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    Pointers: Advanced Programming Language: Pointers

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    The document discusses pointers in C/C++. It defines pointers as memory addresses of variables and describes pointer syntax and declaration. It explains that the * operator dereferences a pointer to access the variable it points to, while & returns the address of a variable. New creates dynamic variables in the heap. Delete removes dynamic variables from memory. Pointer arithmetic and arrays, including dynamic arrays and ragged arrays, are also covered.

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    Pointers: Advanced Programming Language: Pointers

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    jocansino4496
    49 views12 pages
    The document discusses pointers in C/C++. It defines pointers as memory addresses of variables and describes pointer syntax and declaration. It explains that the * operator dereferences a pointer to access the variable it points to, while & returns the address of a variable. New creates dynamic variables in the heap. Delete removes dynamic variables from memory. Pointer arithmetic and arrays, including dynamic arrays and ragged arrays, are also covered.

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    4 - Pointers

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    The document discusses pointers in C/C++. It defines pointers as memory addresses of variables and describes pointer syntax and declaration. It explains that the * operator dereferences a pointer to access the variable it points to, while & returns the address of a variable. New creates dynamic variables in the heap. Delete removes dynamic variables from memory. Pointer arithmetic and arrays, including dynamic arrays and ragged arrays, are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views12 pages

    Pointers: Advanced Programming Language: Pointers

    Uploaded by

    jocansino4496
    The document discusses pointers in C/C++. It defines pointers as memory addresses of variables and describes pointer syntax and declaration. It explains that the * operator dereferences a pointer to access the variable it points to, while & returns the address of a variable. New creates dynamic variables in the heap. Delete removes dynamic variables from memory. Pointer arithmetic and arrays, including dynamic arrays and ragged arrays, are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    Pointers
    isthememoryaddressofavariable.

    Syntax:

    Type_Name*Pointer_1,*Pointer_2,...,*Pojnter_n;

    Declaringapointerisjustlikedeclaringanordinaryvariableofacertaintype.
    int*p1,*p2,v1,v2;
    p1andp2arepointers
    v1andv2arevariable

    Table:declaringpointervariable
    Declaration Description
    int*p;
    pointerthatpointstoavariableoftypeint
    float*p;
    pointerthatpointstoavariableoftypefloat
    double*p;
    pointerthatpointstoavariableoftypedouble
    MyType*p; pointerthatpointstoavariableoftypeMyTypeClass

    &symbol

    usedtodeterminetheaddressofavariable.

    int*p,v;
    //setthevariablepequaltoapointerthatpointstothevariablev
    p=&v;
    *p=10;//Dereference

    Output
    SourceCode:

    RMDA

    Page1

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    The*operatorinfrontofapointervariableproducesthevariabletowhichitpoints.Whenusedthis
    way,the*operatoriscalledthedereferencingoperator.

    The&infrontofanordinaryvariableproducestheaddressofthatvariable;thatis,itproducesapointer
    thatpointstothevariable.The&operatorissimplycalledtheaddressofoperator.

    Useofassignmentoperatorwithpointervariables

    after:
    before:
    p1=p2;

    *p1=*p2;

    before:

    after:

    RMDA

    Page2

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    SourceCode:

    Output:

    Illustration:

    RMDA

    Page3

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    new

    Sinceapointercanbeusedtorefertoavariable,yourprogramcanmanipulatevariablesevenif
    thevariableshavenoidentifierstonamethem.

    Thenewoperatorcreatesanewdynamicvariableofaspecifiedtypeandreturnsapointerthat
    pointstothisnewvariable.

    example:

    p1=newint;

    Thisnew,namelessvariablecanbereferredtoas*p1(thatis,asthevariablepointedbyp1)

    SourceCode:

    Output:

    RMDA

    Page4

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    Illustration:

    heap(freestore)

    Itisaspecialareaofmemorythatisreservedfordynamicallyallocatedvariables.Anynew
    dynamicvariablecreatedbyaprogramconsumessomeofthememoryinthefreestore.Iftherewas
    insufficientavailablememorytocreatethenewvariable,thennewreturnedaspecialvaluenamed
    NULL.

    delete

    operatoreliminatesadynamicvariableandreturnsthememorythatthedynamicvariable
    occupiedtothefreestoremanagersothatthememorycanbereused.Whenyouapplydeletetoa
    pointervariable,thedynamicvariabletowhichitispointingisdestroyed.Atthatpoint,thevalueofthe
    pointervariableisundefined,whichmeansthatyoudonotknowwhereitispointing.Ifpointervariable
    pointingtothedynamicvariablethatwasdestroyedandbecomesundefinediscalleddanglingpointers.

    TypeDefinitions

    Youcanassignanamedefinitionandthenusethetypenametodeclarevariablesusingtypedef
    keyword.

    Syntax:

    typedefknown_type_definitionNew_Type_Name;

    RMDA

    Page5

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    SourceCode:

    Output:

    PointersasCallbyValue

    SourceCode:

    Output:

    RMDA

    Page6

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    DynamicArrays(Dynamicallyallocatedarray)

    Isanarraywhosesizeisnotspecifiedwhenyouwritetheprogram,butisdeterminedwhilethe
    programisrunning.

    inta[10];
    int*p;

    legal:
    p=a;
    illegal:

    a=p;

    anarrayvariableisnotoftypeint*,butitstypeisaconstversionofint*.Anarrayvariable,like
    a,isapointervariablewiththemodifierconst,whichmeansthatitsvaluecannotbechanged.

    SourceCode:
    Output:

    RMDA

    Page7

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    SourceCode:

    RMDA

    Page8

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    Output:
    Case1:

    Case2:

    SourceCode:

    Output:

    RMDA

    Page9

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    PointerArithmetic

    typedefdouble*DoublePtr
    DoublePtrd;
    d=newdouble[10];

    dcontainstheaddressoftheindexedvariabled[0].Theexpressiond+1evaluatestotheaddressof
    d[1],d+2istheaddressofd[2],andsoforth.

    for(inti=0;i<arraysize;i++)

    cout<<*(d+1)<<;

    isequivalentto

    for(inti=0;i<arraysize;i++)

    cout<<d[i]<<;

    SourceCode:
    Output:

    RMDA

    Page10

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    MultidimensionalArray

    Output:

    RMDA

    Page11

    AdvancedProgrammingLanguage:Pointers

    RaggedArray

    Isamultidimensionalarrayinwhichtherowshavedifferentlengthsoranarrayofpointers
    whoseelementsareusedtopointtoarraysofvaryingsizes.

    Example
    SourceCode:

    Output:

    Discussion:

    Theidentifieraisanarray,eachofwhoseelementsisanarrayof15chars.Thusa[0]anda[1]
    arearraysof15chars.Theidentifierpisaonedimensionalarrayofpointerstochar.Theelementp[0]is
    initializedtopointatabc:,astringthatrequiresspacefor5chars.Theelementp[1]isinitializedto
    pointataisforapple,astringthatrequiresspacefor15chars,includingthenull\0attheendofthe
    string.Thuspdoesitsworkinlessspacethana.

    RMDA

    Page12

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