Protozoa

Chapter 26

Characteristics of Protists
Have nucleus i.e. eukaryote
Lack tissue differentiation
Unicellular
Move independently

Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water)

Heterotrophic

Food vacuoles break down particles

Both free-living and parasitic

Zooplankton

- Primary source of energy

for organisms in ecosystem

Reproduction
Asexually

binary fission produce one identical

organisms
multiple fission produce several identical
organisms

Sexually conjugation

Binary fission

Multiple fission

Conjugation

1. Paramecia pair up
2. Macronuclei disntegrate & micronuclei
undergo meiosis
3. All but one micronuclei disintegrates.
It undergoes mitosis.
4. Each paramecium exchange 1
micronuclei
5. Micronuclei fuse
6. Paramecia separate and
marconucleus re-form

Adaptations
Eyespot localized region of pigment that

detects light variations in the environment

Cyst a hardened external covering that

stops all metabolic activity when organism

is outside of host to survive in harsh
environments

e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease

oxygen, or pH/temp changes

4 phyla named for type of

movement (locomotion)
1. Ciliophora

Ciliates

Zoothamnium

2. Sporazoa

sporozoans

Plasmodium

phyla cont
3. Zoomastigina

Zooglagellates

4. Sarcodina

sarcodines

Amoeba proteus
Trichomonas vaginalis

Phylum Sarcodina
Movement:Pseudopodia

false feet -

cytoplasmic extensions
Ex: Amoebas inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil
Endoplasm inner portion of the cytoplasm
Ectoplasm outer layer
Ameboid movement powered by
Cytoplasmic streaming internal flowing of a
cells cytoplasm

Eating (heterotophic)

Phagocytosis engulf other protists

Endocytosis when membrane surrounds and
pinches together into food vacuole
Exocytosis when undigested food exits the
cell
Contractile vacuole organelle that expels
fluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environment
*remember water moves from high
concentration to lower hypertonic is high solute
concentration relative to environment

Amoeba

Amoeba

Movement & eating

BEST one http://www.mikrofauna-videos.de/videos.php?

lang=en&id=amoeba&PHPSESSID=d48af6fdb76a709
38e775b3af8bb2d7b

http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/timlynch/sci_cl
ass/chap09/lesson_protista/Amoeba%20Move.html

http://www.microscopy-uk.net/coppermine/displ
ayimage.php?album=82&pos=0

Variations
Foraminifera

ancient, live in oceans

with shelled protective covering tests
Radiolarians ancient, live in shallow
waters
Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of
sediment

E.g. White Cliffs of Dover, England

White Cliffs of Dover, England

300 foot cliffs made from tests of

foraminifera and radiolarians

FYI
Sediment can accumulate as slowly as 0.1

millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in

the middle of the ocean where only windblown material is deposited) to as fast as 1
meter (3.25 feet) per year along
continental margins. More typical deepsea rates are on the order of several
centimeters per 1,000 years.

Foraminifera/Radiolarians

Human disease
Amebic dysentery

sometimes fatal

Enters from contaminated food and water

Enzymes break down intestinal wall

Phylum Ciliophora
Movement cilia
ex: paramecium lives in fresh/salt water

ponds & slow moving streams

Eat: bacteria & algae
Reproduce: Asexual binary fission
followed by sexual conjugation
offspring genetically different (page 515)

Paramecia

Contractile vacuole operation

Food vacuole

Phylum Zoomastigina
Movement: flagella in lakes & ponds
Ex: Giardia lamblia
Eat small organisms
Live in blood

of fish, amphibians reptiles,

birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking
insects from host to host

Disease
Trypanosomiasis

African sleeping sickness

Transmitted by tsetse fly

Chagas disease

parasitic

Can be fatal
Transmitted by sand flies

Giardiasis

- parasitic

Transmitted by kissing bug

Leishmaniasis

parasitic

parasitic

Transmitted by animal feces in contaminated water

Phylum Sporazoa

Movement: only as juvenile

Ex: Plasmodium

Disease
Malaria

Transmitted by mosquito
Causes fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and death
Occurs in cycle
Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed
resistance to quinine
Afflicts 500,000,000 people per year
Kills 2,700,000 million per year
page 518 life cycle

analogies
_______: _________:: _______: ______

disease

cause

_______: _________:: _______: ______

_______: _________:: _______: ______

Phylum

Common
name

Locomotion

Nutrition

Rep genre

Sarcodina

Sarcodines

Pseudopodia

Heterotrophic

Amoeba

Ciliophora

Ciliates

Cilia

Heterotrophic

Paramecium

Zoomastigina

Zooflagellates

Flagella

Sporozoa

Sporozoans

Only in young

Heterotrophic Trypanosoma
Giardia

Heterotrophic

Plasmodium

Algae
Chapter 27

Characteristics
Eukaryote
Autotrophic (differ from other protozoans )

Have chloroplasts

Unicellular and/or multicellular

Lack tissue differentiation

4 types of algae based on body

structure (thallus)
1.

Unicellular aquatic
ex: phytoplankton

1.

Base of food chain

Produce oxygen

Colonial - ex. Volvox

Many cells grouped & working

together

4 types of algae cont

3. Filamentous ex. Spirogyra

Some anchor to ocean floor

4. Multicellular ex. Macrocystis - giant

kelp

These are most like plants

(see pictures next slide)

Giant Kelp - Macrocystis

Classification
7 phyla based on:

Color
Chlorophyll type
Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so
gives them their characteristic color- green brown red

Food-storage
Cell wall composition

Reproduction with unicellular algae

Asexually mitosis produces haploids

+ and gametes called zoospores

Sexually when + and join to form

diploid zygote zygospore meiosis

(page 528)

Reproduction in multicellular algae

Complex
Page 528

Ulva sea lettuce

Gametophyte haploid
gamete-producing
phase
Sporophyte diploid
spore-producing phase
Page 529

Phylum Bacillariophyta
Diatoms cell wall called shells, have 2

pieces (like box with lid)

Diatomaceous earth dead diatoms sink
& form sediment

used in commercial products like: detergents,

paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, &
toothpaste

Phylum Dinoflagellata
Unicellular, photosynthetic
Red tide population explosion

Phylum Euglenophyta
Euglena unicellular
with flagella

Plantlike b/c
photosynthetic
Animal-like b/c lack
cell wall

Protozoa Images
www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjuga

tion.html

Protista Quiz
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Docu

ments/Zoo/Protista.htm

Slime molds
Eukaryote
Multicellular
heterotrophic
Fungus-like
Usually red, viscous mass
Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying

leaves
Ameboid movement ooze
Eat by phagocytosis

Water molds
Fungus-like with branching filaments
Aquatic, soil and parasitic
Blight disease causes decay of plant

Irish potato famine

Review

Animal-like protists

amoeba & paramecium

Plant-like protists

Spirogyra & volvox

Review analogies
_______: _________:: _______: ______

disease

cause

_______: _________:: _______: ______

_______: _________:: _______: ______

Kingdom Fungi
Chapter 28

Mycology - the study of fungi

Characteristics
Eukaryotic
Nonphotosynthetic no chlorophyll
Multicellular
Heterotrophic breaks down decaying

plant & animal matter THEN absorbs it

Most are molds or yeasts

 Molds grows on old bread

Yeasts microorganisms make bread rise
Chitin in cell walls of hyphae found in

insects exoskeleton

IMPORTANT recycler of organic matter

in nature!

Structures
Hyphae - mass of filaments of

cells
Mycelium forms the hyphae
the part we dont see

Reproduction

Asexual
when hyphae break off and start growing

on their own

Sporangia spores produced in special

hyphae called sporangiospores spores
with enclosed sac
Conidia spores without sac
Fragmentation hypha shatter spores
released
Budding in yeast when pinches off piece of
cell

Sexual
Fusion occurs when hyphae of differing

mating types (+ or -) meet

Produce spores

Evolution
Evolved from

prokaryotes

Classification
Classified by structure & reproduction
Phylum

basidiomycota
Phylum ascomycota
Lichens

Phylum Zygomycota
Bread fungus
Rhizoids anchor (root) in bread

Breaks down nutrients in bread for absorption

(page 546 diagram)

Phylum Basidiomycota
Also called

club fungus
Mushrooms are
basidiocarps

Stalk or stem
cap
Gills
Dikaryotic basidia

Phylum Ascomycota
Parasitic sac fungi live in salt/fresh water

& land

Infections & Diseases

Athletes foot or Ringworm

hair, nails & tissues

Vaginal yeast infections
Tinea cruris (jock itch)
histoplasmosis

infect skin,

Good fungi
Penicillin
Antibiotics cephalosporium

& rhizopus
Cheese, beer, wine, soy products, breads
Not to mention my favorite: mushrooms!

Overview of Fungi
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index

_tj.asp?objID=BIO304

 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index

_tj.asp?objID=BIO704

 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index

_tj.asp?objID=BIO604

Lichens

 Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is

not a single organism the way most other

living things are, but rather

Lichens are a combination of two

organisms which live together intimately.

composed of fungal filaments, but living with

filaments (algal cells)
green alga or a cyanobacterium.

References

http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/protista/pictures/paramecium.gif
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Zoo/amoeba_big.JPG
http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/cells/amoeba.gif
http://www.agpix.com/catalog/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41/large/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41_0004_Lg.jpg
http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/images/Plasmodium%20cathemerium%2012%20midnite.jpg
http://www.membranetransport.org/media/organism/tvag1.jpg
http://www.biology-resources.com/drawing-amoeba-reproduction.html
http://www.students.emory.edu/HYBRIDVIGOR/images/conjugation.jpg
www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjugation.html

http://vocker.superfreethought.com/naturalphotographs/microorganisms/im
ages/DSC01832-Radiolarians.jpg

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T
073615A.gif

http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/webpictures/do
vercliffs.jpg

http://marinebio.org/i/giant_kelp.jpg
http://www.rain.org/campinternet/channelhistory/kelp/kelp98.jpg
http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/marinehabitat/images/Food_Web3.gif
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Spirogyra/Spirogyra.jpg
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista/Pr
otists/grnalgafillc_2.gif
http://www.liv.ac.uk/images/newsroom/press_releases/2006/01/red_tide.jpg
http://ic.ucsc.edu/~flegal/etox80e/SpecTopics/AlgalBlooms/alg_p1.jpg
http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html
http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/euglena.JPG

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_3.html

References cont

http://www.glaucus.org.uk/BracketFungus014.jpg
http://www.burrardlucas.com/photo/peru/manu_biosphere/manu_macro/fungus_2.jpg
http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/fungus-r02-1num7.jpg
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=726&rendTypeId=4
http://www.mo.gov/mo/mophotos/parks/PA_ShelfFungus_Terrell_05
2405.jpg
http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/flora.html
http://ethnopharmacology.com/fungi/mush.jpg
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg
http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1402/fungi1.gif