T.Jayanth et. al.

/ International Journal of Technology and Engineering Science

[IJTES]TMVol 1(2), pp 113 - 119

TRANSMISSION PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS USING DWT
1

T.Jayanth, 2Srikanth Rajasekar, 3G.MadhusudhanaRao,

Asst.Engineer, APGENCO, 2KIT-KKD, 3Prof of EEE MR Group of Institutions

gurralamadhu@gmail.com , jayanthrk@gmail.com, srikanth.chowdary999@gmail.com,

Abstract: A novel approach to protection of TEED

transmission lines using Wavelet transforms with multi
resolution analysis has been presented in this paper.
Faults on the transmission line should be detected and
classified rapidly and accurately to maintain system
reliability. Wavelet analysis is used for signal
processing. Synchronized sampling of the three phase
voltage and current signals at the three ends of the
TEED transmission line over a moving window length
of half cycle is carried out using GPS clock. Fault
Indices are calculated based on the sum of local and
remote end detail coefficients, and compared with
threshold values for different locations and different
types of faults to detect and classify the faults. For
estimation of approximate fault location, the ratios of
absolute maximum and minimum detail D1 coefficients
at all the three ends are compared. The algorithm has
been tested for different fault locations and the results
are found to be satisfactory in terms of reliability.
Key Words: Wavelet Transformers, Transmission
Lines, TEED circuits, Fault detection, Sampling
Waveforms
I. INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION
SYSTEMS:
The increased growth of power systems both in
size and complexity has brought about the need for fast
and reliable relays to protect major equipment and to
maintain system stability .The conventional protective
relays are either of electromagnetic or static type. The
electromagnetic relays have several drawbacks such as
high burden on instrument transformers, high operating
time, contact problems etc.
A protective system protects the power system
from deleterious effects of a sustained fault, which
occurs as a random event. If some faulted power system
component (line, bus, transformer, etc.) is not isolated
from the system quickly, it may lead to power system
instability or break up of the system through the action
of other automatic protective devices. A protection
system must therefore remove the faulted element from
the rest of power system as quickly as possible.
Although a protection system is mainly relays, it
consists of many other subsystems, which contribute to
the fault removal process. The circuit breaker actually
isolates the faulted circuit by interrupting the current at

ISSN: 2320 8007

or near current zero. A modern extra high voltage

(EHV) circuit breaker can interrupt fault currents of the
order of 10,000 amperes at system voltages of up to 800
kV. The transducers (current and voltage transformers,
or CTs and CVTs) contribute another major
component of the protective system. They are necessary
because the high magnitude currents and voltages of the
power system must be reduced to more manageable
levels in order to drive low energy devices such as
relays. Last and the most important component of
protection system is the relay. This is a device which
responds to the condition of its inputs (Voltages,
currents) in such a manner that it provides appropriate
output signals to trip circuit breakers when input
conditions correspond to faults for which the relay is
designed to operate. Relays are the logic elements in the
entire protection system.
II. PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES:
Usually the power stations are situated far away
from the load centers, resulting in hundreds of
kilometer length of overhead lines being exposed to
atmospheric conditions. The chances of faults occurring
due to storms, falling of external objects on the lines,
flashover resulting from dirt deposits on insulators, etc.,
are greater for overhead lines than for other parts of the
power system. About 50 % of total faults occur on
overhead lines. The time needed to determine the
fault point along the line will affect the quality of power
delivery. Therefore, an accurate fault location on the
line and classification is an important requirement for a
permanent fault. If the minimum fault current possible
within the zone of protection is greater than the
maximum possible load current, then the operating
principle of the relay is defined as follows:
I >= Ip fault in zone, trip.
< Ip no fault in zone, do not trip.
Where I is the current in the relay
Ip
is the setting.
Wavelets
are
a
recently
developed
mathematical tool for signal processing. Compared to
Fourier analysis, which relies on a single basis function,
a number of basic functions of a rather wide functional
form are available in wavelet analysis. The basic
difference is that, in contrast to the short time Fourier
transform which uses a single analysis window; the WT
uses short windows at high frequencies and long

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[IJTES]TMVol 1(2), pp 113 - 119
windows at low frequencies.
Prediction of line
impedance from the phasor components of the distorted
voltage and current signals estimated using WT with
multi resolution analysis (MRA) approach is more
applicable for real time signal processing as the chosen
mother wavelet can be employed as a pair of
complementary finite-impulse response (FIR) filters.
Wavelet Transform (WT) has the ability to decompose
signals into different frequency bands using multi
resolution analysis (MRA). It can be utilized in
detecting faults and to estimate the phasors of the
voltage and current signals, which are essential for
transmission line distance protection.
III. TEED Circuits
Electrical supply line protection apparatus
used with Teed circuit supply lines having three
terminals, comprising: a unit at one terminal and the
other two are at each of the other terminals. Broad band
communication links between the three units and
separate from the supply lines. Three terminal lines, or
Teed circuits, often offer considerable economic,
technical and environmental advantage over 2-terminal
lines. Systems 1, 2 and 3 represent the three external
equivalents and LI, LII and LIII are the three line sections
of the three-terminal line shown in Fig.2.1.

Fig1: Three-terminal lines with the external systems

a) Problems in Protection of Teed Circuits
The protection of multi-terminal lines is not as
simple as that of two-terminal lines. They usually
experience additional problems caused by the
intermediate in feed from the third terminal, an out
feed, different line lengths to the tee point, etc. The
relay first zone reach may not even extend beyond the
tee point in some under reach cases. Consider the
system shown in Fig2. Due to the in feed current at
terminal B, the distance relay at terminal A will see an
apparent impedance of 3 ohms, which is greater than
the actual impedance to the fault.

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Fig 2. Current In feed

The system shown in Fig2 has an out feed
current at terminal B rather than an in feed current. In
this case, the apparent impedance seen by the relay at
terminal A for a fault at terminal C is 1.5 ohms, which
is less than the actual impedance to the fault. An
additional problem is also introduced by the current out
feed at terminal B; since the current flows out of the
line at B, a forward looking distance relay will not see
this internal fault, in fact, if there is a blocking unit at
B, it may see the internal fault as an external fault and
thus prevent tripping.

Fig3 Current Out feed

IV. WAVELET ANALYSIS
Wavelet analysis represents the next logical
step: a windowing technique with variable-sized
regions. Wavelet analysis allows the use of long time
intervals where we want more precise low-frequency
information, and shorter regions where we want highfrequency information. Wavelet analysis does not use a
time-frequency region, but rather a time-scale region.

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[IJTES]TMVol 1(2), pp 113 - 119
The DWT is considerably easier to implement
when compared to the CWT. the basic concepts of the
DWT will be introduced in this section along with its
properties and the algorithms used to compute it.
And the discrete wavelet transform is given by

DWT (m, n)

x[k ]
k

Fig 4: Wavelet Analysis

A) Definition of Wavelet
A wavelet is a waveform of effectively limited
duration that has an average value of zero. Compared to
sine waves, the basis of Fourier analysis, which do not
have limited duration (they extend from minus to plus
infinity) and are smooth and predictable, wavelets tend
to be irregular and asymmetric.

Fig 5: Sine Wave and a Wavelet wave

Fourier analysis consists of breaking up a
signal into sine waves of various frequencies. Similarly,
wavelet analysis is the breaking up of a signal into
shifted and scaled versions of the original (or mother)
wavelet.
V) THE DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM
(DWT)
Need for Discrete Wavelet Transform
Although the discretized continuous wavelets
transform enables the computation of the continuous
wavelet transforms by computers, it is not a true
discrete transform. As a matter of fact, the wavelet
series is simply a sampled version of the CWT, and the
information it provides is highly redundant as far as the
reconstruction of the signal is concerned.
This redundancy, on the other hand, requires a
significant amount of computation time and resources.
The Discrete Wavelet Transform or Dyadic Wavelet
Transform (DWT), on the other hand, provides
sufficient information both for analysis and synthesis of
the original signal, with a significant reduction in the
computation time. The DWT is considerably easier to
implement when compared to the CWT.

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(k na 0 mb0 m a 0 m / 2 --- (1)

a0

By comparing the eq (1) with general equation for

impulse response (FIR) digital filter

y ( n)

x[k ]h[n k ] / c -------- (2)

k

zt can be seen that (k) is the impulse response of Low

pass digital filter with transfer function (). For a0 =
2, each dilation of (k) effectively halves the
bandwidth of (). Multilevel DWT filter banks
implement the DWT eqn (1) in the forward transform
stage and the IDWT in the reverse transform stage.
C) Multi-Resolution Analysis
In MRA, wavelet functions and scaling
functions are used as building blocks to decompose and
construct the signal at different resolution levels. The
wavelet function will generate the detail version of the
decomposed signal and the scaling function will
generate the approximated version of the decomposed
signal. That is wavelet function constitutes the high
pass digital filter and the scaling function constitutes
low pass digital filter.
Let c0 (n) be a discrete time signal recorded
from a physical measuring device. This signal is to be
decomposed into a detailed and smoothed
representation. From the MRA technique, the
decomposed signals at scale 1 are c1(n) and d1(n)
,where c1(n) is the smoothed version of the original
signal (or approximation), and d1(n) is the detailed
representation of the original signal c0(n) in the form of
wavelet transform coefficients.
They are defined as

c1(n)

h(k

2n)c0(k ) --------- (3)

d 1(n)

g (k

2n)c 0(k ) --------- (4)

Where h (n) and g (n) are the associated filter

coefficients that decompose c0(n) in to c1 (n) and d1(n)
respectively. That means in first stage decomposition
the original signal is divided into two halves of
frequency bandwidth. The next higher scale

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[IJTES]TMVol 1(2), pp 113 - 119
decomposition is now based on the signal c1(n). The
decomposed signal at scale 2 is given by

c 2(n)

h(k 2n)c1(k )

source to TEE junction. The system is simulated using

MATLAB.

--------- (5)

Source 1

d 2 ( n)

g (k

Source 2
TEE point

2n)c1(k ) ------ (6)

k
Fault

Higher scale decompositions are performed in

the same way as described above. Thus the procedure is
repeated until the signal is decomposed to a pre-defined
certain level. The set of signals thus attained represent
the same original signal, but all corresponding to
different frequency bands.

Source 3

Fig 7: Simulated Power System

VIII.SIMULATION RESULTS
A) Modeling of transmission line
A typical 500 KV transmission system used in
the simulation studies presented herein. It consists of
three transmission line sections of 150 km each, fed
from 500KV sources from three ends. The nominal
power frequency is 60Hz. The single line diagram of
the considered power system is already shown in
section (7). The transmission line is modeled as five
sections, each of 30Km length from each source to
TEE point, connected in tandem. The system is
simulated for different fault conditions using Matlab
software package.
3-Phase source2
A

Conn3

Conn6

Conn5

Measurements

150 km
Transmission line

Conn1

Conn4

Conn2

Conn6

Conn4

Conn5

Conn3

Conn2

Conn3

Conn2

Conn1

Conn1

3-Phase Source1

150 Km
Transmission line
150 Km
Transmission Line

Measurements1

Conn4

Conn5

Conn6

Measurements2

3-Phase Source3

Fig6: Multi Resolution Analysis

VI. Fault Detection Technique
A) Transmission system design
The single line diagram of the AC system
along with the various blocks of the proposed scheme
considered is shown in Fig6. The transmission line to
be protected in the system connects three AC systems
represented by equivalent voltage source behind
constant impedance. The transmission line is modeled
as T shape and is represented in three sections each of
five pi-sections connected in cascade form voltage

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Fig 8: Transmission Line Model

B) Detection of Fault
Figures (9-11) illustrates the variations in three phase
currents of three terminals in the event of ground fault
on phase-A at 40% of the line on phase-A.

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[IJTES]TMVol 1(2), pp 113 - 119

Fig9: Three Phase currents at Source-1 of AG fault at

40% of the line

Fig12: Discrimination between LL and LLG faults

VII. Testing of proposed Algorithm

Fig10: Three Phase currents at Source-2 of AG fault at

40% of the line

Fig11: Three Phase currents at Source-3 of AG fault at

40% of the line

The proposed algorithm has been tested for all

types of faults at different locations by simulating LG,
LL, LLG and LLLG faults at different locations of
transmission line. The testing has been done for the
distances from Sources 1 to 2 and for the distances for
Source 1 to 3. The variation of Fault Index If1 with the
location for all types of faults for distances from 1 to 2
is illustrated in the Figures (13-16). The variation of
Fault Index If1 with the location for all types of faults
for distances from 1 to 3 is illustrated in the Figures
(17-20). The fault index If1 of all faulty phases varies
with the type of fault. However its value remains
greater than Threshold Th1. The fault Index of healthy
phases remains less than the threshold value.
AG-Fault

This fault index If2 is nothing but fault index of

the zero sequence current. If double line fault involves
ground the transients would appear in neutral current or
the zero sequence and hence the fault index If2 will have
large value. If ground is not involved in double line
fault there will not be any path for zero sequence
current and hence the fault index will have very low
value. This concept is made use to discriminate the LL
faults from LLG faults. Hence the fault index If2 is
compared discriminate LL faults from LLG faults. If2
for LLG faults is greater than If2 for LL faults. This is
illustrated in Figure 12.

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Ic

Ib

Ia

Thre

12000
10000

Fault index

C) Classification of Fault
However double line to ground (LLG) faults
cannot be distinguished from line to line (LL) faults just
by knowing the number of faulty phases. To
discriminate the LLG faults from LL faults, another
fault index called ground fault index If2 is calculated,
with the help of all three phase current indexes which is
given by equation (8).

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
30

60

60

120 150 180 210 240 270

Distance in Km (S1-S2)

Fig13: Variations in Fault Indexes of three phase

currents for AG Fault

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[IJTES]TMVol 1(2), pp 113 - 119
AG-Fault

AB-Fault
Ib

Ic

Thre

Ib

Ia

Thre

12000
10000

14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

Fault index

Fault index

Ia

Ic

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
30

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

60

90

270

Diatance in Km(S1-S2)

120

150

180

210

240

270

Distance in Km(S1-S3)

Fig17: Variations in Fault Indexes of three phase

currents for AG Fault

Fig14: Variations in Fault Indexes of three phase

currents for AB Fault

AB-Fault
Ia

Ib

Ic

Thre

ABG-Fault
Ib

Ia

thre
Fault index

Ic
12000
Fault index

10000
8000
6000

14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
30

4000

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

Diatance in Km(S1-S3)

2000
0
30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

Distance in Km (S1-S2)

Fig18: Variations in Fault Indexes of three phase

currents for AB Fault

Fig15: Variations in Fault Indexes of three phase

currents for ABG Fault

ABG-Fault
Ic

ABCG-Fault

Ib

Ia

thre

12000
10000

Ib

Ic

Thre

Fault index

Ia
12000
Fault index

10000
8000

8000
6000
4000
2000

6000

4000

30

2000

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

Distance in Km (S1-S3)

0
30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

Distance in Km(S1-S2)

Fig16: Variations in Fault Indexes of three phase

currents for ABCG Fault

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Fig19: Variations in Fault Indexes of three phase

currents for ABG Fault

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[IJTES]TMVol 1(2), pp 113 - 119

ABCG-Fault
Ia

Ib

Ic

Thre

12000
Fault index

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

Distance in Km(S1-S3)

Fig20: Variations in Fault Indexes of three phase

currents for ABCG Fault
IX. CONCLUSIONS
In this Paper, a TEED transmission line fed
from the three sources is simulated in Matlab
environment. Wavelet Transform based Multi
Resolution Analysis approach is successfully applied
for effective detection and classification and
approximate location of faults in TEED transmission
lines. Synchronized sampling of three phase currents
and voltages at the three terminals of TEED
transmission line are carried out to improve the
reliability of the protection system. Three phase
currents are analyzed with mother wavelet i.e., Bior2.2.
Detail decomposition is used for detection,
classification and location purpose. Fault detection and
classification is accomplished using detail D1coefficients (obtained with Bior2.2) of currents at the
three ends which are added up to get resultant detail
coefficients at each terminal. Fault indexes are
calculated using the resultant detail coefficients and
compared with their respective threshold values for the
purpose of detection and classification of faults in
TEED transmission line.
On the basis of results presented that Wavelet
based protection algorithm proposed can be used to
protect TEED transmission line effectively.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]Application of Phase and Ground Distance Relays
To Three Terminal Lines G. E. Alexander J. G.
Andrichak, GE Protection & Control Malvern, PA.
[2]High-Resistance Faults On A Multi Terminal Line:Analysis, Simulated Studies And An Adaptive Distance
Relaying Scheme Y.Q. Xia A. K. David K. K. Li,
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1,
January 1994.

ISSN: 2320 8007

[3]EMTP Applied To Evaluate Three-Terminal Line

Distance Protection Schemes K. M. Silva, W. L. A.
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