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    Lec.30a.pptx Folds (III)

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    Salvadora1
    A Mechanics of folds near faults (e.g., monoclines) B Buckling mechanics (fold trains) C Structural traps

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lec.30a.pptx Folds (III)

    Uploaded by

    Salvadora1
    55 views10 pages
    A Mechanics of folds near faults (e.g., monoclines) B Buckling mechanics (fold trains) C Structural traps

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    Lec.30a.pptx Folds (III)

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    A Mechanics of folds near faults (e.g., monoclines) B Buckling mechanics (fold trains) C Structural traps

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views10 pages

    Lec.30a.pptx Folds (III)

    Uploaded by

    Salvadora1
    A Mechanics of folds near faults (e.g., monoclines) B Buckling mechanics (fold trains) C Structural traps

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)


    I Main Topics
    A Mechanics of folds near faults (e.g., monoclines)
    B Buckling mechanics (fold trains)
    C Structural traps

    12/6/11

    GG303

    30. Folds (III)


    Monocline in limestone,
    Australia

    Folds near reverese fault, Himalaya


    (from Grasemann et al., 2005)

    hGp://www.vic.gsa.org.au/Victorian_Geology/images/monocline.jpg
    12/6/11

    GG303

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)


    Radar Image, Folds in Pennsylvania

    hGp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect6/AppFolds.jpg
    12/6/11

    GG303

    30. Folds (III)


    Geologic Map and Cross SecQon

    From Willis, 1894


    12/6/11

    GG303

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)


    Bailey Willis

    12/6/11

    Bernhard Grasemann & freinds

    GG303

    30. Folds (III)

    II Mechanics of folds near faults (e.g., monoclines)


    Fractured Monoclines, Koae Fault System
    View along fold axis

    12/6/11

    View across fold axis

    GG303

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)

    II Mechanics of folds near faults (cont.)


    Monocline in limestone,
    Australia

    Folds near reverse fault, Himalaya


    (from Grasemann et al., 2005)

    Subsidence
    Reversal
    of slip
    Normal
    Fault
    Reverse
    Fault
    hGp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/Monocline02.gif
    12/6/11

    GG303

    30. Folds (III)

    II Mechanics of folds near faults (cont.)


    Displacements arising from
    slip on mode-II crack, 2D
    elasQc model (from Pollard
    and Segall, 1987)
    ux =

    II
    R

    r (1 2 ) cos cos + sin sin ( )

    2G
    r
    R

    Shear stress reducQon on fault

    uy =

    II
    2G

    r 2 (1 ) sin sin + sin cos ( ) 1

    r
    R

    Shear modulus of host rock

    12/6/11

    GG303

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)


    Normal Fault
    Model Displacement Field

    12/6/11

    Normal Fault
    Model Displaced Layers

    GG303

    30. Folds (III)


    Thrust Fault
    Model Displacement Field

    12/6/11

    Monocline

    Monocline

    Thrust Fault
    Model Displaced Layers

    GG303

    10

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)


    Folding Around a Reverse Fault
    From Grasemann et al., 2005

    12/6/11

    ElasMc model of originally horizontal


    layers with fault-parallel displacement

    GG303

    11

    30. Folds (III)


    III Buckling mechanics (fold trains)

    From Willis, 1894


    12/6/11

    GG303

    12

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)


    III Buckling mechanics (fold trains)

    From Willis, 1894


    12/6/11

    GG303

    13

    30. Folds (III)

    III Buckling mechanics


    Dimensional analysis of
    terms in governing equa,on
    for buckling of an elasQc
    layer (from Johnson, 1970)
    H

    d 2 v 12Pv
    +
    =0
    dx 2 BbH 3
    v = verQcal deecQon of mid-plane {Length}
    x = horizontal distance {Length}
    L = length of exed part of layer {Length}
    P = axial force {Force}
    B = sQness {Force/area}
    b = width of beam {Length}
    H = thickness of layer {Length}
    Dimensions check

    12/6/11

    GG303

    14

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)

    III Buckling mechanics


    Form of soluQon
    d 2 v 12Pv
    =
    dx 2 BbH 3
    For sinusoidal (or cosinusoidal) funcQons the
    second derivaQve is proporQonal to the
    negaQve of the original funcQon

    2 kx
    Let v = A1 cos
    L
    dv 2 k
    2 x
    =
    A1 sin

    dx
    L
    L
    d 2 v 2 k 2 k
    2 x
    =

    A1 cos

    dx 2 L L
    L

    12/6/11

    GG303

    15

    30. Folds (III)

    III Buckling mechanics


    Form of soluQon
    d 2 v 12Pv
    =
    dx 2 BbH 3
    2 kx
    v = A1 cos
    L
    d 2 v 2 k

    2 x 12Pv 12P
    2 x
    =
    =
    A cos
    A1 cos
    =
    3
    3 1
    L
    dx 2 L
    L
    BbH
    BbH

    Eliminatingcommonterms
    2

    12P
    2 k
    2 k 12P

    =
    3
    L BbH 3
    L
    BbH
    2

    1/2

    L 12P
    k =
    2 BbH 3

    1/2

    12P 1/2
    v = A1 cos
    x
    3
    BbH

    12/6/11

    GG303

    16

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)

    III Buckling mechanics


    Form of soluQon
    A sinusoidal term would also
    saQsfy the governing equaQon, so
    the general soluQon should
    include both a cosinusoidal term
    and a sinusoidal term.
    12P 1/2
    12P 1/2
    v = A1 cos
    x
    +
    A
    sin

    BbH 3 x
    3
    BbH

    Note that the amplitudes A1 and


    A2 need not be equal.
    A truly sinusoidal fold form
    suggests a buckling origin
    12/6/11

    GG303

    17

    30. Folds (III)


    IV Folds as Structural
    Traps

    12/6/11

    hGp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/Energy/graphics/OilAnQcline.jpg
    GG303

    18

    12/6/11

    30. Folds (III)


    IV Folds as Structural
    Traps

    (e.g., low-permeability shale)


    (e.g., hydrocarbons)
    (e.g., water)
    (e.g., high-permeability ss)
    12/6/11

    hGp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/Energy/graphics/OilAnQcline.jpg
    GG303

    19

    30. Folds (III)


    IV Folds as Structural
    Traps

    Saddles are unstable traps

    (e.g., low-permeability shale)


    (e.g., hydrocarbons)
    (e.g., water)
    (e.g., high-permeability ss)
    12/6/11

    hGp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/Energy/graphics/OilAnQcline.jpg
    GG303

    20

    10

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