

cling

clung

clung

dig

dug

dug

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

forget

forgot

forgotten

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

got

, V

hang

hung

hung

, VV

hide

hid

hidden

hold

held

held

lie

lay

lain

shine

shone

shone

,
VV

shoot

shot

shot

sit

sat

sat

speak

spoke

spoken

, VV

spin

spun

spun

spit

spat

spat

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

strike

struck

struck

swear

swore

sworn

swing

swung

swung

, VV

tear

tore

torn

wear

wore

worn

, VV

win

won

won

wring

wrung

wrung

VIII .
mow

mowed

mown

sew

sewed

sewn

show

showed

shown

VVV

sow

sowed

sown

strew

strewed

strewn


IX . V VV
do

did

done

, V

go

went

gone

be

was

been

, , ,

127 , H: 280436

2013 04- 02 .

1.www.englishpaje.com-

2.www.-english learner.com.wwwlongman.com www.geocities.com-

3.owl.english.purdue.edu- ,,,
,
4.www.eslus.com/lessons/reading/read.ntm-
,
5.www.word2word.com/course.htm/
, ,
www.abchekers.com
6.www.real.english.com-
7. ,
, ,
,

www.churchilhouse.com/english
www.learning-english.com/learmonline
8. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish
4 , H: 5749

200
2013 04- 02 .

200

1. I see -
2. I quit! -
3. Let go! -
4. Me too -
5. I will do my best ! - !
6. No way! - .
7. Come on - .
8. Hold on -
9. I agree - ,
10. Not bad -
11. Not yet -
12. See you -
13. Shup up! - ,
14. So long - ,
15. Why not? -
16. Allow me -
17. Be quiet! - !
20. Have fun! -
18. Cheer up! -
19. Good job! - , .
21. How much? -
22. Im full -
23. Im home -
24. Im lost -
25. My treat - .
26. So do i -
27. This way -
28. After you -
29. Bless you! -
30. Follow me! -
31. Forget it! -
32. Good luck! -
33. I decline! -
34. I promise - .
35. Of course! -
36. Slow down! -
37. Take care! -
38. They hurt -
39. Try again -
40. Watch out! -
41. Whats up -

42. Be careful! -
43. Bottoms up! - ,
44. Dont move!
45. Guess what? -
46. I doubt it - .
47. I think so - ,
48. Im single - .
49. Keep it up! -
50. Let me see -
51. Never mind -
52. No problem! - .
53. Thats all! - .
54. Time is up -
55. Whats new? - ?
56. Count me on -
57. Dont worry -
58. Feel better? - ?
59. I love you - .
60. Im his fan -
61. Is it yours? - ?
62. Thats neat -
63. Are you sure? - ?
64. Do i have to - ?
65. He is my age -
66. Here you are - ?
67. No one knows -
68. Take it easy -
69. What a pity! - .
70. ny thing else? - ?
71. To be careful! 72. Do me a favor? -
73. Help yourself -
74. Im on a diet -
75. Keep in touch -
76. Time is money -
77. Whos calling? - .
78. You did right -
79. You set me up! -
80. n i help you? - ?
81. Enjoy yourself!
82. Excuse me, Sir -
83. Give me a hand! - !

84. Hows it going? - ?

85. I have no idea -
86. I just made it! - !
87. Ill see to it! -
88. Im in a hurry! - !
89. Its her field -
90. Its up to you -
91. Just wonderful! - !
92. What about you? - ?
93. You owe me one -
94. Yourre welcome -
95. Any day will do -
96. Are you kidding? - ?
97. Congratulations! - !
101. It sounds great! - .
102. Its a fine day - .
103. So far, so good - .
104. What time is it? - .
105. You can make it! - .
106. Control yourself! -
107. He came be train - .
108. He is ill in bed - .
109. He lacks courage -
110. Hows everything? - ?
111. I have no choice - .
112. I like ice cream -
113. I love this game - .
114. Ill try my best - 1
15. Im on your side -
116. Lont time no see! -
117. No pain, no gain 118. Well, it depends -
119. Were all for it -
120. What a good deal! - !
121. What should i do ? - ?
122. You asked for it! -
123. You have my word -
124. Believe it or not! -
125. Dont count on me -
126. Dont fall for it! -
127. Dont let me down -
128. Easy come easy go -

129. I beg your pardon -

130. Ill be back soon -
131. Ill check it out
132. Its a long story
133. Its sunday today
134. Just wait and see!
135. Make up your mind
136. Thats all i need
137. The view is great
138. The wall has ears .
139. There comes a bus
140. What day is today?
141. What do you think? .
142. Who told you that? ?
143. Whos kicking off?
144. Yes i suppose so , .
145. You cant miss it
146. Any messages for me? ?
147. Dont be so modest 148. DOnt give me that!
149. He is a smart boy
150. He is just a child .
98. I cant help it
99. I dont mean it
100. Ill fix you up
51. I cant follow you
152. I felt sort of ill
153. I have a good idea! .
154. It is growing cool 155. It seems all right .
156. Its going too far
157. May i use your pen? ?
158. She had a bad cold
159. Thats a good idea .
160. The answer is zero 0.

161. What does she like? ?

162. As soon as possible!
163. He can hardly speak
164. He always talks big
165. He won an election
166. Im a football fan
167. If only i could fly
168. Ill be right there
169. Ill see you at six 6-
170. It is true or false? ? ?
171. Just read it for me
172. Knowledge is power
173. Move out of my way!
174. Time is running out
175. We are good friends
176. Whats your trouble? ? ?
177. You did fairly well!
178. Clothes make the man
179. Did you miss the bus? ?
180. Dont lose your head
181. He cant take a joke
182. He owes my uncle $100 100-
183. How are things going? X ?
184. How are you recently? ?
185. I know all about it
186. It really takes time
187. Its against he law
188. Love me, Love my dog 189. My mouth is watering
190. Speak louder, please , ?
191. This boy has no job
192. This house is my own
193. What happened to you? ?
194. You are just in time
195. You need to workout
196. Your hand feels cold

197. Dont be so childish

198. Dont trust to chance!
199. Fasten your seat belt
200. He has a large income
6 , H: 10426

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2013 04- 02 .

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