Research Essay Outline

I. Architecture is more than just buildings, its where people live and sustain.
Also its ideas where architects convey their lives in these buildings.
II. Types of drawings, processes, architects, and history of architecture
A. The history of architecture
1. 11,600 BC to 3,500 BC
a. Architecture in prehistoric times
i. Humans constructed earthen mounds, megaliths, and
structures
ii. Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch mud
structures lost to time
2. 3,050 BC to 900 BC
a. Ancient Egypt
i. Powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples,
and shrines
ii. Enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza were feats
of engineering capable of reaching great heights
3. 850 BC to 476 AD
a. Classical
i. Column styles and entablature designs
ii. They continue to influence building design in modern time
4. 527 to 565 AD
a. Byzantine
i. Roman architecture evolved into graceful, classically-inspired
style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate
mosaics, and classical forms
ii. Emperor Justinian led the way during this period
5. 800 to 1200 AD
a. Romanesque
i. As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque
architecture with rounded arches emerged
ii. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were
constructed with thick walls and heavy piers
6. 1100 to 1450 AD
a. Gothic Architecture
i. Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other
innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture
ii. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent cathedrals like Chartres
and Notre Dame
7. 1400 to 1600 AD
a. Renaissance Architecture
i. Age of Awakening in Italy, France, and England

ii. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the

Western world found inspiration in the beautifully
proportioned architecture of the period
8. 1600 to 1830 AD
a. Baroque Architecture
i. In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic
churches with irregular shapes and extravagant
ornamentation
ii. In France, the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with
Classical restraint
iii. Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France,
and incorporated Baroque ideas in the building of St.
Petersburg
iv. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout
Europe
9. 1650 to 1790
a. Rococo Architecture
i. Builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping
curves
ii. These Rococo buildings are elegantly decorated with scrolls,
vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns
10. 1730 to 1925 AD
a. Neoclassicism in Architecture
i. A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea
Palladio inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great
Britain and the United States
ii. These buildings were proportioned according to the classical
orders with details borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome
11. 1890 to 1914 AD
a. Art Nouveau Architecture
i. Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in
fabrics and graphic design
ii. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s
iii. Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes,
arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs
12. 1895 to 1925 AD
a. Beaux Arts Architecture
i. This architecture is characterized by order, symmetry, formal
design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation
13. 1905 to 1930 AD
a. Neo-Gothic Architecture
i. In the early twentieth century, Gothic ideas were applied to
modern buildings

ii. Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details

ornamented soaring skyscrapers
14. 1925 to 1937 AD
a. Art Deco Architecture
i. Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on
jazz-age, Art Deco buildings
ii. This was inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt
15. 1900 to Present
a. Modernist Styles in Architecture
i. The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic changes and
astonishing diversity. Modern day trends include Art Moderne
and the Bauhaus school coined by Walter Gropius
16. 1972 to Present
a. Postmodernism in Architecture
i. A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new
buildings that re-invented historical details and familiar motifs
ii. You are likely to find ideas that date back to classical and
ancient times
17. 21st Century
a. Neo-Modernism and Parametricism
i. The name for computer-driven design is up for grabs. Perhaps
it began with Frank Gehry's sculpted designs or maybe others
who experimented with Binary Large ObjectsBLOB
architecture
ii. No matter who started it, everyone's doing it now, and the
possibilities are stunning
B. Famous architects
1. Leonardo Da Vinci
a. 15th Century Architect
b. He was an early architect who conceptualized a lot flying
machines a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar
power, an adding machine, and the double hull
c. He gave us many ideas of different architecture
2. Frank Lloyd Wright
a. 20th Century Architect
b. Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867
April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer,
writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures,
532 of which were completed.
c. By 1901, Wright had completed about 50 projects, including
many houses in Oak Park.
d. During the later 1920s and 1930s Wright's Organic style had fully
matured with the design of Graycliff, Fallingwater and Taliesin
West.

C. Architect
1. An architect is a person who plans, designs, and oversees the
construction of buildings
D. Drafter
1. A drafter takes the design from the architect and engineers and use
software (CADD) to convert them into technical drawings and plans
2. Computer-aided and drafting (CADD) software
E. Types of architectural drawings
1. Presentation drawings
a. Not intended to appear realistic
b. Include people, vehicles, and trees
2. Survey Drawings
a. Measured drawings of the existing land, structures, and building
b. Architects need accurate survey drawings
c. Exact dimensions for construction work
3. Record Drawings
a. History
b. In the renaissance, architects studied and recorded the remains
of Roman and Greek civilizations
i. This influenced the architecture period
4. Working Drawings
a. Includes architects drawings
b. Structural and service engineers drawings
5. Location Drawings
a. Floor plans, sections, elevation
6. Assembly Drawings
a. Wall detail showed in layers
F. Process
1. Housing
a. Client approaches architect to engage on project
i. Contract is drawn up and agreements are made
b. Architect fees (There isnt any standard fees)
i. Quoted percentage of the total construction cost
ii. Agreed lump of sum based on anticipated work involved
iii. Time charge
(i) Hourly or daily
iv. Initial design (25%), developed design (25%), detail design
(25%), and construction (25%)
c. The client will meet with the architect to discuss requirements
and aspirations
i. The client advises the architect of their budget
d. The architect analyzes the requirements and presents the initial
design proposals
i. More developed design
(i) Structure and renewable energy sources

ii. He prepares the drawings

e. Once the client is happy with the developed design
i. Architect will proceed to producing full construction drawings,
site works
f. Architect will prepare Forms of Tender for the contractor
i. Its best to have at least 3 contractors submit costings
(tenders) for the project
ii. Look at the contractors work and costs to find the best and
most cost efficient
g. Construction Time
i. The architect will inspect the building
(i) Advise to stage payments during this period
(ii) Changes may occur
h. Once the construction is done part of the payment is held back
for up to 12 months and is only paid out on the architects
instructions
G. Passive House vs. LEED
1. Passive house
a. The term passive house refers to a rigorous, voluntary standard
for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological
footprint.
b. It results in ultra-low energy buildings that require little energy
for space heating or cooling
c. To achieve certification, buildings must have a space heat
demand of < 15 kWh/(ma) or a maximum heating load of < 10
W/m, a primary energy demand of < 120 kWh/(ma) and a
building air tightness of < 0.6 /h
d. Super insulation, advanced window tech, airtightness,
ventilation, space heating, lighting(LEDs), and electrical
appliances
2. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
a. Environmental performance of buildings, homes, and other types
of construction
b. This is used to increase the amount of sustainable buildings in
America
c. Not focused on energy performance, its more focused on
materials used for the project
H. Famous Buildings
1. Shanghai Tower
a. Designed by an American architectural firm, Gensler with
Chinese architect Jun Xia leading the design team
b. Owned by a consortium of Chinese state-owned companies
c. The building is 632 meters (2,073 ft.) high and has 128 stories,
with a total floor area of 380,000 m2 (4,090,000 sq. ft.)

d. It was designed for high energy efficiency, provides multiple

separate zones for office, retail and leisure use
e. The Shanghai Construction Group won the bid to build the
Shanghai Tower
f. A Gensler spokesman described the tower as "the greenest super
high-rise building on earth at this point in time"
g. The design of the tower's glass facade, which completes a 120
twist as it rises, is intended to reduce wind loads on the building
by 24%. This reduced the amount of construction materials
needed; the Shanghai Tower used 25% less structural steel than
a conventional design of a similar height. As a result, the
building's constructors saved an estimated US$58 million in
material costs.
h. Construction practices were also optimized for sustainability.
Though the majority of the tower's energy will be provided by
conventional power systems, vertical-axis wind turbines located
near the top of the tower are capable of generating up to
350,000 kWh of supplementary electricity per year. The doublelayered insulating glass faade was designed to reduce the need
for indoor air conditioning, and is composed of an advanced
reinforced glass with a high tolerance for shifts in temperature. In
addition, the building's heating and cooling systems use
geothermal energy sources
2. Burj Khalifa
a. It is the tallest structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m (2,722
ft.)
b. The decision to build the building is reportedly based on the
government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy,
and for Dubai to gain international recognition
c. Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then of Skidmore,
Owings and Merrill (SOM) this was the structural engineer, whose
firm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center.
d. The main contractors were Samsung C&T Corporation, Besix and
Arabtec
3. Burj Al Arab
a. This is a hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the
third tallest hotel in the world; however, though 39% of its total
height is made up of non-occupiable space. The shape of the
structure is designed to mimic the sail of a ship. It has a helipad
near the roof at a height of 210 m (689 ft.) above ground.
b. The Architect was Tom Wright, who has since become co-founder
of WKK Architects

c. The design and construction were managed by Canadian

engineer Rick Gregory also of WS Atkins
d. The hotel was built by South African construction contractor
Murray & Roberts and Al Habtoor Engineering
4. The CCTV Headquarters
a. The tower serves as headquarters for China Central Television
(CCTV) that was formerly at the China Central Television Building
located at 11 Fuxin Road some 15 km (9.3 mi) to the west
b. The architectural firm was Office for Metropolitan Architecture,
East China Architectural Design & Research Institute
c. The developer was China Central Television
d. The structural engineer was Ove Arup & Partners
e. The main contractor was China State Construction and
Engineering Corporation
III. Conclusion
A. Analytical Summary
1. History of architecture
2. Famous architects
3. What is an architect and a drafter
4. Types of architectural drawings
5. Process
6. Passive house vs. LEED
7. Famous buildings
B. Buildings are where people live in. Since they live in them they need to
sustain them.
C. Architecture is something we all need to work together to get better.
Architects are trying to put their ideas in these buildings but the people
also need.