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    Voltage Divider Experiment

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    Dave Vic Solis
    The document describes a laboratory experiment on a voltage divider circuit performed using a Unitrain-I interface and associated equipment. The interface incorporates inputs, outputs, power sources and measurement circuitry to perform experiments. The document provides details of the equipment used, including an experiment card containing the voltage divider circuit, a multimeter for measurements, and leads and connectors. It also includes the procedure, data collected, exercises and discussion of voltage divider applications.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Voltage Divider Experiment

    Uploaded by

    Dave Vic Solis
    2K views14 pages
    The document describes a laboratory experiment on a voltage divider circuit performed using a Unitrain-I interface and associated equipment. The interface incorporates inputs, outputs, power sources and measurement circuitry to perform experiments. The document provides details of the equipment used, including an experiment card containing the voltage divider circuit, a multimeter for measurements, and leads and connectors. It also includes the procedure, data collected, exercises and discussion of voltage divider applications.

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    The document describes a laboratory experiment on a voltage divider circuit performed using a Unitrain-I interface and associated equipment. The interface incorporates inputs, outputs, power sources and measurement circuitry to perform experiments. The document provides details of the equipment used, including an experiment card containing the voltage divider circuit, a multimeter for measurements, and leads and connectors. It also includes the procedure, data collected, exercises and discussion of voltage divider applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2K views14 pages

    Voltage Divider Experiment

    Uploaded by

    Dave Vic Solis
    The document describes a laboratory experiment on a voltage divider circuit performed using a Unitrain-I interface and associated equipment. The interface incorporates inputs, outputs, power sources and measurement circuitry to perform experiments. The document provides details of the equipment used, including an experiment card containing the voltage divider circuit, a multimeter for measurements, and leads and connectors. It also includes the procedure, data collected, exercises and discussion of voltage divider applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 14
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    A voltage divider is a circuit that produces an output voltage that is a fraction of the input voltage. It works by connecting two or more resistors in series and tapping the output voltage between them. Voltage dividers are commonly used for signal adjustment, biasing active devices, and voltage measurement.

    A voltage divider is used for adjusting the level of a signal, for bias of active devices in amplifiers, and for measurement of voltages. It is also used as a variable voltage divider in volume controls and in Wheatstone bridges and multimeters.

    A voltage divider can be used to allow a microcontroller to measure the resistance of a sensor. The sensor is wired in series with a known resistance to form a voltage divider. The microcontroller measures the tap voltage and uses known values to compute the sensor resistance.

    UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN

    COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

    Laboratory Work No. 3


    Voltage Divider

    Engr. Antonio C. Rebong


    NEE 220-1CMF 7:30-12:30
    Passed by: Solis, Dave Vic DG.
    Date Preformed:
    Feb. 9, 2016

    Jan. 15, 2016

    SN:20141108045
    Date Submitted:

    MATERIALS & EQUIPMENTS:


    Unitrain-I intrerface SN: S04203-2A
    The UniTrain-I Interface is the central unit of the UniTrain-I system. It incorporates all
    inputs and outputs, switches, power and signal sources and measurement circuitry
    needed to perform experiments.
    Equipment:

    32-bit processor with storage memory for measurements


    USB interfaces, transfer rate 12 Mbits/s
    Simultaneous connection of any number of Experimenters via serial bus
    system
    Analog output, +/- 10 V, 0,2 A, DC 1 MHz, via BNC and 2-mm sockets
    2 Analog differential amplifier inputs with 4 MHz bandwidth, safe for voltages
    up to 100 V, sampling rate 40 megasamples, 9 measuring ranges, memory
    depth 2 x 16 k x 10 bit, inputs via BNC or 2-mm socket
    16-bit digital signal output, of which 8 bits are accessed via 2-mm sockets,
    TTL / CMOS, clock frequency 0 100 kHz, electric strength +/- 15 V
    16-bit digital signal input, of which 8 bits are accessed via 2-mm sockets,
    memory depth 16 bit x 2 k, TTL / CMOS, sampling rate 0 100 kHz, electric
    strength +/- 15 V,
    8 Relays 24V DC / 1 A, of which 4 are accessed via 2-mm sockets
    Dimensions: 28 x 19 x 9 cm
    Weight: 1.7 kg
    External power supply with wide range input 100-250 V, 50-60 Hz, outputs 2
    x +/- 15 V/0.4 A; 2 x 5 V/1 A
    Virtual instruments (meters and sources):

    2 x Voltmeter VI, 2 x Ammeter VI: AC, DC, 9 ranges 100mV to 50V, true RMS,
    AV
    1 x VI with 8 relays, 1 x Multimeter VI: multimeter display (optional LM2330,
    LM2331 or LM2322) in LabSoft
    1 Dual-channel oscilloscope: band width 4MHz, 22 time ranges, 9 ranges 20
    mV/div to 10 V/div, trigger and pre-trigger, XY and XT modes
    1 x Adjustable DC voltage VI 0 - 10 V
    1 x Function generator VI: 0.5 Hz - 1MHz, 0 - 10 V, sine, square, triangular,
    1 x Arbitrary generator VI, 1 x Pulse generator VI
    1 x VI with 16 digital outputs, 1 x VI with 16 x digital inputs, 1 x VI with 16
    digital input/outputs. Display modes: binary, hex, decimal and octal numerals
    1 x Three-phase power supply VI 0 - 150 Hz, 0 - 14 Vrms, 2 A (requires
    SO4203-2B and SO4203-2D)
    1 x Adjustable DC power supply VI 3 x (-20 V - +20 V), 2 A (requires SO42032B and SO4203-2D)
    1 x Three-phase power supply VI with additional phase-shift and clock rate
    adjustment (requires SO4203-2B/-2D)

    Unitrain-I Experimenter SN: S04203-2B


    UniTrain-I Experimenter for coupling to the UniTrain-I Interface or to other
    Experimenter modules.
    Equipment:

    Connects to the UniTrain-I Interface and additional Experimenters via


    UniTrain-I bus
    UniTrain-I bus connection for experiment cards
    Direct connection to the standard UniTrain-I power supply for use without an
    UniTrain-I Interface
    Fixed and variable voltages available via 8 2-mm sockets
    Accommodates UniTrain-I experiment cards
    Accommodates a breadboard for experimenting with discrete components
    and integrated circuits
    Accommodates a multimeter using IrDa interface
    Dimensions: 28 x 19 x 9 cm
    Weight: 0.5 kg

    Experiment Card DCCL No. 2 SN: S04203-2F


    The same with other circuit cards, this card contains circuits and electronic parts
    that are needed for the Voltage Divider Experiment. It is the platform connected
    by conductive deposits which make up a complete circuit. It is inserted in UniTrain-I
    experimenters.

    Metrahit Multimeter (by Gossen Metrawatt)


    The METRAHIT provides users with all the measuring functions of a highly diverse
    multimeter: convincing technology with all voltage, resistance, current and
    temperature measuring ranges, and additional measuring functions and automatic
    functions.
    Resolution: 6000 digits (3 6/7 place) and analog bar graph
    TRMS measuremnts VAC and IAC
    Basic accuracy: 0.5% VDC
    Patented automatic blocking sockets (ABS)
    Voltage: VDC 100 to 600 V and VAC 100 to 600 V
    Current: IDC 10 to 10 A (16 A 30 sec.) and IAC 10 to 10 A (16 A 30 sec.)
    Resistance: 100 mOhm to 40 MOhm
    Temperature: -200.0 to +400.0 C, type K thermocouple
    Frequency measurement: 0.1 Hz to 1 kHz
    Continuity and diode testing
    Min-Max measured value storage and DATA hold

    Leads and Connection Plugs

    An extension cord, power extender, or extension lead is a length of flexible power


    cable with a plug on one end and one or more sockets on the other end usually at
    the same type as the plug.

    Extension cord, power extender, drop cord or extension


    lead
    A length of flexible electrical power cable (flex) with a plug on one end and one or
    more sockets on the other end (usually of the same type as the plug). The term
    usually refers to mains (household AC)extensions but is also used to refer to
    extensions for other types of cabling. If the plug and power outlet are of different
    types, the term "adapter cord" may be used.

    DATA
    Run 1(A)
    VOLTAGE
    DIVIDER OUTPUT
    HIGH-VOLTAGE OUTPUT
    LOW-VOLTAGE OUTPUT

    UNLOADED CONDITIONS
    V(Volts)
    A(mAmps)
    7.9
    2
    4
    1.991

    Run 2(B)
    VOLTAGE
    DIVIDER OUTPUT
    HIGH-VOLTAGE
    LOW-VOLTAGE

    HIGH-RESISTANCE LOAD
    V(Volts)
    A(mAmps)
    3.4
    3.088
    3.2
    2.248

    LOW-RESISTANCE LOAD
    V(Volts)
    A(mAmps)
    3.3
    3.3
    3.0
    2.298

    Run 2(A)
    POTENTIOMETER
    SETTING
    VOLTAGE OUTPUT
    TOTAL CURRENT

    MINIMUM (CCW MOST)

    MAXIMUM (CW MOST)

    9.9
    0.366

    0.5
    0.845

    Run2(B)
    LOADING
    CONDITION
    VOLTMETER READING
    AMMETER READING

    HIGH-RESISTANCE LOAD
    INITIAL
    AFTER
    5.7
    8
    1.778
    2.379

    LOW-RESISTANCE LOAD
    INITIAL
    AFTER
    7.7
    8
    2.708
    2.806

    EXCERCISES
    Exercise #1:
    In the voltage divider circuit from page 3-10(Figure 2.1-A), compute for the output
    voltage if the values for the circuit parameters are as follows:
    Vin=24V, R1=50,

    Vin=24V, R1=100 ,

    Vin=24V, R1=100 ,

    R2=100

    R2=50

    R2=100

    Vout=Vt/(R1+R2)R2

    Vout=Vt/(R1+R2)R2

    Vout=Vt/(R1+R2)R2

    Vout=24V/(50+100)

    Vout =24V/(100+50) 50

    Vout =24V/(100+100)

    100

    Vout= 8V

    Vout= 16V

    100
    Vout= 12

    Exercise #2:
    In the voltage divider circuit from page 3-10(Figure 2.1-B), compute for the output
    voltage if the values for the circuit parameters are as follows:

    a.) Vin=24V, R1=20,

    V out = 14.99V

    R2=100 , RL=50
    V out

    b.) Vin=24V, R1=20,


    =

    R2=100 , RL=100
    V out

    Vt / R 1+(R 2 RL)

    ( R 2+RL)

    24 /20+(100 50)

    24 /20+(100 100)

    V out = 17.14 V

    =
    c.) Vin=24V, R1=20,
    R2=100 , RL=200

    Vt / R 1+(R 2 RL)

    ( R 2+RL)

    V out

    Vt / R 1+(R 2 RL)

    ( R 2+RL)
    =

    24 /20+(100 200)

    V out = 18.46 V

    Questions & Problems


    1.) What are the factors that affect the output voltage of a voltage divider circuit?
    There are numerous factors when it comes to the variance of the resulting
    voltage in a voltage divider. One practical consideration is that a larger value of R2
    compared to R1 will give you a larger output voltage. But if your load resistance RL
    is smaller than R2, you will diminish the output voltage and require a larger current
    and total power from the power supply. The other factor is that what type of
    resistors you are using, what electrical component, what temperature you are
    having and many more factors.
    2.) In the Voltage divider circuit, is it possible to obtain an output voltage that is
    greater than the input voltage? Explain.
    No, its not possible that the output voltage will be greater than the input voltage.
    It is well known that the voltage divider is a unidirectional device . if we apply the
    input voltage throughout the circuit and measure the voltage of one of the resistors,
    the result will be the ratio of its current to the resistance. Therefore, the voltage
    output will always be lesser that the input voltage.
    3. Cite some applications of a voltage divider circuit.
    POTENTIOMETER: A potentiometer is a variable resistor which can be used
    to create an adjustable voltage divider. Internal to the pot is a single resistor and a
    wiper, which cuts the resistor in two and moves to adjust the ratio between both
    halves. Externally there are usually three pins: two pins connect to each end of the
    resistor, while the third connects to the pots wiper.
    READING RESISTIVE SENSORS: Many sensors in the real world are simple
    resistive devices. A photocell is a variable resistor, which produces a resistance
    proportional to the amount of light it senses. Other devices like flex sensors, forcesensitive resistors, and thermostats, are also variable resistors.
    READING RESISTIVE SENSORS: Many sensors in the real world are simple
    resistive devices. A photocell is a variable resistor, which produces a resistance
    proportional to the amount of light it senses. Other devices like flex sensors, forcesensitive resistors, and thermostats, are also variable resistors.

    DISCUSSION
    Voltage Divider
    In electronics, a voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a passive
    linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input
    voltage (Vin). Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among
    the components of the divider. A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors
    connected in series, with the input voltage applied across the resistor pair and the
    output voltage emerging from the connection between them.

    Resistor voltage dividers are commonly used to create reference voltages, or to


    reduce the magnitude of a voltage so it can be measured, and may also be used as
    signal attenuators at low frequencies. For direct current and relatively low
    frequencies, a voltage divider may be sufficiently accurate if made only of resistors;
    where frequency response over a wide range is required (such as in an oscilloscope
    probe), a voltage divider may have capacitive elements added to compensate load
    capacitance. In electric power transmission, a capacitive voltage divider is used for
    measurement of high voltage.

    A voltage divider referenced to ground is created by connecting two electrical


    impedances in series, as shown in Figure 1. The input voltage is applied across the
    series impedances Z1 and Z2 and the output is the voltage across Z2. Z1 and Z2 may
    be composed of any combination of elements such
    as resistors, inductors and capacitors.
    If the current in the
    output wire is zero then
    the relationship
    between the input
    voltage, Vin, and the

    Proof (using Ohm's

    output voltage, Vout, is:

    Law):

    The transfer

    the divider's voltage

    function (also known as

    ratio) of this circuit is:

    In general this transfer function is a complex, rational function of frequency.

    Applications
    Voltage dividers are used for adjusting the level of a signal, for bias of active
    devices in amplifiers, and for measurement of voltages. A Wheatstone bridge and a
    multimeter both include voltage dividers. A potentiometer is used as a variable
    voltage divider in the volume control of many radios.
    Sensor measurement
    Voltage dividers can be used to allow a microcontroller to measure the resistance of
    a sensor.[1] The sensor is wired in series with a known resistance to form a voltage
    divider and a known voltage is applied across the divider. The microcontroller's
    analog-to-digital converter is connected to the center tap of the divider so that it
    can measure the tap voltage and, by using the measured voltage and the known
    resistance and voltage, compute the sensor resistance.
    High voltage measurement
    High voltage resistor divider probe.
    A voltage divider can be used to scale down a very high voltage so that it can be
    measured by a volt meter. The high voltage is applied across the divider and the
    divider outputwhich has a lower voltage that is within the meter's input rangeis
    measured by the meter. High voltage resistor divider probes designed specifically
    for this purpose can be used to measure voltages up to 100 kV. Special high-voltage
    resistors are used in such probes as they must be able to tolerate high input
    voltages and, to produce accurate results, must have matched temperature
    coefficients and very low voltage coefficients. Capacitive divider probes are typically
    used for voltages above 100 kV, as the heat caused by power losses in resistor
    divider probes at such high voltages could be excessive.
    Level shifting
    A voltage divider can be used as a level shifter to safely interface different circuits
    which use different reference voltages. For example, an Arduino microcontroller
    works at 5 V logic, while many sensors require 3.3 V logic. Directly interfacing the
    Arduino with a 3.3 V sensor may cause permanent damage to the sensor. By using a

    level shifter with a ratio of 3.3/5 resistor values on each pin connected to the
    sensor, an Arduino board can safely communicate with the sensor.

    Conclusion
    I therefore conclude that by connecting varying values of resistors in a circuit,
    you can produce specific voltages needed by specific parts of the circuit. This also
    implies that the larger the resistor, the lower the voltage it will output, and vice
    versa. On the other hand, the current remains constant though out the circuit in a
    series configuration. For the parallel on the other hand, we just need to apply the
    rules of parallel and series circuits to obtain the current and then proceed to the
    calculations for the voltage divider.
    I also conclude that each individual resistors have their own individual
    voltages. Hence, there is a ratio between the resistance value of the resistors to the
    voltage in the whole circuit, or the input voltage.

    Refferences:
    https://www.gossenmetrawatt.com/english/ugruppe/multimeters.htm
    http://www.lucasnuelle.ae/index.php/fuseaction/download/lrn_file/bedienungsanleitung_unitrain_i_en.
    pdf
    http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/voldiv.html
    https://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/eLessonsHTML/Resist/Resist3.html

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider

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