Structural Design Module 2

COURSE OUTLINE
Module 2
I. Design of Steel Members

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
II. Reinforced Concrete
A. Definition of Terms
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
Center for the Designed Environment

Professions, Inc. (CDEP)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
III. Building Frame System

A. Code Design Criteria
B. Structural System
C. Vertical Irregularities
D. Plan Irregularities
IV. NSCP Provisions
A. Design Philosophy
B. Material Specification
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
E. Beam-Column Joints
F. Rebar Details
Center for the Designed Environment Profession

# 2 Matulungin Street, House of Architects Building
Teachers Village, Quezon City
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A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
Design of Steel Members

A. BEAMS
Types of Beams According to its Function
Purlin - carries the roof load between trusses or rafters
Rafter - usually a sloping beam carrying the reaction of purlins
Lintel - carries the masonry across the opening made by a door or window
Joist - a closely spaced beams supporting the floor of a building
Stringer - similar to a joist, it carries the flooring of a bridge
Girder - large-sized beams usually carrying the floor beams
Spandrel - spans between columns and support the floors and curtain walls
Grade beam - lowermost spandrel of a building that has no basement.
Shaft - circular beam that transmits power to the machinery. Also carries
torsion in addition to shear and flexure

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Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

A. BEAMS
Steel Sections
are classified as compact, non-compact, and slender element.
Sections
Allowable flexural stress

Compact sections
Non-Compact sections
Slender sections
Fb = 0.66Fy
Fb = 0.60Fy
Fb 0.60Fy
Allowable shear stress
Fv = 0.40Fy

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Example 1
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Example 2
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Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
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Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6

EXAMPLE 1
A continuos beam is loaded as
shown below. Assuming that the
section is compact, investigate the
adequacy of the beam if Fy = 248
MPa.
IV. NSCP Provisions

C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
Solve the reactions

For RA, MC = 0 +
0 = RA (5) - 8 (5)(2.5) - 45 (2)

RA = 38 KN
For RC, FV = 0 +
Section
Figure
P = 45 KN
10
w = 8 KN/m
A

Solution
B
3m
6 280
300
2m
RC
+38
+14
150
0 = RA + RC - 8 (5) - 45
RC = 47 KN
Plot the shear diagram
VA = RA
VBL = VA - 8(3)
VBR = VBL - 45
VC = VBR - 8(2)
VA = +38 KN
VBL = +14 KN
VBR = -31 KN
VC = -47 KN
Plot the moment diagram
-31
-47
+78
Pinned support
MA = 0
MB = MA+ (VA + VBL) (3) MB = 78
MC = MB + (VBR + VC) (2) MC = 0

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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 1 (contd)
Maximum values
Vmax = VC = 47 KN
Mmax = MB = 78 KNm
Solving I and c
10
300
Calculate section capacity

From flexure formula, f = M/S
M = fbS
For compact sections
fb = 0.66Fy
= 0.66(248)
= 163.68 MPa
280
150
I = INA + Ad2
=
1
12
(150)(10)3 (2) +
1
12
(6)(280)3
+ (150)(10)(145)2(2)
I = 74.076X106 mm4
c = 300/2 = 150 mm
S = section modulus
6
S = 74.076X10 = 493840 mm3
= I/c
150
c = distance from NA to extreme
fiber in tension/compression
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Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 1 (contd)
Solving the moment capacity

M = (163.68 MPa) (493840 mm3)
M = 80.83x106 Nmm
M = 80.83 KNm > 78 KNm
Therefore, OK!
Check shear capacity
fv = 0.40Fy
= 0.40(248)
= 99.20 MPa
Vcap = fvAw
= (99.20 MPa) (300x6)
Vcap = 178560 N
Vcap = 178.56 KN > 47 KN
Therefore, OK!
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

B. COLUMNS
Prevailing design load is axial and failure may be initiated by
overstressing of the material
buckling about the weak axis
For this reason, the equation that determine the allowable stress of
the columns is express in terms of the length and radius of gyration.
For Intermediate Column
KL
Cc =
r
Fa =
KL/r 2
Cc
3 KL/r - 1 KL/r 3
8 Cc
8 Cc
1 - 0.50
5
3
Where
22E
Fy
For Long Column

KL > C =
c
r
2E
Fa = 12KL
23 r
22E
Fy
Fy
Fa = allowable axial stress

L = height of column
K = effective length factor
r = radius of gyration
= AI
I = moment of inertia
A = cross sectional area

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Example 2
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Examples 3, 4, & 5
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Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

B. COLUMNS
Prevailing design load is axial and failure may be initiated by
overstressing of the material
buckling about the weak axis
For this reason, the equation that determine the allowable stress of
the columns is express in terms of the length and radius of gyration.
Values of K
L
K = 2.0
One end fixed,

other end free
L
K = 1.0
Both ends hinged
L
K = 0.7
One end fixed,

other end pinned

L
K = 0.5
Both ends fixed
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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the axial capacity of

the column shown if
a) L = 3m
b) L = 6m
Use Fy = 248 MPa, moment if
inertia I = 1.20x106 mm4, and
cross-sectional area A = 1550
mm2.
Illustration
Solution
Solve the radius of gyration, r
r= I
A
6
1.20x10
r=
1550
r = 27.82 mm
Solve Cc
2
Cc = 2 E
Fy
22(200000)
Cc =
248
Cc = 126.17

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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 2 (contd)

the column shown if
a) L = 3m
b) L = 6m
area A = 1550 mm2.
Illustration
Solution
a) If L = 3.0 m, solve KL/r
KL 0.70(3000)
=
r
27.82
= 75.47 < Cc = 126.17 Int. Column
Solve the allowable axial stress, Fa

2
1 - 0.50 KL/r
Cc
Fa = 5 3 KL/r 1 KL/r 3 Fy
- 8 Cc
3 + 8 Cc
75.47 2
1 - 0.50 126.17
Fa = 5 3 75.47 1 75.47 3 248
3 + 8 126.17 - 8 126.17
Fa = 109.23 MPa
L
Solve the axial capacity, P
P = Fa A
= 109.23 MPa (1550 mm2)
P = 169310 N
10
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Example 2
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Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
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Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 2 (contd)

the column shown if
a) L = 3m
b) L = 6m
area A = 1550 mm2.
Illustration
Solution
b) If L = 6.0 m, solve KL/r
KL 0.70(6000)
=
r
27.82
= 150.95 Cc = 126.17 Long Column
Solve the allowable axial stress, Fa

2E
Fa = 12KL
2
23 r
12(2) (200000)
=
23 150.95 2
Fa = 45.20 MPa
Solve the axial capacity, P

L
P = Fa A
= 45.20 MPa (1550 mm2)
P = 70056 N

11
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Column
Examples 5 and 6

C. CONNECTIONS
1. Riveted and Bolted Connections
Lap Splice
Butt Splice
Triple-Plate Shingle Splice
Triple-Plate Shingle Splice

IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

12
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Example 2
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Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
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Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. CONNECTIONS
2. Welded Connections
Classification of weld
Vertical, horizontal, flat, and overhead
Types of weld
Bead, groove, fillet, plug and slot
Illustration
Vertical Fillet
Flat Edge Bead
Horizontal Butt
Flat Butt
Slot Weld
Plug Weld
Flat Fillet
Horizontal Fillet
Overhead Fillet
Overhead Butt
13
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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. CONNECTIONS
Types of groove weld (used for tee and butt joints)
Square Butt Joint
Square Tee Joint
Single-Vee Butt Joint
Single-Bevel Tee Joint
Double-Vee Butt Joint
Double-Bevel Tee Joint
Single-U Butt Joint
Single-J Tee Joint
Double-U Butt Joint
Double-J Tee Joint

14
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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. CONNECTIONS
Types of fillet (used for lap joint splices)
Convex Fillet Weld
Fillet weld
Size of weld
Concave Fillet Weld
Fillet weld
Size of weld

15
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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. CONNECTIONS
Standard Symbol of Weld
TYPE OF WELD
Bead
Fillet
Groove Weld
square
Bevel
Weld
Field
all
Flush
Plug/ Weld
around
Slot
Standard Location of Weld Information

Contour symbol
Groove angle
Root opening
Length of weld
Size of weld
Arrow connecting
reference line with
arrow side of joint.
Reference line for

showing weld location
Specification
reference
L-P
Field weld
Weld all around
Weld symbol
Pitch of intermitted weld

16
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Column
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IV. NSCP Provisions
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D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. CONNECTIONS
Standard Symbol of Weld
Arrow-Side weld
Other-Side weld
Both-Sides weld
Compound welds

17
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Column
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IV. NSCP Provisions
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D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. CONNECTIONS
Example of Symbol Application
Arrow side
Arrow side
Arrow side
Other side
Joint
Other side
Other side
Joint
Joint
Tee Joint
Joint
Arrow side
Other side
Lap Joint
Corner Joint
Edge Joint
Other side
Joint A
Joint A
Arrow side
Joint A
Joint
Joint B
Arrow side
Joint B
Arrow side
Other side
Other side
Joint B
Double Tee Joint

Butt Joint
18
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Column
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C. CONNECTIONS
Method of showing groove location
when welds are not shown
Improper
Arrow does not show

which member is to grooved
Proper
Significance
Proper
Significance
IV. NSCP Provisions

C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

19
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A. Beams
Example 1
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Example 2
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Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
Design of Reinforced Concrete

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Concrete is a mixture of sand and gravel held together in a rock like

mass with a paste of cement and water.
Reinforced Concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein

the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the
concrete.
Working Stress Design
Applied Load x Section Capacity
is less than 1
Ultimate Strength Design
x Applied Load Section Capacity
is greater than 1

20
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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

B. WORKING STRESS DESIGN
Working Stress Design

Applied Load x Section Capacity
Allowable stresses
Flexural Members
for concrete
for steel
is less than 1
fc = 0.45fc
fs = 138 MPa for Grades 276 & 345
fs = 165 MPa for Grades 414 & Higher
Compression/Compression with bending

for concrete
fc = 0.34fc
for steel
fs = 0.40fy
NOTE: This values were taken based on 40 percent of strength using ultimate strength design
Where
fc is the compressive strength of concrete
fy is the yield strength of steel
Es = 200,000 MPa is the modulus of elasticity of steel
Ec = 4700fc is the modulus of elasticity of concrete
21
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A. Beams
Example 1
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Example 2
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BEAMS

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
A. Transformed Section Method/Flexure Formula Method

fc = M c y
I
fs Ms (d - y)
n =
I
IV. NSCP Provisions

C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
Where
fc
y
d-y
nAs
fs/n
fc 0.45fc
fc is allowable stress of concrete
fs allowable
fs is allowable stress of steel

Mc is moment for concrete
I is the moment of inertia

n is the modular ratio = Es/Ec
Ms is moment for steel

y is the distance of extreme
fiber in compression from NA
(d - y) is the location steel from NA

22
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BEAMS

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
B. Derivation of Design Formula

Solve y using R & P

y
fc
=
d fc + fs/n
y = fc d
fc + fs/n
IV. NSCP Provisions

C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
fc
y
d
C = fcyb
d - y
d-y
T = A s fs
b
M = C (d - y)
M = T (d - y)
fs/n
Where
fs is allowable stress of steel
fc is allowable stress of concrete
M is internal moment capacity
n is the modular ratio = Es/Ec
y is the distance of extreme
fiber in compression from NA

23
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

COLUMNS
Three categories of columns:
1. Pedestal or Short Compression Blocks - height is less than
three times the least dimension
2. Long or Slender Column - strength of the column is
significantly reduced due to slenderness
3. Short Column - failure is initiated by material failure
Types of Columns
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
Illustration
Tied Column
Spiral Column
Composite Columns

24
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Column
Examples 5 and 6

COLUMNS
Code Requirements
1. Steel ratio = As/Ag may not be less than 1 percent and greater
than 8 percent
2. Minimum number of bar is 4 for rectangular, 6 for circular, 3 for
triangular. Clear distance of longitudinal bar should not be less
1.5bd or 40 mm.
3. Minimum dimension may be at least 200 mm to provide enough
concrete cover of bars
4. Tie shall be 10mm for longitudinal bar 32mm and smaller, and
12mm for longitudinal bar larger than 32mm.

5. Ties shall be spaced not more than 16 times the diameter of

longitudinal bar, 48 times the diameter of ties, or the least lateral
dimension of the column.
IV. NSCP Provisions

C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
6. Clear spacing of spirals may not be less than 25mm or greater

than 75 mm
6. Corner and alternate longitudinal bar must have lateral support

provided by the corner of the tie and no bars shall be located more
than 150 mm on either side from such laterally supported bar.

25
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Column
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IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

COLUMNS
Formula for axially loaded column
For tied column ( = 0.40)
Pcap = 0.80[0.85fc(Ag - As) + fyAs]
For spiral column ( = 0.40)
Pcap = 0.85[0.85fc(Ag - As) + fyAs]
Where
Pcap is the axial capacity at service load
Ag is the gross area of column
As is the total area of reinforcing bar
is the factor to get the equivalent service load

26
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Column
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IV. NSCP Provisions
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F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 3
Calculate the safe live load and dead load of the beam shown. Use
fc = 25 MPa and fs = 124 MPa. Assume live load is 50 % of the
dead load.
Figure
Solution
WTOT = WDL + WLL
Allowable stress
A
6m
B
RB
fc 0.45fc
fs 124 MPa
Actual stress
Mc Allowable stress
f=
I
M is the moment
Section
500mm
I is the crack moment of inertia

300mm
4 - 28 mm
c is the distance from NA to

the point in question

27
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Column
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IV. NSCP Provisions
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F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 3 (contd)
c
C
y
500mm
d-y
T
300mm
nAs
At the level of steel, s = c

f
f
s = s
c = c
Es
Ec
f
fs
= c
Es E c
E
fs = s fc
Ec
fs = n fc
E
n = s is the modular ratio
Ec
n=
200000
= 8.50
470025
Since,
C = (b)(y)fc)
T = (As)(fs)
T = (nAs)fc
Therefore, the equivalent area
of steel in concrete is nAs

28
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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
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F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 3 (contd)
c
C
y
500mm
T
300mm
d-y
nAs
Solve d
d = 500 - 40 - 10 - (28)
d = 436 mm
Solve for y, (location of NA)
2
nAs = (8.50) (28) (4)
4
nAs = 20935.57 mm2
Take summation of moment of

areas about the NA, M = 0
300(y)(y) = nAs (d - y)
150(y2) = 20935.57 (436 - y)
y2 = 139.57 (436 - y)
y2 +139.57y - 9127908.52 = 0
y = 186.58
d - y = 249.42 mm

29
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Examples 3, 4, & 5
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Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 3 (contd)
300mm
C
y
500mm
T
300mm
4 - 28 mm
d-y
nAs
Solve the moment capacity

Solve the moment of inertia, I
I = INA + Ay2
For concrete
1
= 12 (300)(y)3 + (300)(y) (y)2
fc = Mc c 0.45fc = 11.25
I
+ nAs (d - y)2
c = y = 186.58
= 121 (300)(186.58)3
Mc (186.58)
11.25
2
(300)
(186.58)
[(186.58)]
+
1951.93x106
2
+ (20935.57)(249.42)
M 117.69x106 Nmm
c
I=
1951.93x106
mm4

30
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Column
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F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 3 (contd)
300mm
C
y
500mm
T
300mm
4 - 28 mm
nAs
Solve the moment capacity

For steel
fs M s c
fs
=
n
n = 14.59
I
c=d-y
= 249.42
14.59 Ms (249.42)6
1951.93x10
Ms 114.17x106 Nmm < Mc
Mcapacity =
d-y
114.17x106
Nmm
From load diagram solve WTOT,

(WTOT) (L)2 114.17 KNm
M=
(WTOT) (6)2
114.17
WTOT = 25.37 KN/m
But WTOT = WDL + WLL
25.37 = WDL + 0.5WDL
WDL = 16.91 KN/m
WLL = 8.46 KN/m

31
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F. Rebar Details

EXAMPLE 4
Design the section and number of 20mm bar of a beam carrying 80
KNm moment. Use fc = 25 MPa, fs = 124 MPa, and effective depth
equal to twice of width.
fc
Figure
y
C = fcyb
y
d
d - y
d-y
T = A s fs
b
Solution
Allowable stress
fc 0.45fc 0.45(25)
11.25 MPa
fs 124 MPa
E
200000
n = Es = 470025 = 8.5
c
fs/n
Solve for y using R & P

y
fc
=
d fc + fs/n
11.25 (d)
y =
11.25 + 124/8.5
y = 0.4354(d)

32
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EXAMPLE 4 (cpntd)
fc
Figure
y
C = fcyb
y
d
d - y
d-y
T = A s fs
fs/n
Solution
Solve for d using moment equation
M C (d - y) M fcyb
(d - y)
80x106 (11.25)(0.4354d) (d)
[d - (0.4354d)]
80x106 (11.25)(0.4354) ()
[1 - (0.4354)]
(d3)
d 424.36 mm
b 212.18 mm

33
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EXAMPLE 4 (cpntd)
fc
Figure
y
C = fcyb
y
d
d - y
d-y
T = A s fs
b
Solution
Solve for area of steel As
C=T
fcyb= Asfs
b = 212.18 mm
y = 0.4354d
= 184.77 mm
fs/n
Substitute
(11.25)
(184.77) (212.18) = As (124)
As = 1778.43 mm2
Solve the number of bars using 20mm
A
1778.43
# of bars = As =
= 5.7
(20)2
b
say 6 pcs

34
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EXAMPLE 5
Design a square column using 20mm reinforcing bar if PDL = 240 KN
and PLL = 180 KN. Use fc = 25 MPa, fy = 276 MPa, = 3%, and 10 mm
diameter ties.
Figure
Solution
Solve the total load PTOT
PTOT = PDL + PLL
= As/Ag
= 240 + 180
As = 0.03Ag
PTOT = 420 KN
2
h Ag = h
b=h
PDL = 240 KN
PLL = 180 KN
s
From axial load formula

PTOT PCAP
PTOT 0.80[0.85fc(Ag - As) + fyAs]
420x103 (0.8)(0.4)[(0.85)(25)(h2 - 0.03h2)
+ (276) (0.03h2)]
420x103 (0.32) [(21.25) (0.97) + 8.28] h2
h = 213.14
say 225 mm

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EXAMPLE 5 (contd)
and PLL = 180 KN. Use fc = 25 MPa, fy = 276 MPa, initial = 3%, and
10 mm diameter ties.
Figure
Solution
Solve number of bars, Ag = 225x225

PTOT 0.80[0.85fc(Ag - As) + fyAs]
= As/Ag
3
2
As = 0.03Ag 420x10 (0.8)(0.4)[(0.85)(25)(225 - As)
b=h
+ (276) As]
420x103 (0.32) [ 21.25 (2252 - As) + 276 As]
PDL = 240 KN
PLL = 180 KN
420x103 6.80 (2252 - As) + 88.32 As
2
h Ag = h
420x103 6.80 (2252) - 6.8As + 88.32 As

As = 929.22 mm2
A
929.22
# of bars = s 2=
d (20)2
# of bars = 2.96 say 4 pcs

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EXAMPLE 5 (contd)
Figure
Solution
2
h Ag = h
b=h
Solve spacing of ties
= As/Ag
As = 0.03Ag
s = 16xdiameter of longitudinal bar

= 16(20)
= 320 mm
PDL = 240 KN
PLL = 180 KN
s = 48xdiameter of ties
= 48(10)
= 480 mm
s = least dimension
= 225 mm governs
Therefore s = 225 mm on center

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EXAMPLE 5 (contd)
Figure
Solution
2
h Ag = h
b=h
Check clear spacing of longitudinal bar
= As/Ag
As = 0.03Ag
PDL = 240 KN
PLL = 180 KN
Clear spacing = h - clear cover(2)

- tie diameter(2)
- bar diameter(2)
Clear spacing = 225 - 40(2) - 10(2) - 20(2)
Clear spacing = 85 mm > 1.5bd = 30

> 40 mm
< 150 mm
Therefore OK!

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C. ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
Ultimate Strength Design
x Applied Load Section Capacity
is greater than 1
Load Factors
U = 1.4D + 1.7L
U = 0.75[1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W]
U = 0.9D + 1.3W
U = 1.1D + 1.3L + 1.1E
U = 0.9D + 1.1E
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
U = 0.9D + 1.7H (if live/dead load reduces the effect of H)
U = 0.75[ 1.4D + 1.4T + 1.7L ]
U = 1.4[ D + T ]
Material Strength
fc = strength of concrete at strain of 0.003
fy = is the yield strength of steel
39
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BEAMS
c
Flexure Formula
0.85fc
0.85fc
C
a
d - a
d-c
T
s
Solve the internal moment capacity, M

MC = 0 +
M = T (d - a)
or
FH = 0 +
C= T
0.85fc a b = As fy
As f y
a=
0.85fc b
M = As fy (d - a)
MT = 0 +
M = C(d - a)
Af
s y
M = As fy d - 0.85f
cb
Af
s y
Mu = As fy d - 0.85f
cb
Where
Mu = is the ultimate moment capacity
As = is the area of reinforcing bar
fy = is the yield strength
fc = is the compressive strength of concrete
d = is the effective depth
b = is the width of the beam
= is the reduction factor equal to 0.90

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BEAMS
c
Flexure Formula
0.85fc
0.85fc
C
a
d - a
d-c
T
b
To ensure yielding,
act =
Where
act = is the actual steel ratio
As
max
bd
min
max = 0.75 0.85 1
fc 600
fy fy + 600
1 = 0.85 - 0.05(fc - 30)

0.85
0.65
fc is in MPa
min = 1.4
fy
fc
min =
4fy
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COLUMNS
Formula for axially loaded column
For tied column ( = 0.70)
Pult = 0.80[0.85fc(Ag - As) + fyAs]
For spiral column ( = 0.75)
Pult = 0.85[0.85fc(Ag - As) + fyAs]
Where
Pult is the ultimate axial capacity
Ag is the gross cross sectional area of column
As is the total area of reinforcing bar

42
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EXAMPLE 5
Calculate the number of 20 mm
Solution
reinforcing bar needed for the
Calculate the ultimate load
beam loaded as shown below. Use
Pu = 1.4PDL + 1.7PLL
fc = 25 MPa, fy = 414 MPa, and
= 1.4(20) + 1.7(16)
effective depth d = 350mm.
Pu = 55.20 KN
Figure
PDL = 20 KN
Wu = 26 KN/m
PLL = 16 KN
Calculate the maximum moment
W U = 26 KN/m
5m
B
RB
250
Section
350
Due to uniform load
MUW =
Wu L2
=
(26)(5)2 = 81.25 KNm
Due to concentrated load
MUP =
Pu L
=
(55.2)(5) = 69.0 KNm
Total ultimate load
Mu = 81.25 + 69.0
Mu = 150.25 KNm
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EXAMPLE 5 (contd)
Solution
Solve As
Af
Mu = As fy d - s y
0.85fc b
fy
Mu A (d) effective depth d = 350mm.
2
(A
=
s
s)
fy
1.7fc b
Figure
PDL = 20 KN
PLL = 16 KN
414 (As)2
150.25x106 =
350
A
s
W U = 26 KN/m
1.7(25) 250
(0.90)(414)
A
B
403247 = (350) As - 0.0390 (As)2
5m
0.039 (As)2 - (350) As + 403247 = 0
RB
250
Section
350
-b b2 - 4 a c
2a
350 3502 - 4 (0.039)403247
=
2 (0.039)
As = + 7616.89
As = + 1357.44
As =

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EXAMPLE 5 (contd)
Solution
Solving for the number of bars
As
1357.44 = 1357.44
n
=
2
Ab = 4 d2
4 (20)
effective depth d = 350mm.
n = 4.3 Say 5 - 20 mm
Figure
PDL = 20 KN
Check ductility limit
PLL = 16 KN
A
5(314)
W U = 26 KN/m
act = b ds = 250 (350)
A
B
act = 0.0179
5m
RB
max = 0.75 0.85 1fc 600
fy fy+ 600
250
max = 0.75 0.85 (0.85) 25 (600)
Section
414 414 + 600
max = 0.0194 > act ok!
350
min = 1.4 = 1.4 = 0.003 < act ok!
fy 414
min =fc = 25 = 0.003 < act ok!
4fy 4(414)
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EXAMPLE 6
diameter ties.
Figure
Solution
Solve the ultimate load Pult
Pult = 1.4PDL + 1.7PLL
= As/Ag
= 1.4(240) + 1.7(180)
As = 0.03Ag
Pult = 642 KN
2
h Ag = h
b=h
PDL = 240 KN
PLL = 180 KN
s
From axial load formula

Pult
0.80[0.85fc(Ag - As) + fyAs]

642x103 (0.8)(0.7)[(0.85)(25)(h2 - 0.03h2)
+ (276) (0.03h2)]
642x103 (0.56) [(21.25) (0.97) + 8.28] h2
h = 199.20
say 200 mm

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EXAMPLE 6 (contd)
diameter ties.
Figure
Solution
Solve number of bars, Ag = 200x200

Pult 0.80[0.85fc(Ag - As) + fyAs]
= As/Ag
3
2
As = 0.03Ag 642x10 (0.8)(0.7)[(0.85)(25)(200 - As)
b=h
+ (276) As]
642x103 (0.56) [ 21.25 (2002 - As) + 276 As]
PDL = 240 KN
PLL = 180 KN
642x103 11.9 (2002 - As) + 154.56 As
2
h Ag = h
642x103 11.9 (2002) - 11.9As + 154.56 As

As = 1163.6 mm2
A
1163.6
# of bars = s 2=
d (20)2
# of bars = 3.7
say 4 pcs

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Building Frame Systems

A. CODE DESIGN CRITERIA
Procedure and Limitations for the Design of Structures
Zoning - Indicate the effective peak ground acceleration
0.40g for Zone 4
0.20g for Zone 2
Site Characteristic
A factor greater than or equal to 1.0 introduce to the base
shear formula to account for the variability of soil conditions.
Occupancy
A factor greater than or equal to 1.0 introduce to the base
shear formula to account for the importance of the structure
Configuration
Implies the type of plan and vertical irregularity
Structural System and Height
Implies the response of the building under lateral load
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Two Major Parameters in the Selection of Design Criteria
Occupancy
Structural Configuration
Four Categories of Occupancy

Essential Facilities
Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas
Fire and police stations
Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency
aircraft
Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers
Aviation control towers
Structures and equipment in communication centers and other
facilities required for emergency response
Standby power-generating equipment for Category 1 facilities
Tanks and other structures containing housing or supporting
water or fire-suppression material or equipment required for
the protection of category I, II or III structures.

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Hazardous Facilities
Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting
toxic or explosive chemicals or substances
Non-building structures housing, supporting or containing
quantities of toxic or explosive substances.
Special Facilities
Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity >1000
Educational buildings with a capacity of 300 or more students
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity > 500
Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but
not included in Category I
Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prison and other buildings
where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained
All structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons
Structures and equipment in power-generating stations and other
public utility facilities not included in Category I or Category II
above, and required for continued operation.
50
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Standard Facilities
All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not
listed in Category I, II or III above and Category V below.
Miscellaneous Facilities
Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and
fences over 1.8 meters high.

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B. BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
1. Bearing Wall System
a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space
frame. Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support for all or
most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear
walls or brace frame.
Illustration
Description of Lateral Force

Resisting System
Height
Limit (Z4)
1. Light-framed walls with shear panels

Wood structural Panels -------------------------------- 20
All other light-framed walls ---------------------------- 20
2. Shear wall
Concrete --------------------------------------------------- 50
Masonry ---------------------------------------------------- 50
3. Light steel-framed bearing walls tension bracing --- 20
4. Braced frames where bracing carries gravity load
Steel -------------------------------------------------------- 50
Concrete --------------------------------------------------- ***
Heavy Timber -------------------------------------------- 20

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2. Building Frame System
a structural system with an essentially complete space frame
providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or brace frames.
Illustration

Resisting System
Height
Limit (Z4)
1. Steel eccentrically braced frame ------------------------ 75

2. Light-framed walls with shear panels
Wood structural Panels -------------------------------- 20
All other light-framed walls ---------------------------- 20
3. Shear wall
Concrete --------------------------------------------------- 75
Masonry ---------------------------------------------------- 50
4. Ordinary braced frame
Steel -------------------------------------------------------- 50
Concrete --------------------------------------------------- ***
Heavy timber --------------------------------------------- 20
5. Special concentrically steel braced frame ------------ 75
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3. Moment-Resisting Frame System
a structural system with essentially complete space frame providing
support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided
primarily by flexural action of members.
Illustration

Resisting System
Height
Limit (Z4)
1. Special moment-resisting frame

Steel -------------------------------------------------------- NL
Concrete --------------------------------------------------- NL
2. Masonry moment-resisting walls frame --------------- 50
3. Concrete intermediate moment-resisting frame ----- ***
4. Ordinary moment-resisting frame

Steel -------------------------------------------------------- 50
Concrete --------------------------------------------------- ***
5. Special truss moment frames of steel ----------------- 75

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4. Dual System
is a combination of moment-resisting frames & shear walls or braced
frames. Moment-resisting frame shall be designed to resist 25 % of the
Height
base shear & 75 % for the Description of Lateral Force
Resisting System
Limit (Z4)
shear walls/braced frame.
Illustration
1. Shear wall
Concrete with SMRF -----------------------------------Concrete with steel OMRF or concrete IMRF ---Masonry with SMRF or steel OMRF ---------------Masonry with concrete IMRF ------------------------Masonry with masonry MMRWF ---------------------
NL
50
50
***
50
2. Steel eccentrically braced frame

With steel SMRF ----------------------------------------- NL
With steel OMRF ---------------------------------------- 50
3. Ordinary braced frame
Steel with steel SMRF ---------------------------------- NL
Steel with steel OMRF ---------------------------------- 50
Concrete w/ concrete SMRF or concrete IMRF -- ***
4. Special concentrically braced frame

Steel with steel SMRF ---------------------------------- NL
Steel with steel OMRF ---------------------------------- 50
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5. Cantilevered Column Building System
a structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for
lateral resistance.
Illustration

Resisting System
Height
Limit (Z4)
Cantilevered column elements -------------------------- 10

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56
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6. Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System
a combination of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral
forces in proportion to their relative rigidities, considering interaction
between shear walls and frames on all levels.
Illustration
Resisting System
Height
Limit (Z4)
Concrete ------------------------------------- 50

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F. Rebar Details

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C. VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULATITIES
1. Stiffness Irregularity / Soft Story
is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in
the story above or less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the
three stories above.
Illustration
Braced frame
Soft
story
Shear wall
Soft
story
Stiff column
Soft
story
Soft Story stiffness < 70% of story stiffness above

Soft Story stiffness < 80% of average stiffness 3 stories above
Note: Need not be considered if the story drift under the lateral force is less than 1.3 times the story drift above
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D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

2. Weight (mass) Irregularity
mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the effective
mass of any story is more than 150 percent of the effective mass of
an adjacent story. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not
be considered.
Illustration
HEAVY MASS
HEAVY MASS
HEAVY
MASS
HEAVY MASS
Story mass > 150% of the mass of adjacent story

Note: Need not be considered if the story drift under the lateral force is less than 1.3 times the story drift above
59
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6

3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity
vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where the
horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story is
more than 130 percent of that in an adjacent story. One-story penthouses
need not be considered.
Illustration

IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
Story dimension > 130% of the dimension of adjacent story

60
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6

4. In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting Element
an in-plane offset of the lateral-load-resisting elements greater than
the length of those elements.
Illustration
Shear wall
Braced frame
Shear wall

IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

61
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6

5. Discontinuity in Capacity / Weak Story
a weak story is one in which the story strength is less than 80 percent
of that in the story above. The story strength is the total strength of all
seismic-resisting elements sharing the story for the direction under
consideration.
Illustration
Braced frame
Shear wall
Shear wall

IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
weak
story
weak
story
weak
story
Story strength < 80% of the story strength above
62
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

D. PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES
1. Torsional Irregularity (to be considered if diaphragm is not flexible)
torsional irregularly shall be considered to exist when the maximum
story drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the
structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of
the story drifts of the two ends of the structure.
Illustration
1
M
1
2
2 > 1.20(1 + 2)/2

63
COURSE OUTLINE

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

2. Re-Entrant Corners
plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-force-resisting system
contain re-entrant corners, where both projections of the structure
beyond a re-entrant corner are greater than 15 percent of the plan
dimension of the structure in the given direction.
Illustration
> 0.15L
> 0.15B

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B
Re-entrant corner

64
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

3. Diaphragm Discontinuity
diaphragm with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness,
including those having cutout or open areas greater than 50 percent of
the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective
diaphragm stiffness or more than 50 percent from one story to the
next.
Diaphragm discontinuity
Illustration

65
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6

4. Out-of-Plane Offsets
discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of-plane offsets of
the vertical elements.
Illustration
Lateral-load-resisting
element

IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
element
66
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6

5. Nonparallel System
the vertical lateral-load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric
about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral-force systems.
Illustration
element

IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
element

67
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
NSCP Provisions for RC Members

A. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
The NSCP C101-01 Section 421 contains special requirement

It provides requirements to mitigate earthquake stresses by
IV. NSCP Provisions

C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
for the design of RC members that are part of the lateral

resisting frame subjected to earthquake motions.
These requirements were established based on the profound
engineering experiences and experiments to ensure good
performance of the structure during earthquakes.
increasing the ductility of the structure through the confinement

of concrete with reinforcing steel where plastic hinging may
occur.

68
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

The NSCP C101-01 Section 421 contains special requirement
for the design of RC members that are part of the lateral

resisting frame subjected to earthquake motions.
These requirements were established based on the profound
engineering experiences and experiments to ensure good

performance of the structure during earthquakes.
It provides requirements to mitigate earthquake stresses by
increasing the ductility of the structure through the confinement

of concrete with reinforcing steel where plastic hinging may
occur.
69
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

Reinforced concrete structures in high seismic risk must have:
Strength, Ductility, Toughness

The performance criteria of RC members resisting earthquake:
Serviceability Limit State - material remains in the elastic
range and no damage is expected.
Minor - Magnitude 1 - 4 < 10 yrs
Control Limit - some yielding may occur and may have minor
structural damage.
Moderate - Mag. 4 - 6 -10-20 years
Survival Limit State - inelastic behavior and may have major
structural damage.
Major - Magnitude 7 and up - 100-500 years
70
COURSE OUTLINE

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

SCOPE
Section 421 contains special requirements for design and
construction of RC members of a structure for which the design
forces, related to earthquake motions, have been determined
based on energy dissipation in the nonlinear range of response.
Force-Displacement Relationship Elastic vs Inelastic Response
Elastic
P
Load, P

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
Actual
Code
Failure
Sway Deformation
Deformation,

71
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

B. MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
LIMITATIONS ON MATERIAL STRENGTH

Concrete compressive strength
f'c 21 MPa
f'c 17 MPa may be use for footings
Steel reinforcement:
ASTM A706M
Low-alloy steel deformed bars (Grade 60)
welding and bending is important
ASTM A615M Grade 275 and Grade 420 are allowed if
fu/fy 1.25
Actual fy (specified fy + 120 MPa) - retests shall not
exceed 20 MPa
72
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SCOPE
The following requirements
shall apply to members that:
Frame members
resisting earthquake
induced forces
Factored axial load
proportioned to resist
flexure, Pu 0.1f'cAg
Side Elevation
d H
L
Cross-Section
LIMITS ON SECTION
AND OR DIMENSION
Clear span, L 4d
(bw / H) 0.3
bw 250 mm
bw B + 1.5H
B
bw
73
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
As required in the analysis
As As,min = (f'c/4fy)bwd or
As As,min = (1.4/fy)bwd
As = equivalent of two bars (continuos)
As 0.025bwd
Note:
As,min need not be satisfied if As supplied is 1/3
greater than As required.
Positive moment strength at joint face shall not be less than
one half of the negative moment strength provided at that
face of the joint. Neither the negative nor the positive
moment strength at any section along member length shall
be less than one fourth the maximum moment strength
provided at face of either joint.
74

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Ld
Ast required in the analysis

equivalent of 2 bars
Ld d
(1.4/fy)bwd
12db
(fc/4fy)bwd
L/16
0.025bwd
At least Ast/3
Point of inflection
COURSE OUTLINE
Asb required in the analysis

equivalent of 2 bars
(1.4/fy)bwd
(fc/4fy)bwd
Ast/2
L (To beam centerline)
75
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LAP SPLICES REQUIREMENT
No splices are allowed within joints.
No splices are allowed within 2h from face of joint.
No splices are allowed within 2h from points of flexural yielding
Lap length must be provided with a hoops/spiral with Smin= d/4
or 100 mm.
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Hoops shall be provided within:
2h from face of the support
2h from both sides of sections where flexure yielding are
likely to occur.
First hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from the
face of the supporting element.

76
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Maximum hoop spacing should be the lesser of;
d/4
8db (longitudinal bars)
24db (hoops)
300 mm
Notes:
Corner and alternate longitudinal bars shall be provided
with lateral support by a tie with included angle not more than
135 degrees. Longitudinal bars shall be no farther than 150
mm from such laterally supported bars.
Where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic hook at
both ends shall be spaced at a distance not more than d/2
throughout the length of the member.
77
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections

C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
50 mm
d/4
8db (longitudinal bars)
24db (hoops)
300 mm
2H

s d/2
78
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SHEAR STRENGTH REINFORCEMENT
The design shear forces Ve shall be determined from
consideration of the static forces on the portion of the
member between faces of the joint. It shall be assumed that
moments of opposite sign corresponding to probable
flexural strength Mpr act at the joint faces and that the
member is loaded with the tributary gravity load along its
span.
Transverse reinforcement over the confined region shall be
proportioned to resist shear assuming Vc = 0 when both of
the following conditions occur:
(MprA + MprB)/L Ve
and
Pu 0.05f'cAg

79
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS
VL
MPRR
MPRL
VR
VL = (MprA + MprB)/L - 0.75(1.4DL + 1.7LL)L/2

VR = (MprA + MprB)/L + 0.75(1.4DL + 1.7LL)L/2

80
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

D. BEAM-COLUMN
SCOPE
The following requirements shall apply to members that:
resist earthquake induced forces, and
have a factored axial forces exceeding 0.1Agf'c
LIMITATION ON SECTION DIMENSIONS
Least cross-sectional dimension 300mm
Least dimension / dimension 0.4
Limitation on longitudinal reinforcement 0.01 g 0.06
B H 300mm
H
B
0.40
H
B
81
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

D. BEAM-COLUMN
MINIMUM FLEXURAL STRENGTH
The flexural strength of the columns shall satisfy:
Mc 1.2Mg
Where:
Mc = sum of column moments at the center of the joint.
Mg = sum of girder moments at the center of the joint.
MNGL
MNCT
MNGR
MNCB
82
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

D. BEAM-COLUMN
RESTRICTION ON LAP SPLICES
Splices are permitted only within the middle half of the
column height,
Splice must be designed as tension lap splice, and
Hoop spacing must be the lesser of;
H/4
6db (longitudinal bar)
s = 100 + (350-H)/3,
100 mm s 150 mm
Closed hoops or continuous spirals must be provided to
confine the concrete core, to act as lateral support of the
longitudinal bars, and to resist shear. The amount of
transverse reinforcement must be larger of that required for
confinement or the design shear.
83
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections

D. BEAM-COLUMN

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
Confinement reinforcement must be provided within a length
Lo from each joint face where flexure yielding may occur due
to inelastic lateral displacements.
Where:
Lo Depth of the member
Clear height / 6
450 mm

For spiral reinforcement (volumetric ratio)

s 0.45 (Ag/Ac - 1)f'c/fy
whichever is
smaller
0.12f'c/fy
IV. NSCP Provisions

C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
Where:
s = volume of spiral/volume of confined core
Ac = area of the core out-to-out from transverse bars
84
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

D. BEAM-COLUMN
Rectangular hoop
Ash = 0.3(shcf'c/fy)(Ag/Ach - 1)
Ash = 0.09shcf'c/fy
whichever is
smaller
Note: For adequate core strength this equations need not

be satisfied.
Hoop spacing shall be the lesser of
H/4
6db (longitudinal bar)
s = 100 + (350-H)/3,
100 mm s 150 mm
Crossties or legs of hoops shall not be spaced farther than
350 mm on center in the direction perpendicular to axis of
longitudinal bar.
85
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

D. BEAM-COLUMN
SHEAR REQUIREMENTS
The design shear, Ve, shall be determined from the
maximum probable moment strength, Mpr as for beams.
The shear need not exceed the value determined from
joints strengths based on the probable moment strength of
the transverse members framing into the joint.
Vc shall be taken as the larger of the above analysis or as
determined by analysis of the structure. For confined
region, transverse reinforcement shall be proportioned
assuming Vc = 0.0 if
(MprA + MprB) / L Ve
Pu 0.05f'cAg

and
86
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6

D. BEAM-COLUMN
s 75 mm
s 25 mm
s 1.33 times
max aggregate size
H/2
Splice
allowed

IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details
Lo h 2
H
450
s h1/4
100 mm
s 6bd
150 mm
Ash = 0.3(shcfcfy)(Ag/Ach - 1)
Ash = 0.09shcfc/fy)
h1 < h 2
h1
s 0.45(fc/fy)(Ag/Ach - 1)
s 0.12(fc/fy)
s/2
h2

87
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections

D. BEAM-COLUMN

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

88
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

E. BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS
GENERAL
Forces in longitudinal beam reinforcement at the joint face
shall be determined by assuming that the stress in the flexural
tensile reinforcement is 1.25fy.
For longitudinal beam reinforcement extended to the beamcolumn joint, column dimension parallel to the reinforcement
shall be 20db.
Longitudinal reinforcement of beam terminated in the column
shall be extended to the far face of the confined core and
anchored in tension according to Section 421.6.4 and in
compression according to Section 412.

89
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

Transverse hoop reinforcement shall be provided in a joint
except those joints confined by structural members framing in
to that joint on all four sides and where its members width is at
least (3/4) of the column width.
For a joint confined by beams, provide confinement
reinforcement of at least (1/2) that required by Sections
421.5.4.1. The maximum spacing = (1/4) minimum column
dimension or 150 mm.
For a joint not confined by beams, confinement reinforcement
in the column ends shall be provided. Within the joint
confinement, reinforcement required by Section 421.5.4 shall
be provided for longitudinal beam reinforcement outside the
column core.
90
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

SHEAR STRENGTH OF JOINT
Strength Requirement: Vn Vuj
Strength reduction factor, = 0.85
Nominal Shear Strength : Vnj
Condition
4 faces confined by members
3 or 2 opposite faces confined by members
Other cases
Vnj
1.7f'cAj
1.2f'cAj
1.0f'cAj
Where:
Aj=Effective cross-sectional area within a joint in the plane
parallel to the plane of reinforcement generating shear.
Hj=overall depth of column in the direction of shear
Bj=effective joint width [bw + Hj or 2(smaller distance from beam
centerline to column side]
91
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

Bj
Asfy
Hj
1.25Asf y
0.85f'cab
1.25A'sfy
0.85f'cab
Asfy
Direction of forces
Generating shear

92
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

F. DETAIL OF BARS
Standard Hooks for Primary Reinforcement
90-degree bend plus 12bd extension at free end of the bar
180-degree bend plus 4bd extension, but not less than 60mm
Minimum Finished Bend Diameter are as follows:
6bd for bar 25mm and smaller
8bd for bar 28mm through 36mm
Standard Hooks for Stirrups and Ties
90-degree bend plus 6bd extension at free end of the bar for
16mm and smaller
20 and 25mm
25mm and smaller
Minimum Finished Bend Diameter are as follows:
4bd for bar 16mm and smaller
6bd for bar 20mm and 25mm
For seismic hook, 135-degree bend plus 6bd or 75 mm extension at
free end of the bar
93
COURSE OUTLINE

A. Beams
Example 1
B. Columns
Example 2
C. Connections
END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

B. WSD
Beam
Column
Examples 3, 4, & 5
C. USD
Beam
Column
Examples 5 and 6
IV. NSCP Provisions
C. Flexural Members
D. Beam-Column
F. Rebar Details

94

Structural Design Module 2

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COURSE OUTLINE

I. Design of Steel Members

Center for the Designed Environment

III. Building Frame System

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

Allowable flexural stress

Allowable shear stress

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

IV. NSCP Provisions

Solve the reactions

0 = RA (5) - 8 (5)(2.5) - 45 (2)

III. Building Frame System

Plot the moment diagram

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

Calculate section capacity

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

Solving the moment capacity

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

For Long Column

Fa = allowable axial stress

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

One end fixed,

Both ends hinged

One end fixed,

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

Both ends fixed

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

Calculate the axial capacity of

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

Calculate the axial capacity of

Solve the allowable axial stress, Fa

Solve the axial capacity, P

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

Calculate the axial capacity of

Solve the allowable axial stress, Fa

Solve the axial capacity, P

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

I. Design of Steel Members

Design of Steel Members

1. Riveted and Bolted Connections

Triple-Plate Shingle Splice

Triple-Plate Shingle Splice