Principles of Digital Audio (5th Ed) - KC Pohlmann (McGraw-Hill)

Principles of
Digital Audio
Ken C. Pohlmann
Fifth Edition
McGraw-Hill
New York
Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid

Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul
Singapore Sydney Toronto
Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition
xix
Chapter 1. Sound and Numbers
Physics of Sound
Sound pressure level
Harmonics
Digital Basics
Number systems
The binary number system
Binary Codes
Weighted binary codes
Unweighted binary codes
Two's complement
Boolean Algebra
.
Analog Versus Digital
1
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
11
14
18
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Digital Audio

Discrete Time Sampling
The Sampling Theorem
The Nyquist frequency
Aliasing
Quantization
Signal-to-error ratio
Quantization distortion
Other architectures
Dither
Types of dither
Conclusion
"
.
Chapter 3. Digital Audio Recording

Pulse-Code Modulation
Dither Generator
Input Lowpass Filter
Sample-and-Hold Circuit
21
21
22
23
28
31
32
37
39
40
45
50
51
51
54
54
57
Contents
Analog-to-Digital Converter
Successive approximation A/D converter
Oversampling A/D converter
Record Processing
Channel Codes
Simple codes
Group codes
Code applications
-
Chapter 4. Digital Audio Reproduction
83
Reproduction Processing
Digital-to-Analog Converter
Weighted-resistor digital-to-analog converter
R-2R ladder digital-to-analog converter
Zero-cross distortion
High-bit D/A conversion
Output Sample-and-Hold Circuit
Output Lowpass Filter
Impulse Response
Digital Filters
FIR oversampling filter
Noise Shaping
Output Processing
Alternate Coding Architectures
Floating-point systems
Block floating-point systems
Nonuniform companding systems
,u-Law and A-law companding
'
Differential PCM systems
Delta modulation
Adaptive delta modulation
Companded predictive delta modulation
Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
Timebase Correction
Jitter
Eye pattern
Interface jitter versus sampling jitter
Jitter in storage media
Jitter in data transmission
Jitter in converters
Chapter 5. Error Correction

Sources of Errors
Objectives of Error Correction
Error Detection
Single-bit parity
ISBN
Cyclic redundancy check code
Error-Correction Codes
Block codes
Hamming" codes
Convolutional codes
61
64
66
68
70
74
76
80
83
85
88
89
91
92
93
97
98
103
105
109
111
111
112
114
115
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117
118
120
122
122
124
124
125
127
128
130
132
137
&
138
141
141
142
143
145
151
151
155
157
Contents
Interleaving
Cross-interleaving
Reed-Solomon Codes
Cross-Interleave Reed-Solomon Code
Product Codes
Error Concealment
Interpolation
Muting
'
Duplication
xi
160
161
163
168
173
175
176
176
178
Chapter 6. Magnetic Storage Media
179
Recording Bandwidth
Digital Magnetic Media
Intersymbol interference
Longitudinal magnetic recording
Vertical magnetic recording
Stationary Head Tape Recorders
The DASH format
Rotary Head Tape Recorders
Operation of a videotape recorder
Professional digital video formats
Consumer digital video formats
Modular digital multitrack
Hard-Disk Drives
179
180
182
182
184
184
186
187
187
191
194
194
196
Chapter 7. Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
201
DAT Tape Cassette

DAT Modes
DAT Hardware Design
'
Rotary head
Track Format
Azimuth recording
Automatic track following
Eight-to-Ten Modulation
DAT Error Correction
Serial Copy Management System
Prerecorded DAT
Professional DAT
DAT timecode
201
203
205
206
208
212
213
214
216
220
220
221
221
Chapter 8. Optical Disc Media

Optical Phenomena
Diffraction
Resolution of optical systems
Polarization
Design of Optical Media
Nonerasable Optical Storage
Read-only optical storage
Writej-once optical recording
Erasable Optical Storage
.
&
225
225
228
230
232
235
236
236
239
240
xii
Contents
Magneto-optical recording
Phase-change optical recording
Dye-polymer erasable optical recording
Digital Audio for Theatrical Film
241
244
245
245
Chapter 9. The Compact Disc

Invention of the Compact Disc
Compact Disc Overview
Disc Design
Disc specifications
Data encoding
Player Optical Design
Optical pickup
Autofocus design
Autotracking design
One-beam pickup
Pickup control
Player Electrical Design
EFM demodulation
Error detection and correction
Output processing
Subcode
Disc Manufacturing
Premastering
Disc mastering
Electroforming
Disc replication
Alternative CD Formats
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
CD-MO
Other erasable formats
CD-i
Photo CD
CD+G and CD+MIDI
CD-3
Video CD
Super Audio CD
Disc design
DSD modulation
DST lossless coding
Player design
249
.
Chapter 10. Perceptual Coding

Psychoacoustics
Physiology of the Human Ear and Critical Bands
Threshold of hearing, and masking
Temporal masking
Rationale for Perceptual Coding
PerceptualfCoding in Time and Frequency
Subband coding
Transform coding
249
250
252
252
256
261
261
263
265
267
268
269
270
272
273
274
278
278
279
282
282
285
286
291
299
301
301
302
302
304
304
305
306
306
309
313
313
315
315
319
323
328
329
332
334
338
Contents
Filter Banks
Quadrature mirror filters
Polyphase filters
MDCT
Multichannel Coding
Tandem Codecs
Spectral Band Replication
MPEG-1 Audio Standard
,
Psychoacoustic Models
MPEG-1 model 1
MPEG-1 model 2
Spreading Function
Tonality
MPEG-1 Layer I
Example of MPEG-1 Layer I algorithm
MPEG-1 Layer II
MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
MP3 transform coding
MP3 bit allocation and Huffman coding
MP3 stereo coding
MPEG-2 Audio Standard
MPEG-2AAC
AAC main profile
AAC allocation loops
AAC temporal noise shaping
AC-3 (Dolby Digital) Codec
AC-3 overview
AC-3 theory of operation
AC-3 exponent strategies and bit allocation
AC-3 multichannel coding
AC-3 bitstream and decoder
DTS Codec
Perceptual Coding Performance Evaluation
Critical listening
Listening test evaluation
Conclusion
Chapter 11. DVD

Introduction
Disc Design
Disc specification
Disc manufacturing and playback
Optical playback
Data Coding
Reed-Solomon product code
EFMPIus modulation
Universal Disc Format (UDF) Bridge
DVD-Video
DVD-Video video coding
DVD-Video audio coding
DVD-Video playback features
DVD-Video authoring
DVD-Video developer's summary
xiii
341
342
343
345
346
347
349
350
354
356
358
361
364
365
367
370
374
374
376
378
378
381
382
383
385
387
388
390
391
395
397
401
403
407
412
413
415
&
415
418
419
422
424
427
429
430
430
433
433
435
438
440
441
xiv
Contents
DVD-Audio
DVD-Audio coding and channel options
DVD-Audio disc contents
DVD-Audio developer's summary
Data Compression
Entropy coding
Audio data compression
Meridian Lossless Packing
.
Other DVD Disc Formats
DVD-ROM
DVD-R and DVD+R
DVD-RW and DVD+RW
DVD-RAM
DVD Content Protection
DVD-Video copy protection
DVD-Audio copy protection
Content protection for recordable media
Secure digital transmission
DVD watermarking
HD-DVD and Blu-ray
446
447
452
455
460
461
463
468
472
473
474
476
477
478
479
481
482
483
483
484
Chapter 12. The MiniDisc

System Overview
Signal Format
Disc Design
Optical Pickup
MO Recording and Field Modulation
ATRAC Data Reduction
Disc Mastering and Manufacture
487
487
489
490
493
496
500
507
Chapter 13. Audio Interconnection

Audio Interfaces
SDIF-2 Interconnection
Alesis Multichannel Optical Digital Interface
AES3 (AES/EBU) Professional Interface
AES3 frame structure
AES3 channel status block
AES3 implementation
AES10 (MADI) Multichannel Interface
S/PDIF Consumer Interconnection
Serial copy management system
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
AES11 Digital Audio Reference Signal
AES18 User Data Channels
AES24 Control of Audio Devices
Sample Rate Converters
Fiber-Optic Cable Interconnection
Fiber-optic systems
Fiber-optic cable
Interconnection and installation
511
.
<?
511
512
515
515
516
518
521
523
524
527
529
531
534
535
536
537
538
540
544
Contents
Chapter 14. Desktop Audio

PC Buses and Interfaces
IEEE 1394 "FireWIre"
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Sound Cards
Music synthesis
Surround sound processing
Audio Codec '97 (AC '97)
Windows Multimedia API and DirectX API
MMX
File Formats
WAV and BWF
MP3, AIFF, QuickTime, and other file formats
Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI)
Advanced Authoring Format (AAF)
Material exchange Format (MXF)
AES31
Digital Audio Extraction
Hard-Disk Recording
System features
Flash Memory
Desktop Audio Software Applications
Hard-disk editing
Audio for video workstations
Chapter 15. Internet Audio

Networks and File Transfers
Telephone services
ISDN
,
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Computer Networks
Ethernet
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
MediaNet
Wireless networking, WiFi, and Bluetooth
The Internet and Internet Audio
MP3
Music downloading and digital rights management
Streaming Audio
RealAudio G2 music codec
Audio webcasting
MPEG-4
MPEG-4 interactivity
*
MPEG-4 audio coding
MPEG-7
Encryption
Watermarking
Chapter 16. Digital Radio and Television Broadcasting

Satellite Communication
Digital transmission
Direct broadcast satellites
xv
549
550
551
555
558
559
561
562
563
565
565
566
568
571
572
573
574
574
578
578
581
582
584
586
589
589
590
592
594
595
598
598
599
600
602
605
607
609
612
614
615
615
616
623
623
625
629
629
633
635
xvi
Contents
Digital Audio Radio

Transmission methods
Spectral space
Data reduction
Technical considerations
Eureka 147/DAB
In-Band Digital Radio
HD Radio
HD Radio FM-IBOC
HD Radio AM-IBOC
"
Direct Satellite Radio
XM Satellite Radio
Sirius Satellite Radio
Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) algorithm
Digital Television (DTV)
Video data reduction
MPEG video
MPEG-1 video standard
MPEG-2 video standard
ATSC Digital Television
ATSC standard
DTV implementation
636
636
637
639
639
643
648
651
652
656
660
661
662
662
664
665
666
674
674
675
677
682
Chapter 17. Digital Signal Processing

Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing
DSP applications
Discrete Systems
Linearity and time-invariance
Impulse response and convolution
Complex numbers
Mathematical Transforms
Unit Circle and Region of Convergence
Poles and zeros
DSP elements
Digital Filters
FIR filters
MR filters
Filter applications
Sources of Errors
DSP Integrated Circuits
Processor architecture
Fixed point and floating point
DSP Programming
Filter programming
Texas Instruments code
Motorola code
Analog Devices SHARC code
Specialized DSP Applications
Digital delay
Digital reverberation
Digital mixing consoles
Loudspeaker correction
Noise removal
685
**
685
686
687
687
688
692
693
697
698
700
701
702
706
709
711
714
714
716
718
719
720
721
725
726
726
728
730
733
734
Contents
Chapter 18. Sigma-Delta Conversion and Noise Shaping

Sigma-Delta Conversion
Delta modulation
Sigma-delta modulation
Analysis of first-order sigma-delta modulator
Higher-order noise shaping
Idle Tones and Limit Cycles
One-Bit D/A Conversion with Second-Order Noise Shaping
Multi-bit D/A Conversion with Third-Order Noise Shaping
Multi-bit D/A Conversion with Quasi Fourth-Order Noise Shaping
Sigma-Delta A/D Conversion
Sigma-delta A/D modulator
Digital filtering and decimation
Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Chip
Sigma-Delta D/A Converter Chip
Sigma-Delta A/D-D/A Converter Chip
Noise Shaping of Nonoversampling Quantization Error
Psychoacoustically optimized noise shaping
Buried data technique
Appendix. The Sampling Theorem
Bibliography
Index
817
789
xvii
739
739
742
744
745
747
749
750
754
757
758
761
763
768
770
771
772
774
779
783

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Principles of

Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Chapter 1. Sound and Numbers

Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Digital Audio

Chapter 3. Digital Audio Recording

Chapter 4. Digital Audio Reproduction

Chapter 5. Error Correction

Chapter 6. Magnetic Storage Media

Chapter 7. Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

DAT Tape Cassette

Chapter 8. Optical Disc Media

Chapter 9. The Compact Disc

Chapter 10. Perceptual Coding

Chapter 11. DVD

Chapter 12. The MiniDisc

Chapter 13. Audio Interconnection

Chapter 14. Desktop Audio

Chapter 15. Internet Audio

Chapter 16. Digital Radio and Television Broadcasting

Digital Audio Radio

Chapter 17. Digital Signal Processing

Chapter 18. Sigma-Delta Conversion and Noise Shaping

Appendix. The Sampling Theorem

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