Evolutionstandards
Evolutionstandards
Evolutionstandards
1.A.1: a. According to Darwins theory of natural selection, competition for limited resources
results in differential survival. Individuals with more favorable phenotypes are more likely to
survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to subsequent generations.
b. Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success.
c. Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. A diverse gene pool is important
for the survival of a species in a changing environment.
d. Environments can be more or less stable or fluctuating, and this affects evolutionary rate and
direction; different genetic variations can be selected in each generation.
e. An adaptation is a genetic variation that is favored by selection and is manifested as a trait
that provides an advantage to an organism in a particular environment.
f. In addition to natural selection, chance and random events can influence the evolutionary
process, especially for small populations.
g. Conditions for a population or an allele to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are: (1) a large
population size, (2) absence of migration, (3) no net mutations, (4) random mating and (5)
absence of selection. These conditions are seldom met.
h. Mathematical approaches are used to calculate changes in allele frequency, providing
evidence for the occurrence of evolution in a population.
1.A.2: Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations.
a. Environments change and act as selective mechanism on populations.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example
such as:
Flowering time in relation to global climate change
Peppered moth
b. Phenotypic variations are not directed by the environment but occur through random changes
in the DNA and through new gene combinations.
c. Some phenotypic variations significantly increase or decrease fitness of the organism and the
population.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example
such as:
Sickle cell anemia
Peppered moth
DDT resistance in insects
d. Humans impact variation in other species.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example
such as:
Artificial selection
Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species
Overuse of antibiotics
1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.
a. Genetic drift is a nonselective process occurring in small populations.
b. Reduction of genetic variation within a given population can increase the differences between
populations of the same species.
1. Scientific evidence includes molecular building blocks that are common to all life forms.
2. Scientific evidence includes a common genetic code.
2.A.2: E
Photosynthesis first evolved in prokaryotic organisms; scientific evidence supports that
prokaryotic (bacterial) photosynthesis was responsible for the production of an oxygenated
atmosphere; prokaryotic photosynthetic pathways were the foundation of eukaryotic
photosynthesis.
2.B.3: C
Archaea and Bacteria generally lack internal membranes and organelles and have a cell wall.
2.D.2: A C
A.Continuity of homeostatic mechanisms reflects common ancestry, while changes may occur
in response to different environmental conditions.
C.Homeostatic control systems in species of microbes, plants and animals support common
ancestry.
Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms and vertebrates
Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists
Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants
Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians and mammals
Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms)
4.C.1: B1
Multiple copies of alleles or genes (gene duplication) may provide
new phenotypes.
1. A heterozygote may be a more advantageous genotype than
a homozygote under particular conditions, since with two different alleles, the organism has two
forms of proteins that may provide functional resilience in response to environmental stresses.
2. Gene duplication creates a situation in which one copy of the gene maintains its original
function, while the duplicate may evolve a new function.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example
such as:
The antifreeze gene in fish
4.C.2: B
An organisms adaptation to the local environment reflects a flexible response of its genome.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example
such as:
Darker fur in cooler regions of the body in certain mammal species
Alterations in timing of flowering due to climate changes
4.C.3: B C
B.Genetic diversity allows individuals in a population to respond differently to the same changes
in environmental conditions.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example
such as:
Not all animals in a population stampede.
Not all individuals in a population in a disease outbreak are equally affected; some may not
show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and
resistant to the disease.
C.Allelic variation within a population can be modeled by the Hardy- Weinberg equation(s).
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