UNIT 01

ELECTROSTATICS
1 Marks Questions:
Q.1 A certain region has cylindrical symmetry of electric field. Name the
charge distribution producing such a field.
Q.2 Represent graphically the variation of electric field with distance, for a
uniformly charged plane sheet.
Q.3 How will the radius of a flexible ring change if it is given positive
charge?
Q.4 Five Charges of equal amount (q) are placed at five corners of a regular
hexagon of side 10 cm. What will be the value of sixth charge placed at sixth
corner of the hexagon so that the electric field at the centre of hexagon is zero
?.
Q.5 Two conducting spheres of radii r1 & r2 are at same potential. What is
the ratio of charges on the spheres?.
Q.6

Why do we use nitrogen or methane gas in Van-de-Graff generator ?

Q.7 An electric charge q is placed at one of the corner of a cube of side a.

What will be the electric flux through its one of the face?
Q.8 A square surface of side L meters is in the plane of the paper. A
uniform electric field E (volts/m), also in the plane of paper, is limited only to
lower half of the square as shown in the diagram. What will be the electric
flux (in SI units) associated with the surface.

Q.9

Which of the following statement is true & why?

(A) Ex= Ey =Ez
(B) Ex>Ey>Ez
(C) Ex=Ez<Ey
(D) Ex<Ey<Ez

Q.10 The distance of the field point on the equatorial plane of a small electric
dipole is
halved. By what factor will the electric field change for the
dipole?
2 Marks Questions:
Q.11 A charge of 10 c is brought from point A (0,4 cm,0) to C (3 cm,0,0) via
point B (0,0,6 cm) in vacuum. Calculate the work done if the charge at origin
is 20 c.

Q.12 A charged particle is free to move in an electric field. Will it always

move along an electric line of force? Justify your answers?.
(2 marks)

Q.13 The flux of the electrostatic fields, through the closed spherical surface
S, is found to be four times that through the closed sphere S1. Find the
magnitude of the charge Q . Given, q1= 1 c,q2=-2c and q3=9.854 c
(2 marks)

Q.14 A charge Q is divided in two parts q and Q - q separated by a distance R.

If force between the two charges is maximum, find the relationship between q
& Q.
(2 marks)
Q.15 A capacitor is made of a flat plate of area A and second plate having a
stair like structure as shown in figure below. If width of each stair is A/3 and
height is d. Find the capacitance of the arrangement.
(2 marks)

3 marks question:
Q16. A parallel plate capacitor is charged to potential V by a source of emf .
After removing the source, the separation between the plates is doubled .
How will the following change electric field change on each plate potential
difference capacitance of the capacitor Justify your answer
Q 17 If N drops of same size ,each having the same charge ,coalesce to form
a bigger drop . How will the following vary with respect to single small drop?
(i)Total charge on bigger drop
(ii) Potential on the bigger drop
(iii) The capacitance on the bigger drop
Q18 Work done to move a charge along a closed path inside an electric field
is always zero, using this fact, prove that it is impossible to produce an
electric field in which all limes of force would be parallel lines and density of
their distribution would constantly increase in a direction perpendicular to the
lines of force.
Q 19. The graph shows the electric force of repulsion on tiny charged
conducting sphere A, as a function of its separation from a sphere B. The
sphere B has 10 times the charge on the sphere A ; Explain the behavior of the
force between separation 2cm and 1cm.

Q 20. Obtain the formula for electric field due to a long thin wire of uniform
linear charge density without using Gausss law.
ANSWERS/HINTS
1 mark question
Q.1 Uniform linear charge distribution

Q.2

E is constant with r.

Q3.

Increases due to repulsion

Q.4

6th Charge is Q

Q.5

Q1/Q2=R1/R2

Q.6 It transfers the leakage of Charge to earth through earthed

chamber
Q.7

Q/24 0

Q.8

Zero

Q9.

Ex=Ez<Ey

Q.10 E 1/r3

if r=r/2

steel

, E= 8 times

2 marks question
Q 11 work done is independent of path
w= q1 q2 ( 1/r1- 1/r2) putting the values & ans 15 J
Q 12 if charge is positive & at rest in electric field then it will move along
electric line of force. If charge has initial velocity making some angle with
electric field than it will along parabolic path.
Q 13 '= 4

Q + q1+ q2+q3/ o= 4 X (q1+q2+q3)/o

putting the values & finding Q = 3*8.854 C
Q 14. F=K q(Q-q) / r 2
for max. &min.dF / dq=0 , q=Q/2
Q 15. All are in parallel
C= oA/3d+oA/6d+ oA/9d= 11oA/18 d
3 marks question
Q.16 a. E same
b. Q same
c. V same
d. C is halved with reasons
Q.17 i.
ii.
iii

N times the charge on small drop

N 2/3 times the potential on small drop
N 1/3 times the capacitance on small drop

Q.18 If q is moved along abcd then Wabcda = 0

Wab+ Wbc+ Wcd +Wda = 0

as E perpendicular to bc & da
so Wbc = Wda = 0
therefore Wab= -Wcd
But Wab can never be equal to Wcd as the lines of force are closer to cd
therefore Wcd > Wab
therefore Wabcda is not equal to 0 hence such electric field E is
impossible
Q.19 i
ii
iii

As the charge move closer the charge on large sphere `

is redistributed as shown in diagram
As the spheres move more closer than the charge is
redistributed as shown in diagram
Behaviour of force between 2 cm & 1 cm :
force of repulsion increases upto 1.4 cm & F rep. is
max. at r=1.4 cm

If 1.2 cm<r<1.4 cm F rep. is decreasing Fatt. increases

due to inductive effect.
At r=1.2 cm F rep. = F att. & if r<1.2 cm force is
strongly attractive

Q.20 X=q/length = q/l change on dl length

dq = dl At point l
dE = 1 / 4 o * dq /op2 = 1/ 4 o
* dl / r2 +l2 l= rtan Q
find dl .dE = 1 / 4 o cos dq/ r
integrate between -/2 to + /2 than E is /2 o r

UNIT 02
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
One mark questions
Q1.Under what conditions will Terminal potential difference of a cell be
greater than its EMF?
Q2.A wire of resistivity p is stretched to twice its length. What will be its new
resistivity?
Q3.Give the colour coding for a carbon resistor of 1 ohm having 5%
tolerance?
Q4.If the temperature of a metallic conductor increases how does the
relaxation time of electrons in conductor change?
Q5. Write the dimensional formula of mobility of electrons.
Q6.Manganin is used in making standard resistance .give two reasons.
Q7.How does the drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor change, if
the length of the conductor is doubled by stretching it, keeping the applied
potential difference constant?
Q8.The variation of potential difference V with length l in case of two
potentiometers a and b is shown in the graph given below.

Which one of these two will you prefer for comparing EMF of two cells?
Give reason.
Q9. Why the terminal Potential is always less than EMF of a cell, while in
use?

Q10. The conductivity of a semi conductor increases with the rise of

temperature. Give reason.
Two Marks Questions
Q11.N number of identical resistors each of resistance R is combined to get
the maximum and minimum resistances, what is the ratio of the maximum to
minimum resistance.
Q12.Two wires of equal length one of copper and other of manganin have
same resistance. Which of the two wires will be thicker? Justify your answer
with the help of suitable formula.
Q13.A resistor of 24 ohm resistance is bent in the form of a loop as shown in
the figure. Calculate effective resistance between points A and
B?
Q14.V-I graph for metallic wire at two different temperature a and b is
shown in fig. Which of the two temperatures is higher and why?

Q15. Explain why the I-V characteristics of a resistor are obtained to deviate
from a straight line from higher values of current as shown below:
Three Marks QuestionQ16.Two resistances are in the ratio 1:4 if these are connected in parallel their
total resistance becomes 20 ohm. Find the value of each resistance.
Q17.A household circuit has a fuse of 5A rating. Calculate the maximum
number of bulbs of rating 60W-220V each which can be connected in the
household circuit.
Q18. Calculate current in each branch.

Q19.Two identical cells of EMF E and internal resistance r whether joined in

series or in parallel give the same current, when connected to external
resistance of 1 ohm. Find internal resistance of each cell.
Q20. 4 cells of identical EMF E, internal resistance r are connected in series to
a variable resistor. The following graph shows the variation of terminal
voltage of the combination with the current output:
1.What is the EMF of each cell?
2.calculate the internal resistance of each cell.

ANSWERS1.
during charging
2.
uncharged
3.
black, brown, black (gold)
4.
decreases
5.
ML3T-4A-1
6.
Low temp. Coefficient of resistance high Resistivity.
7.
drift velocity halved
8.
kb<ka (k is the potential gradient)
9.
T.P. =EMF - Ir
10. Due to increase in carrier density

Two Marks11. N2:1

12. MANGANIN
13. 10/3 OHM
14. a>b
15. temp. increases
slope decreases
ohm law is disobeyed
Three Marks16. R1=25 ohm
R2=100 ohm
17. no. of bulb=18
18
.I1=5/2A
I2=5/8A
I3=7/8A
19
r=1 ohm
20. (1)E=1.4 V
(2)r=0.7 ohm.

Unit 03
Chapter: Magnetic Effects of Current
1 Mark
1. A Current I flows along the length of an infinitely long straight thin
walled pipe. What is the magnetic field at any point on the axis of
pipe?
2. The Earths core contains iron but geologists do not regard this as a
source of Magnetic Field, Why?
3. Is the Resistance of Voltmeter larger than or smaller than the
resistance of Galvanometer from which it is converted.
4. A Magnetic Field dipole placed in a Magnetic Field experiences a net
force. What can you say about the Nature of Magnetic Field?
5. Earths Magnetic Field does not affect working of moving Coil
Galvanometer. Why?
6. Which type of Magnetism exists in all substances?
7. For what orientation P.E. of a Magnetic dipole placed in uniform
Magnetic Field minimum?
8. How does a ferromagnetic material change its Magnetic properties if it
is heated beyond its curie temperature?
9. A bar magnet is cut into two pieces, along its length. How will its pole
strength be affected?
10.What is the work done by a magnetic force, in displacing a charged
particle?

2 marks
11.If two identical galvanometers, one is to be converted into ammeter
and other into millimeter, which will require a shunt of large
Resistance.
12.A bar magnet is held stationery in Magnetic meridian. Another similar
magnet is kept parallel to it such that their midpoints lie on their
perpendicular bisector. If the second magnet is free to move, what type
of Motion will it have? Translatory, rotatory or both? Justify your
answer.
13.Two parallel wires carrying current in same direction attract each
other. What about two beams of electrons traveling parallel, and in
same direction to each other?
14.Retentivity of steel is slightly smaller than soft iron. Still, steel is
preferred to soft iron for making permanent magnets. Why?
15.A wire of certain length is bent to form a circular coil of a single turn.
If the same wire is bent into coil of smaller radius so as to have two
turns. What will be the ratio of Magnetic fields at center of coil in each
case for same value of current?
3 marks
16.Three sections of Current carrying conductors having same current are
shown in figure. In which case, the Magnetic Field produced at P is
Maximum? Find its value also.

17.Two wire loops formed by joining two semicircular wires of radii R1

and R2 carries a current I as shown in fig. What is the Magnetic field at
C.?

18. A solenoid 0.4 M long has a layout of windings of 500 turns each. A
5cm long wire of mass 2Kg lies inside the solenoid near its centre and
normal to axis. The wire is connected to an external battery which
supplies a 4A current in the wire. Calculate the value of current to support
the weight of wire.
19. A metallic rod of mass 0.3kg/m is not allowed to roll on a smooth
inclined Plane of angle 30 degree with horizontal by flowing a current in
the rod. A magnetic field of 0.15T is acting in vertical direction. Calculate
current flowing in the rod.
20. A bar magnet is placed in magnetic meridian with its north pole
2
towards North. Its length is 10cm and magnetic moment is 0.4Am . Find
the Horizontal component of earths magnetic field, if neutral point is at a
distance of 10cm from mid point of magnet.

[ANSWERS]
1. Zero.
2. Temperature in the core of earth is higher than Curie temperature of
Iron.
3. Larger.

4. Non-uniform.
5. Magnitude of Earths magnetic field is much smaller than magnitude of
the field produced by poles of galvanometer.
6. Diamagnetism.
7. = 0 (Dipole is parallel to field.)
8. Becomes Paramagnetic.
9. M1 = M/2, M=M/2
10.Zero.
11.Millimeter will require larger resistance as a range of current is less for
it.
12.Translatory, as two equal forces act on two ends, in same direction.
13.Two electron-beams will repel, as electrostatic force is larger than
Lorentz force.
14.Coreceivity of steel is much larger than that of soft Iron.
15.B1 = 0 I/2a, Now 2a = 2a1
.
. . a1 = a/2
B2 = 0 NI/2a` = 02I/2a

.
. . B1::B2 = 1:4.

16.In case B as magnetic field due to complete circle will be largest.

17.B = I/4(i/R1-1/R2).
18.Force on wire = weight of wire.
.
.

. . ILB = mg
I = mg/3Iln

. . IL (30NI) = mg

19.Mg sin = f cos

Mg sin = ILB cos
I = mgtan/IB = 11.32A

20. BH = 02mr /( 43.14(r -a )1/2)

UNIT-04
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION &
ALTERNATING CURRNT
1.MARK QUESTIONS:
1.

What is the magnitude of the induced current in the circular loop-A B C

D of radius r, if the straight wire PQ carries a steady current of
magnitude I ampere ?

2.

Two identical loops ,one of copper and another of aluminium are

rotated with the same speed in the same M.F. .In which case ,the
induced (a) e.m.f (b)current will be more and why?
Why is spark produced in the switch of a fan, when it is switched off ?
Coils in the resistance boxes are made from doubled up-insulated wire.
Why?
A galvanometer connected in an A.C. circuit does not show any
deflection. Why?
A capacitor blocks D.C. but allows A.C to pass through it. Explain.
Why?
Can we use transformer to step up D.C. voltage? If not, why?
Calculate the r.m.s value of alternating current shown in the figure.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.

The algebraic sum of potential drop across the various elements in

LCR circuit is not equal to the applied voltage. Why?
A copper ring is held horizontally and bar magnet is dropped through
the ring with its length along the axis of the ring. Will the acceleration
of the falling magnet be equal to, greater than or less than that due to
gravity?

2 marks question
11.

A magnet is moved in the direction indicated by an arrow between two

coil A B and C D as shown in the figure. Suggest the direction of
current in each coil.

12.

Figure shows an inductor L and a resistance

R connected in parallel to a battery through a
switch. The resistance R is same as that of the
coil that makes L. Two identical bulbs are
put in each arm of the circuit.
Which of the bulbs lights up earlier, when K
is closed?
Will the bulbs be equally bright after same
time?
How does the self inductance of a coil
change, when
Number of turns in the coil is decreased.
An iron rod is introduced into it.
Justify your answer in each case.
Figure shows two electric circuits A and B. Calculate the ratio of power
factor of the circuit B to the Power factor of the circuit A.

13.

14.

15.

An inductor L of reactance XL is connected

in series with a bulb B to an A.C. source as
shown in the figure. Briefly explain how
does the brightness of the bulb change when

(a) Number of turns of the inductor is reduced and

(b) A capacitor of reactance XC =XL is included in series in the same
circuit.

3 Marks Question:16. When a series combination of a coil of inductance L and a resistor of

resistance R is connected across a 12 V-50 Hz supply, a current of
0.5.A Flows through the circuit. The current differs in phase from
applied voltage by
17.

An A.C. generator is connected to a sealed box through a pair of

terminals. The box may contain R L C or the series combination of any
two of the three elements. Measurements made outside the box reveal
that:
E=75 Sin t (in volt) and
I= 1.2 Sin (t+

18.

radian. Calculate the value of L and R.

3

)( in ampere)
5

Name the circuit elements

What is the Power factor of the circuit?
What is the rate, at which energy is delivered by the generator to the
circuit?
Figure (a), (b) and (c) Show three alternating circuits with equal
currents. If frequency of alternating emf be increased, what will be the
effect on currents In the three cases. Explain.

19.

Does the current in an A.C. circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with the
voltage of frequency applied to the circuit when
(i) = r
(ii) < r
(iii) > r
where r is the resonance frequency.

20.

Two different coils have self inductance L1=8 mH and L2 = 2 mH.

At a certain instant, the current in the two coils is increasing at the same
constant rate and the power supplied to the two coils is same. Find the

ratio of (a) induced voltage (b) current and (c) energy stored in the two
coils at that instant?
EMI & AC
Answers / Hints
1 mark Question
1.
Zero Induced emf.
2.
Induced emf will be same in the both but Induced Current will be more
in Copper loop.
3.
A large Induced emf is setup across the gap in the switch.
4.
To cancel the effect of self Induced emf in the coil.
5.
A galvanometer measures mean value of a.c., which is zero over a
cycle.
1

6.

Xc =

7.

Magnetic flux linked with Primary coil does not vary with time so no
Induced emf in secondary.
2A.
Voltages across different elements of the LCR circuit are not in same
phase.
Less than that due to gravity.

8.
9.
10.

2c

2 marks Question.
11. For Coil AB: Anticlockwise.
For Coil CD: Anticlockwise.
12. i. The bulb B2 will light up earlier.
ii. The bulb B1 will grow more brightly.
13. i. L n2 => L is decreased.
ii. L will Increase.
14.
2.
15. (a) Bulb will grow more brightly.
(b) Brightness of the bulb will become maximum.
3 marks Question.
16. L=0.066 H, R=12
17
(a). Series combination of a register and a capacitor.
(b). Power factor = cos = 0.81
(c). Pav = EvIvCos = 72.9w
18. (i) No effect (ii) current will decrease (iii)Current will Increase.
19. (i) Current and Voltage are in the same phase.
(ii) Current leads voltage by Phase angle .

(iii) Current lags behind voltage by Phase angle .

20.

LdI

dt
U
1
1
U2 4
e

e1
I
1
= 4 As P= eI = const => 1 =
4
e2
I2

UNIT 05
(EM waves)
1 MARK QUESTIONS:
Q1:

Does the colour of radiation depend on its frequency or on wavelength.

Q2:

What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of wavelength 1A, green
light of wavelength 5500A0 & radiation of wavelength 21cm?

Q3:

Electromagnetic radiations with wavelength:

1): 1 are used to kill germs in water purifiers.
2): 2 are used in T.V communication system.

2 MARK QUESTIONS:
Q4:

Why stationary charges & constant currents do not produce

electromagnetic waves?

Q5:

If the electric field that constitutes an electromagnetic wave

conservative? Justify your answer.

Q6:

The radio waves, the infrared, the visible ray are EM radiations. Then
how are they different from each other?

3 MARK QUESTIONS:
Q7:

Suppose that the electric field of an electromagnetic radiation wave in

vacuum is E=(3.1N/C cos[1.8rad/m]y+5.4 106 rad/s)t]

1):
2):
3):

What is wavelength, ?
What is frequency, ?
What is magnitude of the magnetic field of the wave?

Q8:

Although in an electromagnetic wave the ratio of the electric field to the

magnetic field is a constant still we say that the vision of our eye is due
to only electric field.

Answers
1. Frequency.
2. Speed.
3. 1) 1 corresponds to ultraviolet spectrum.
2) 2 corresponds to radio waves.
4. A stationary charge & constant current produce a constant electric field
& constant magnetic field respectively. A constant electric field can't
generate a magnetic field likewise a constant magnetic field cannot
generate a electric field. Hence, EM waves can't be produced.
5. No, the electric field produced by a time varying magnetic field is non
conservative. So that electric field that constitutes the EM waves is nonconservative.
6. They are different because the way they interact with matter is
different. Interaction depends on the energy of the EM waves, which in
turn depends upon its frequency (E=hv).
7. 1): =2 /k= 3.5m.
2): =w/2 = 5.4x106/2 = 0.86MHg.
3): B0 = E0/C = 3.1/3x108 = 10nT.
8. The vision of our eye is due to the force experienced by the moving
charge on our retina. The moving charge experiences force both due to
electric & magnetic fields.
FE
= qE,
FB
= qVB
FE/FB = E/VB
= C/V.
C/V>108 . Therefore moving particle oscillates primarily due to the
electric field.

UNIT 06
Optics
1 Mark
Q1:

A partially plane polarised beam of light is passed through a polaroid.

Show graphically the variation of the transmitted light intensity with
angle of rotation of the Polaroid.

Q2:

Soap bubble shows beautiful colours in sun light. Why?

Q3:

Coloured spectrum is observed, whenwe see through a muslin cloth.

Why?

Q4:

Why value of the Brewster angle for transparent medium is different for
light of different colours?
Why is diffraction effect more predominant through the slit formed by
two blades than by slit formed by two fingers?
Why is light from two individual sources of equal wavelength is
incoherent?
Which principle is used in L.C.D (liquid crystal display) in T.V &
computers?

Q5:
Q6:
Q7:

Q8.

How does the focal length of a convex lens change if monochromatic

red light is used instead of monochromatic blue light?

Q9.

How many angles of incidence are possible when the angle of deviation
is minimum?

Q10. The lens shown in the figure is made of two different transparent
materials. A point object is placed on its axis. How many images of the
object will be formed?

Q11. The graph shows the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle
of incidence for the two glass prism A & B. which glass prism has the
larger refractive index?

Q12. A simple microscope using single lens often shows colored image of a
white source. Why?
Q13. A concave lens is immersed in a liquid and image formed is shown in
the figure. Whose refractive index is greater, glass or the liquid?

Q14. Why focal lengths of the eye piece and objective both should be short
in the case of a compound microscope?
Q15. You are given 3 lenses having powers as P1=6D, P2=3D & P3=12D.
Which two of these lenses will you select to construct a microscope?
Q16. How is the intensity of scattered light related to the wavelength of
light?

Q17. The far point of myopic person is 80cm in front of the eye. The power
of the lens required to enable him to see very distant objects clearly is 1.25D. Does the lens magnify the very distant objects?
2 Marks
Q18: Two towers on top of two hills are 40km apart. The line joining them
passes 40m above a hill halfway between the towers. What is the
largest wavelength of radio waves, which can be sent between the
towers without appreciable diffraction effects?
Q19: Laser light of wavelength 630nm incident on a pair of slits produces an
interference pattern in which the bright fringes are separated by 8.1nm.
A second light produces an interference pattern in which the fringes are
separated by 7.2mm. Calculate the wavelength of the second light.
Q20 Draw the graph showing the variation of v with u for a convex lens.
Q21 A boy, 1.50m tall with his eye level at 1.38m, stands before a mirror
fixed on a wall. Indicate by means of a ray diagram, how the mirror
should be positioned so that he can view himself fully. What should be
the minimum length of the mirror?
Q22 How is an optical fibre a better device than a coaxial cable?
Q23 How is a person looking at a mesh of crossed wires able to see the
vertical wires more distinctly than horizontal wires?
Q24 A small plane mirror is attached to the suspension wire of moving coil
galvanometer. When the light from a lamp falls on the mirror, it
retraces the path and puts a spot on the screen, 1.5m away from the
mirror. What is the displacement of the spot if the coil deflects 3.5o?

3 Marks
Q25: A point object placed in front of a plane mirror produces a virtual
image whose distance from the mirror is equal to the object distance
from the mirror. Use Huygenss
Principle to deduce it.

Q26: When a low flying aircraft passes overhead, we sometimes notice a

shaking of the picture on our T.V screen. Suggest a possible
explanation?

Q27: In Young's double slit experiment using monochromatic light of

wavelength , the intensity at a point on the screen where path
difference is K units. What is the intensity of light at a point where
path difference is /3?
Q28. Two lenses of power -15D and 5D are in contact with each other
a) What is focal length of this combination?
b) An object of size 4cm is placed at 20cm from this combination.
Calculate position and size of image.
Q29. The principle section of Glass prism is an isosceles PQR with PQ=PR.
The face PR is silvered. A ray is incident perpendicularly on face PQ and
after two reflections it emerges from base QR normal to it. Find angle
QPR of Prism.
Q30. The resolution limit of eye is 1minute at a distance of r km from the
eye, two person stands with a lateral separation of 3m. Calculate the
distance r so that the two persons are just resolved by the naked eye.
Q31. An astronomical telescope consist of two thin lens set 36cm apart and
has a magnifying power 8. Calculate the focal length of the lens.
Q32. A fish at a depth of 7cm below the surface of water sees the outside
world through a circular horizon. What is the radius of the circular
horizon? Refractive index of water w.r.t. air is 4/3.

Answers
1.
Ip = I0 cos2

IP

I0

/2

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.

3 /2

Due to interference of light waves from upper & lower surfaces of soap
bubble
Space between threads & muslin cloth behaves as fine slit. When
sunlight falls on these slits; the diffraction of light takes place. As a
result, the coloured spectrum is observed.
ip =tan-1(n),
{n is inversely proportional to square of
wavelength}
Diffraction effect is predominant only for a narrow & fine slit where
size is comparable with the wavelength of light. Slit formed by two
blades is fine & is of uniform width which can't be possible with
fingers.
Because of unstable phase difference.
Principle of polarisation.
1/f=(n2/n1-1)(1/r1-1/r2)
one
two
for B
Due to chromatic ab
R.I.of liquid is greater than R.I. of glass.
Angular magnification of eye piece is (1+D/fe). Hence fe should be
small and angular magnification of objective is approx. v/fo , so fo
should be small.
M 1/fofe pepo

16.
17.
18.

High power lenses are required for objective and eye piece but po>pe
hence p3 is selected as objective and p1 as eyepiece.
I1/4
No.
40 km.
D

B
Q

40 m

dsin=n

or =dsin/n

For longest wavelength, n=1, sin==tan

=d x DC/BD
= 40 x 40/20000
(BD=40/2km)
= 8m/100
= 8cm.
19.

20.

=D/d
i.e B2/B1 =2/1
2=B2/B1
2=7.2x630/8.1
2=560nm.

21.

Top of mirror make

=( 1.5+1.38)/3
=1.44m mark
Bottom of mirror mark
=( 1.38+0)/2
=0.69m mark
height of the mirror
=1.44-0.69
=0.75m
22.
23.

Characteristic of optical fiber (no loss of energy and no external

interference).
The cornea in front of the eye lens is not spherical in shape and
produces greater resolution in vertical plane than in horizontal plane.

24. when mirror is deflected by then reflected light is deflected by 2

i.e. sos=7o=(3.14*7)/180rad.
=ss/os
(3.14*7)/180=ss/1.5
ss=18.4cm

3 Marks
II

25.
A

Y
O

Treat A to be the spherical source of light. After time t, the wave front
reach A' as wave front I . The image will be formed at A' represented
by II. OA'=OA.
26. When a low flying aircraft passes overhead, the metallic body of the
aircraft reflects T.V signal. A slight shaking of the picture on the T.V
screen takes place due to interference of the reflected signal from the
aircraft & the direct signal received by the antenna.
27. Intensity I= 4I0 cos2 /2
When path difference is , phase difference is 2
I=4I0 cos2 = 4I0 = K
(given)

. (1)

When path difference, =/3, the phase difference

'=2 /
=2 x / x 3 = /3
I'=4I0 cos2 /6

(since K = 4I0 )

= K cos2 /6= K x {1.73/2}2 = 3/4 K.

28. Apply formula of combination of thin lenses
P = P1 + P2
f = 1/P
Also , 1/f = 1/v 1/u .

29. + 2 = 180o
also , = 2
therefore , 5 =180o

= 36o

30.

= x/r
= 1 = 1/600 = 1/60 /180 rad.
r = x/ = 3 60 180 /
=10.3 km

31.

M.P.=fo / fe
8 = fo / fe
8fe + fe = 36
fe = 4cm

& fo + fe = L
& fo +fe =36

fo = 32cm
32.sinc = 1/
Sinc = 3/4
c =sin-1(0.75) = 48.59o
also, tanc=r/7
r = 3cm.

UNIT 07
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
One Mark questions-1)

According to the quantum theory, what happens when the intensity of

light increases?

2)

If a LASER of power 3.98MW produces a monochromatic light of

energy 2.48eV, how many photons per second, on an average, are
emitted by the source?

3)

Can all photons from a monochromatic light source emit photoelectrons of same kinetic energy?

4)

What is maximum frequency of X-rays produced by 30KV electrons?

5)

A nucleus of mass M, initially at rest splits into two fragments of

masses M/3 and 2M/3(M>M). Find the ratio of de-Broglie
wavelengths of two fragments.

6)

What does the slope of the Graph between frequency v/s stopping
potential represent?

7)

What is the nature of graphical relation between frequency of incident

radiation and the stopping potential?

8)

On which factor the magnitude of saturation photoelectric current

depends upon?

9)

The work function of aluminium is4.2eV. If two photons each of

energy 3.5eV strike an electron of aluminium sheet then what will be
the speed of electrons?

10)

Write down the rest mass of photon?

Two marks questions-11.

Calculate the number of photons in 6.62J of radiation energy of

frequency 1012 Hz. Given h=6.62*10-34 Js.

12.

When photons of energy h falls on an aluminium plate (of work

function Eo ),photoelectrons of maximum kinetic energy K are ejected.
If the frequency of radiation is doubled, find the maximum kinetic
energy of the ejected photoelectrons.

13.

If electron, proton and helium have same momentum, then write

relation between de-Broglies wavelengths of the above particles.

14.

The energy of a photon is equal to the Kinetic energy of proton. Let 1

be the de-Broglie wavelength of the proton and 2 be the wavelength of
the photon. Find the ratio 1/ 2 in terms of energy E of photon.

15.

Draw the Graph which represents the variation of particle momentum

and associated de-Broglie wave length?

Three marks questions-16.

Alkali metals are most suitable for photoelectric effect. Explain why?

17.

Show that the product of the slope of the stopping potential versus
frequency graph and the electronic charge gives the value of Plancks
constant.

18.

When radiation of wavelength is incident on a metallic surface, the

stopping potential is 4.8 volts. If the same surface is illuminated with a
radiation of double the wavelength, then the stopping potential becomes
1.6 volts. What is the threshold wavelength for the surface?

19.

A source of 25 watt emits monochromatic light of wavelength 6600.

If efficiency for photoelectric emission is 3 %, then find the
photoelectric current.

20.

What is the De-broglie wavelength of a nitrogen molecule in air at

300K? Assume that the molecule is moving with the root mean square
speed of molecules at this temperature. (Atomic mass of nitrogen is =
14.0076u)

ANSWER KEY

1 MARKS ANSWERS
1.
2.

Number of the photons increases.

Number of the photons increases per second = total energy per second\
energy of the photons
= 3.9810-3 j/sec
3.9810-19 joules
=1016 photons/sec
3.
No
4.
E/h = v
5.
1:1 ; =h/p
6.
h/e
7.
A straight line.
8.
intencity of the light.
9.
Zero.
10. zero.
2 MARKS ANSWERS
11. n=e/r=1022
12. k=hi-E0
=>E0=hr-k
k! = h(2v)-E0=2hr-(hr-k)
K! = k+hr.
13. p= e= he
14. 1=h/2mE
; 2=h/p=hc/E
1 /2=E/c2m
15.

THREE MARKS
16. Work function is less for alkali metals.
17. proof evo=hv-hvo
differention
evo=hvo
h=e(vo/v)=eslope
18. Putting the data in photoelectric equation and taking ratios
o=4
19. No of photons/sec = power/hv =p/hc
= 8.31
1019
Each photon ejects one electron.
No. of electrons ejected = 8.31 1019
N=24.93x1017
Photochemical current =Ne
=24.93x1017x1.6x10-19
=0.4Ampere
20.

1amu=1.66x10-27 Kg
mass of N2 molecule=2x14.0076x1.66x10-27 Kg
vrms=3KT/m
=h/mvrms=h/3KTm
=6.63x10-34/3x4.649x10-26x1.38x10-23x300
=2.8x10-11m
=.028nm

UNIT 08
ATOMS AND NUCLEI
1 Marks Questions:
1.
Initially the number of nuclei of a radioactive substance are 100. At
t=1s these numbers become 80. Find the number of nuclei undecayed at
t=2s.
2.
Draw a graph of rate of formation of Y against time t when a
radioactive nucleus X decays to a stable nucleus Y?
3.
A particle mass m is projected from ground with velocity u making
angle with the horizontal what will be the de-Broglie wave length of
the particle at the highest point?
4.
The difference between nth and (n + 1)th Bohrs radius of hydrogen
atom is equal to (n 1)th Bohrs radius. What is the value of n?
5.

In the following nuclear fission reaction, N is the number of neutrons

released in the fission of one 92U235

U 235 0 n1 38 Sr 94 54Xe140 N
What is N here?
6.

Some scientists have predicted that a global nuclear war on earth would
be followed nuclear winter. What would cause nuclear winter?

7.

The electron in the hydrogen atom passes from the n = 4 energy level to
the n = 1 level. What is the maximum number of photons that can he
emitted, and minimum number?
An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 220 V.
What is its energy in electron volts.
What is the Bohrs frequency condition?
The mass number of He is 4 and that of sulphur is 32 .By what factor
the radius of sulphur nucleus is larger than that of helium ?

8.
9.
10.

2 Marks Questions:
11. A radioactive sample has 20 times of safe activity limit. After how
many half lives will the radioactive sample be safe?
13.

The binding energy of an electron in the ground state of He is equal to

24.6 eV. What is the energy required to remove both the electrons?

14.
15.

For a hydrogen-like atom, if electrons move from lower energy level to

higher energy levels, then what will happen to its KE and PE ?
Obtain Bohrs quantization condition of angular momentum on the
basis of wave picture of electron.

3 marks question:
3
1
16. In the fusion reaction 1H2 + 1H2
2He + 0n , the masses of
deuteron, helium and neutron expressed in amu are 2.015, 3.017 and
1.009 respectively. If 1 kg deuterium undergoes complete fusion, find
the amount of total energy released.
1amu = 931.5 MeV/c2
17. 19K40 isotope of potassium has a half-life of l.4 x109 yr and decays to
form stable argon, 18 Ar 40. A sample of rock has been taken which
contains both potassium and argon in the ratio 1 :7, i.e.
no. of K40 atoms = 1/7
no. of Ar 40 atoms
Assuming that when rock is formed no Ar 40was present in the sample
and none has escaped subsequently. Determine the age of rock.
18. The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which one of the
transitions will result in the emission of a photon of wavelength 275
nm?
A

0eV
C

-2eV
-4.5eV

-10eV

19. How are protons, which are positively charged, held together inside a
nucleus? Draw a graph between potential energy of a pair of nucleons
as a function of their separation.
20. A neutron strikes a 5B10nucleus with the subsequent emission of an
alpha particle. Write the Corresponding nuclear reaction. Find the
atomic number, mass number and the chemical name of the remaining
nucleus.

ANSWER
1 Marks Questions:
(1) 64
(2) expo. Graph
(3)

h
mu cos

(4)We know ,rn n2

So (n 1)2 n2 (n 1)2 n 4
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) 220eV \
(9) h Elower Ehigher
(10) 2
2 Marks Questions:
(11)The safe activity is present activity/20 since

Ro Ro Ro
so sample safe

25 2 0 2 4

between some time lying between4th and 5th halve lives. Hence answer 5th
halve lives

.
(13) To remove Ist electron Energy required is 24.6 eV , after removing it
became He+ like Hydrogen atom whose B.E.is -4x13.6eV=-54.4eV.hence to
remove both electron required energy=79eV
(14)For Hydrogen like atom, TE

Ze2
Ze2
Ze2
, KE
, PE
4 0 .2r
8 0 r
4 0 r

hence

KE decreases, PE(less negative)increases.

(15) When an electron confine to move on a line of length l with velocity v
the de Broglie wavelength associated with electron is

2l
h
and ,
n
p

when an electron revolves in a circular orbit of radius r; then 2l=2r

nh
nh
or p r
2r
2

angular momentum (pr) of electron is integral multiple of

h/2.

This is Bohrs quantization condition of angular momentum.

3 marks question:
(16) m 2(2.015) (3.017 1.009) 0.004amu Find energy released per deuteron
3.726/2MeV Then Number of deuterons in 1kg =N/2 hence energy released
=3.01x1026x1.863MeV=9.01013 J
(17) Age of the rock is 3 half lives of K nuclides. 4.2x109 yr.
(18)Energy of photon is E
(19)
(20)

hc

4.5eV clearly transition B will be the result.

UNIT 09
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1 How does the forbidden energy gap of an intrinsic semiconductor vary
with the increase in temperature?
Q.2 Why is a semiconductor damaged by a strong current?
Q.3 What is the cause of a small current in reverse bias arrangement in p-n
junction ?
Q.4 A piece of copper and a piece of silicon are both cooled down through the
same temperature .How do their conductivity change?
Q.5 What happens when both the emitter and the collector of a transistor are
forward biased?
Q.6 Why does a transistor / radio receiver does not work in a railway
carriage?
Q.7 Why a transistor can not be used as a rectifier ?
Q.8 Electrical circuit is used to get smooth d.c out put from a rectified circuit
.write the name of the circuit .
Q.9 Identify the gate X ,If the truth table of the circuit is given below.
A
1
0
1
0

B
1
1
0
0

Y
1
1
1
0

Q.10 The circuit shown below has two diodes each with forward resistance
50ohm with infinite reverse resistance ,if the battery voltage is 6 v ,find
the current through the 100 ohm resistance?

2 MARK QUESTIONS
Q.11 The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor increases when
electromagnetic radiation of wavelength shorter than 2480 nm is
incident on it. Find the band gap of the semiconductor .
Given h= 6.63 x 10-34 js .
C= 3 x 108 m/s.
Q.12 What is equivalent resistance of the circuit .

Q.13 Identify the gate represented by the blocks

Write the truth table.

Q.14 Consider the junction diode is ideal ,calculate the value of current in the
given figure.

Q.15 Draw a curve between charge density (e) and the distance (r) near the
forward bias p-n junction and explain it?
3 MARK QUESTIONS
Q.16 For a transistor ,the current amplification factor is 0.8, the transistor is
connected in common emitter configuration .calculate the change in the
collector current when the base current changes by 6 mA.
Q.17 If in the p-n junction diode a square input signal is 8 V then find out the
output signal across RL

Q.18 For a diode characteristics curves are given at different temperature.

Find out the relation between temperatures in the given figure.

Q.19 Fiure shows a logic circuit of two inputs A and B and output C.The
voltage waveforms A,B,C are shown in the figure .the logic circuit is

Q.20 When a transistor amplifier of current gain of 75 is given an input signal

.
Vi= 2 sin (157t +/2) the output signal is found to be
VO= 200 Sin(157t + 3/2 )
In which mode it is being used ,justify your result with proper explaination .
ANSWERS
1-MARK QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

unchanged because it is independent of temperature

due to heating, covalent bands brokes,hence semiconductor damaged.
due to minority charge carriers
as temperature cool down conductivity of Cu increases and Si decreases
it will be an saturation region and will not work as an amplifier
E.M signal do not find their entry in the railway carriage
for rectification ,two extreme layers must be of different types.
filter circuit

9. X is and gate
10.no current flow through D2 current through 100 ohm is 0.02 A.
2-MARK QUESTIONS
11..E=hc/=8.02 x 10-20 J
=0.5
12.D1 is forward bias
D2 is reversed bias
Effective resistance R=(4 x 12)/(4 +12 ) + 8=11 Ohm
Due to reverse bias no current flow through resistance 10 ohm
13.
A

0
1
0
1

0
0
1
1

1
0
1
0

Y
1
1
0
0

0
0
0
1

I,II,III Both are NOR gate

14. p-n junction is reverse bias hence the value of current is zero .
=
15.

The charge density near the p-n junction (in the depletion region )
Varies with distance(r)

3-MARK QUESTIONS

16. a=0.8
B= a/(1-a)
= 0.8/(1-0.8) = 4
IC=B . Ib = 24 Ma
17.

Diode conducts only when it is forward bias.

18.T1 < T2 < T3
at higher temperature cathode the larger is the value of saturation current
19. C=A.B
AND gate
20.current gain 75 i.e >1 and VO differ by phase difference of so it
being used as common emitter amplifier.

UNIT 10
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1 Mark:
1.
At a particular place at a distance of 10km from a transmission station a
person can receive signals but not able to receive signals at 100km,
suggest a method how he can receive signal at 11 km
2.
A device is used to communicate through compute to computer name
the device.
3.
Why ground wave propagation is not suitable for high frequency?
4.
Why microwaves are being used in RADAR?
5.
Name the type of communication that uses carrier signals having
frequencies in the range 1012 Hz
6.
Why long distance radio broadcasts use short-wave bands?
7.
A radio can tune to any station in the 7.5 MHz to 12 MHz band. What
is the corresponding wavelength band?
8.
Name the process by which exact reproduction of a document at a
distant place can be received.
9.
The transmitter A and receiver B are not visible to each other on earth
surface even then they communicate to each other name the processes
of communication.
10. How does the effective power radiated by an antenna vary with
wavelength?
2 Marks
11. It is necessary to use satellites for long distance T.V. transmission.
Justify?
12. With the help of necessary diagram make it clear that taller the
antenna, greater the coverage of the Television broadcast.
13. We do not choose to transmit an audio signal by just directly converting
it to an e.m. wave of the same frequency, Give two reasons for the same
14. Distinguish between point to point and broadcast communication
modes. Give one example of each
15. A transmitting antenna is 32 m high and the receiving antenna 100 m.
Calculate the maximum. Distance between them for satisfactory
communication in LOS mode. Assume radius of earth 6.4 x 106 m.
3 Marks
16. What does the term LOS communication mean? Name the types of
waves that are used for this Communication which of the two-height of

transmitting antenna and height of receiving antenna - Can affect the

range over which this mode of communication remains effective?

17.

A schematic arrangement for transmitting a message signal (20 Hz to

20 kHz) is given below:

Give two drawbacks from which this arrangement suffers.

Describe briefly with the help of a block diagram the alternative
arrangement for the transmission And reception of the message signal.
18.

19.

20.

Frequencies higher than 10 MHz are found not to be reflected by the

ionosphere on a particular Day at a place, calculate the maximum
electron density of the ionosphere.
A message signal of frequency 15 kHz and peak voltage of 5 volts is
used to modulate a carrier of Frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage of 20
volts, Determine (a) Modulation index (b) The side bands Produced
What is meant by detection of a modulated carrier wave? Describe
briefly the essential steps for detection

ANSWERS
(1) By using antenna
(2) Modem
(3) attenuation/power loss
(4) Linear propagation
(5) Optical fibers
(6)
(7) 40m, 25m
(8) Fax
(9) Satellite communication
(10) p
(11)

(12)
(13) For transmitting an EM wave signal the minimum size of the antenna
For an audio frequency wave the size of antenna will be extra large which
is not feasible.
(ii) Effective power radiated by antenna is proportional to square of
frequency. For an audio
Frequency wave the radiated power will be extremely small.
(iii) If different programmes at audio frequencies are directly transmitted
then on account
Of limited bandwidth these programmes will get mixed up leading to
disturbance.
(14) In point-to-point communication mode, the communication takes place
over a link between a single transmitter and a receiver. Telephony is an
example of point-to-point communication. In broadcast mode, there are a
number of receivers corresponding to a single transmitter. Radio and
television are examples of broadcast mode of communication.
(15) 45.5km
(16)
(17) (i) Signals cannot go very far without employing large amount of power,
because
Modulation is not done. (ii) Bandwidth is very short.
Alternative arrangement

(18)
(19) (a) 0.25
(b) 1015 kHz, 985 kHz
(20)