Topic 2:: Numbering System & Codes

TOPIC 2 :
NUMBERING SYSTEM
& CODES
INTRODUCTION
 The binary system and decimal system is
most important in digital system.
 Decimal - Universally used to represent
quantities outside a digital system.
 Its means, the will be situations decimal
values must be converted to binary values
before entered to digital system.
 Example : Calculator / Computer
2.1 DECIMAL NUMBERING
SYSTEM
 Decimal system is composed of 10 numerals
or sysmbols.
 These 10 sysmbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9.
 Using these symbols as digits of a
number, it can express any quantity.
 Base number = 10
 Basic number = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Basic number
23410 Base number

Positional Values (weights)
Positional values
(weights)
103 102 101 100 10-1
2 7 4 6 . 2
MSD LSD
Most significant digit Least significant digit
2746.210 is from calculation below:

2746.2 = (2x103) + (7x102) + (4x101) + (6x100) + (2x10-1)
= 2000 + 700 + 40 +6 +0.2
= 2746.2
Binary Numbers
 Define Binary numbers
 Binary numbers representing number in which only
digits 0 or 1.
 ADDITION BINARY NUMBERS

Basic binary addition rule :
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10
 Example : 101 + 101 = 1010

1011 + 1011 = ?
Exercise
 Ex 1:
110112 + 100012 = 1011002
 Ex 2:
 101112 + 1112 = ________
SUBTRACTION
Four conditions in binary subtraction
 0 - 0 = 0
 0 - 1 = 1 borrow 1
 1 - 0 = 1
 1 - 1 = 0
 Ex 1:
10012 – 102 = 1112
 Ex 2:
 1010112 – 11112 =__________
Conversions of Binary Numbers
Binary to Decimal conversions

 Example : 1 1 0 1 1 2
 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 = 16 + 8 + 2 + 1
= 2710
Decimal to Binary conversions
 Convert 25 to binary number

10
Exercise: Convert 30 to binary number

10
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 The octal number system has a base of eight,
meaning that it has eight possible digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7.
 The digit positions in an octal number have
weights as follows :
84 83 82 81 80 •. 8-1 8-2 8-3
Octal number - (Subtraction -
Pengurangan)
 Ex:
5248 – 1678 = 3358
1678 – 248 = _________

Octal –to-decimal conversion
Convert 3788 to decimal number
3788 = 3 x (82) + 7 x (81) + 2 x (80)

= (3 x 64) + (7x 8) + (2 x 1)
= 25010
Octal number - Addition (Penambahan)
 Ex:  Ex:
1238 4578
+ 3218 + 2458
4448
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
 Decimal integer can be converted to octal by
using the same repeated-division method
with a division factor of 8.
Octal –to- Binary conversion
Binary to Octal conversion
HEXADECIMAL NUMBERING
SYSTEM
 The hexadecimal number system uses base
16.
 It has 16 possible digit symbols.
 It uses the digits 0 through 9 plus the letters
A, B, C, D, E and F as the 16 digit symbols.
Basic number
7A16 Base number

Hexadecimal number - Addition
(Penambahan)
 Ex:  Ex:
3 316 2 0 D 316
 + 4 716 + 1 2 B C16
7 A16
Hexadecimal number - Subtraction
(Pengurangan)
 Ex:  Ex:
4 416 3 2 5 516
- 1 716 - 3 1 8 216
2 D16
Hexadecimal-To-Decimal Conversion
 A hexadecimal number can be converted to

its decimal equivalent by using the fact that
each hex digit position has a weight that is a
power of 16.
 Ex 1:
1416 = (1 x 161) + (4 x 160)
= 16 + 4
= 2010
 Ex 2:
ABC16 = (10 x 162) + (11 x 161)
= (12 x 160)
= 2560 + 176 + 12
= 274810
Decimal-To-Hexadecimal Conversion
 Decimal to hex conversion can be done using
repeated division by 16.
 Ex: Convert 2010 to hex
16 20
16 1 4
2010 = 1416
Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion
 Like the octal number system, the
hexadecimal number system is used primarily
as a “shorthand” method for representing
binary numbers.
 It is a relatively simple matter to convert a
hex number to binary .
 Each hex digit is converted to its four-bit
binary equivalent.
 Ex:
111010012 = __________
00101101001111002 =___________
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
 The binary number is grouped into groups of
four bits, and each group is converted to its
equivalent hex digit.
 Zero are added, as needed to complete a
four-bit group.
 Ex:
1012 = 0101
= 516
Summary
Hexadecima Decimal Binary

l
0 0 0000
1 1 0001
2 2 0010
3 3 0011
4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
Summary
Hexadecimal Decimal Binary

8 8 1000
9 9 1001
A 10 1010
B 11 1011
C 12 1100
D 13 1101
E 14 1110
F 15 1111
One’s Complements and Two’s
Complements
 One’s Complements
 One’s complements is used in binary number.
 The one’s complement of a binary number is
obtained by changing each 0 to 1 and 1 to a 0.
 Only change negative number
 In other words, change each bit in the number to
its complement.
 Exp:
 10011001 – original binary number
 01100110 – complement each bit to

form 1’s complement
 Thus, we say that the 1’s complement of
10011001 is 01100110.
 Exp:
 Convert 2710 to 1’s complement

a) 2710 = 110112
b) 11011 = 001002
 Convert -4510 to 1’s complement

-------------
 Two’s Complement
 The 2’s complement of a binary number is formed by
taking the 1’s complement of the number and
adding 1 to the least-significant-bit (LSB)
position.
 Exp:
101101 binary equivalent of 45
010010 complement each bit to form 1’s complement
+ 1 add 1
010011 2’s complement of original binary
number
Two’s complement = One’s Complement + 1

Exercise
1. Convert the number below to 1’s

complement and 2’s complement.
i. -101110012
ii. -5768
iii. -124516
iv. -4510
Addition in 1’s complement
 Exp 1 : 810 + (-310)
1000 8 change to binary number
+ 1100 -3 change to 1’s complement
10100
1 add carry to LSB
0101
 Exercise 2 : 510 + (-210)

----------------
Addition in 2’s complement
 Exp 1: 810 + (-310)
1100 -3 change to 1’s complement
+ 1
+ 1000 8 change to binary number
10101
This carry is disregarded, the result is 0101 (sum=5)
 Exp 2: -810 + 310

+ 1
+ 0011 3 change to binary number
1011
negative sign bit
Subtraction in 1’s complement
 Only binary number which have –ve sign need to
change to 1’s complement. If the number is decimal
number, change the number to binary number.
 The –ve number that already change to 1’s

complement, means that the number already
change to +ve. So that, the subtraction process
have change to addition process.
 Overflow bit in addition process need to carry to

LSB and add with the number.
 Exp 1: 2510 – 1310
Step 1 : Convert 2510 and -1310 to binary number.

2510 = 110012 1310 = 11012
Step 2 : Change 1310 = 1101 to 1’s complement

1310 = 11012 change to 1’s complement = 10010
11001 25 change to binary number

101011
+ 1 add 1
01100 total=12
Subtraction in 2’s complement
 Change the number are given to binary
number.
 For each –ve binary number, we must change

to 1’s complement (change 0 to 1 and 1 to 0).
 Then, add the number with 1.

 Exp 1: 2510 – 1310
Step 1 : Convert 2510 and -1310 to binary number.
2510 = 110012 1310 = 11012
Step 2 : Change -1310 to 2’s complement
-1310 = 011012 change to 1’s complement = 10010
10010 change to 2’s complement = 10011
11001 25 change to binary

101100 total=12
Carry disregard
Exercise
 Solve this arithmetic with 2’s complement.
i. 428 – 158
ii. 101110 - 56910
Signed Number
 Addition of Signed Number

 Addition number same sign
 Exp: +4 + (+8) = +12
+4 00000100
+8 00001000
+12 00001100
 Addition number different sign
 Exp 1:
(-4) + (+8) = +4
00000100 +4
-4 11111100 11111011 1’s complements
+ 1
+ (+8) 00001000 11111100 2’s complements
+4 1 00000100
This carry is disregarded

 Exp 1:
(-12) + (+5) = -7
-12 11110100
+ +5 00000101 00001100 +12
11110011 1’s complements
-7 11111001 + 1
11110100 2’s complements
Negatif sign bit

Subtraction of Signed Number
Positive Number (-) Negative Number

 Exp:
+10 – (-5) = +10 + (+5)
= + 15
+10 00001010
+ 5 00000101
+15 00001111
Negative Number (-) Positive Number
 Exp:
-10 – (+5) = - 15
- 10 11110110 11110110
- (+5) 00000101 + 11111011
-15 111110001
Negative Number (-) Negative Number
 Exp:
-10 – (-5) = -10 + (5)
=-5
-10 11110110
- (- 5) + 00000101
- 5 11111011
BCD Code
 BCD – Binary Coded Decimal
 It’s contain BCD 8421, 2421, 3321, 5421, 5311,

4221 and etc.
 The common used is BCD 8421 and BCD 2421.

4 bit BCD Code
Desimal 5421 5311 4221 3321 2421 8421 7421
0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
1 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001
2 0010 0011 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010
3 0011 0100 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011
4 0100 0101 1000 0101 0100 0100 0100
5 1000 1000 0111 1010 1011 0101 0101
6 1001 1001 1100 1100 1100 0110 0110
7 1010 1011 1101 1101 1101 0111 1000
8 1011 1100 1110 1110 1110 1000 1001
9 1100 1101 1111 1111 1111 1001 1010

Binary-Coded-Decimal Code
 If each digit of a decimal number is represented by

its binary equivalent, the result is a code called
binary-coded-decimal.
 Decimal digit can be as large as 9, four bits are

required to code each digit (the binary code for 9 is
1001)
 Exp: 87410
8 7 4 (decimal)
1000 0111 0100 (BCD)

BCD 8421 Code – to – Binary Number
 Exp:
Convert 1001 0110BCD 8421 to binary number.
Step 1: Change BCD 8421 code to decimal
number.
1001 0110
9 6
Step 2 : Change decimal number to binary
number.
1001 0110BCD 8421 = 11000002
Binary Number – to – BCD 8421 Code
 Exp:
Convert 10010102 to BCD 8421
code.
Step 1: Change binary number to decimal
number.
10010102 = 7410
Step 2: Change decimal number to BCD

8421 code.
10010102 = 01110111BCD 8421
ASCII Code
 The most widely used alphanumeric code is the
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII).
 The ASCII code is a seven-bit code and so it has 27

= 128 possible code groups.
ASCII code
MSB Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
LSB
Binary Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0000 0 Nul Del sp 0 @ P p
0001 1 Soh Dc1 1 1 A Q a q
0010 2 Stx Dc2 “ 2 B R b r
0011 3 Etx Dc3 # 3 C S c s
0100 4 Eot Dc4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 5 End Nak % 5 E U e u
0110 6 Ack Syn & 6 F V f v
0111 7 Bel Etb ‘ 7 G W g w
1000 8 Bs Can ( 8 H X h x
1001 9 HT Em ) 9 I Y i y
1010 A LF Sub . : J Z j z
1011 B VT Esc + ; K k
1100 C FF FS , < L l
1101 D CR GS - = M m
1110 E SO RS . > N n
1111 F SI US / ? O o
 Exp:
An operator is typing in a BASIC program
at the keyboard of a certain
microcomputer. The computer converts
each keystroke into its ASCII code and
stores the code as a byte in memory.
Determine the binary strings that will be
entered into memory when operator types
in the following BASIC statement:
GOTO 25
 Solution:
Locate each character (including the
space) and record ASCII code.
G 01000111
O 01001111
T 01010100
O 01001111
(space)00100000
2 00110010
5 00110101
*0 was added to the leftmost bit of each ASCII code because the
Codes must be stored as bytes (eight bits).
Exercise :
1.The following message encode in ASCII
code. What the meaning of this code ?
 a) 54 4F 4C 4F 45 47
 b) 48 45 4C 4C 4F
 c) 41 50 41 4B 48 41 42 41 52

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TOPIC 2 :

 These 10 sysmbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

23410 Base number

103 102 101 100 10-1

2746.210 is from calculation below:

 ADDITION BINARY NUMBERS

 Example : 101 + 101 = 1010

Binary to Decimal conversions

 Convert 25 to binary number

Exercise: Convert 30 to binary number

1678 – 248 = _________

Convert 3788 to decimal number

3788 = 3 x (82) + 7 x (81) + 2 x (80)

7A16 Base number

 A hexadecimal number can be converted to

Hexadecima Decimal Binary

Hexadecimal Decimal Binary

 10011001 – original binary number

 01100110 – complement each bit to

 Convert 2710 to 1’s complement

 Convert -4510 to 1’s complement

Two’s complement = One’s Complement + 1

1. Convert the number below to 1’s

 Exercise 2 : 510 + (-210)

0111 -8 change to 1’s complement

 The –ve number that already change to 1’s

 Overflow bit in addition process need to carry to

Step 1 : Convert 2510 and -1310 to binary number.

Step 2 : Change 1310 = 1101 to 1’s complement

11001 25 change to binary number

 For each –ve binary number, we must change

 Then, add the number with 1.

11001 25 change to binary

 Addition of Signed Number

This carry is disregarded

Negatif sign bit

Positive Number (-) Negative Number

 It’s contain BCD 8421, 2421, 3321, 5421, 5311,

 The common used is BCD 8421 and BCD 2421.

0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

1 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001

2 0010 0011 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010

3 0011 0100 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011

4 0100 0101 1000 0101 0100 0100 0100

5 1000 1000 0111 1010 1011 0101 0101

6 1001 1001 1100 1100 1100 0110 0110

7 1010 1011 1101 1101 1101 0111 1000

8 1011 1100 1110 1110 1110 1000 1001

9 1100 1101 1111 1111 1111 1001 1010

 If each digit of a decimal number is represented by

 Decimal digit can be as large as 9, four bits are

1000 0111 0100 (BCD)

Step 2: Change decimal number to BCD

 The ASCII code is a seven-bit code and so it has 27

0000 0 Nul Del sp 0 @ P p

0001 1 Soh Dc1 1 1 A Q a q

0010 2 Stx Dc2 “ 2 B R b r

0011 3 Etx Dc3 # 3 C S c s

0100 4 Eot Dc4 $ 4 D T d t