Principal Equations of AER 1403: F F F M

Principal Equations of AER 1403
rule of mixtures:

= v f f + 1 v f m
Reuss bound:

1 vf
vf
1
=
+
E
Ef
Em
Voigt Bound:

E = v f E f + 1 v f Em
compliance matrix, orthogonal laminae:
11
22
33
23
13
12
E
1
12
E1

13
E
1
=

0

21
E2
1
E2
23
E2
31
E3
32
E3
1
E3
0
0
1
G23
1
G13
compliance matrix, unidirectional lamina:

11 S 11 S 12

22 = S 12 S 22
12
0
0
where:
S 11 =
1
E1
S 22 =
1
E2
S 12 =
0
0
S 66
1
G12
11

22
12
11

22
12
12
21
=
E1
E2
S 66 =
1
G12
stiffness matrix, unidirectional lamina:

11 Q11 Q12

22 = Q12 Q22
12
0
0
0
0
Q66
11
22
33
23
13
12
where:
Q11 =
S 22
E1
=
2
1
12 21
S 11 S 22 S 12
Q22 =
S 11
E2
=
2
1 12 21
S 11 S 22 S 12
Q12 =
S 12
12 E2
=
2
1 12 21
S 11 S 22 S 12
Q66 =
rotation of axes:
where
xx
yy
xy
1
= G12
S 66
h i xx
= Q yy
xy
h i1
h i
Q = [T ]1 [Q] T T
and:
cos2
sin2
cos sin
2
cos2
cos sin
sin
2 cos sin 2 cos sin cos2 sin2
h i
the components of Q are given explicitly by:
h i
T 1
= T
Q11 = Q11 cos4 + Q22 sin4 + 2 (Q12 + 2Q66 ) sin2 cos2

Q12 = (Q11 + Q22 4Q66 ) cos2 sin2 + Q12 cos4 + sin4
Q22 = Q11 sin4 + Q22 cos4 + 2 (Q12 + 2Q66 ) sin2 cos2
Q16 = (Q11 Q12 2Q66 ) cos3 sin (Q22 Q12 2Q66 ) cos sin3
Q26 = (Q11 Q12 2Q66 ) cos sin3 (Q22 Q12 2Q66 ) cos3 sin

Q66 = (Q11 + Q22 2Q12 2Q66 ) cos2 sin2 + Q66 cos4 + sin4
laminate plate theory:
the total strains are:
u
= x + z x
x
v
y =
= y + zy
y
x =
xy =
u v
+
= xy + z xy
y x
the strains on the mid-plane are:

u
x
x =
y =
v
y
xy =
u v
+
y
x
and the curvatures of the mid-plane are:

x =
Nx
Ny
N xy
Mx
My
M xy
2 w
2 w
2 w
y
xy
xy
x2
y2
A11
A12
A16
B11
B12
B16
A12
A22
A26
B12
B22
B26
A16
A26
A66
B16
B26
B66
B11
B12
B16
D11
D12
D16
B12
B22
B26
D12
D22
D26
B16
B26
B66
D16
D26
D66
x
y
xy
x
y
xy
the extensional stiffnesses are:

Z t
N
X

2
Ai j =
Qi j dz =
Qi j (zk zk1 )
k
2t
k=1
and the coupling stiffnesses are:

Bi j =
t
2
2t
N

1 X 2
Qi j z dz =
Qi j zk z2k1
k
k
2 k=1
and the bending stiffnesses are:

Di j =
t
2
2t
Tsai-Hill:
N

1 X 3
Qi j z2 dz =
Qi j zk z3k1
k
k
3 k=1
21
2L
212
1 2 22
+
+
1
2L
2T 2LT
Tsai-Wu:
F11 21 + F22 22 + F66 212 + F1 1 + F2 2 + 2F12 1 2 1
where:
F11 =
F1 =
1
1
+L L
F22 =
+L L
F2 =
1
+T T
1
1
+T T
F66 =
1
2LT
sandwich equivalent flexural rigidity:

(EI)eq =
E f btd2 E f bt3 Ec bc3

E f btd2
+
+
2
6
12
2
3
equivalent shear rigidity:

(AG)eq =
bd2Gc
bdGc
c
microbuckling:
P=
4bdt f
L
core shear:
P = 2bdc
wrinkling:
P=
2btd p3
E f EcGc
L
indentation:
2 dE f 2c
P = bt
3L
! 13

1
P = 2bt c f 2
Eulers equation of variational calculus:

d
Fy0 x, y, y0 = 0
Fy x, y, y0
dx
the first variation of the potential energy is:
Z
Z
Z
V =
i j i j dV
Xi ui dV
T i ui dS
V
strong form:

1
Ci jkl uk,l + ul,k
+ Xi = 0
,j
2
weak form:
Z
Z
Z

1
1
wi, jCi jkl uk,l + ul,k dV =
wiCi jkl uk,l + ul,k j dS
wi Xi dV +
2 V
2 S
V
strong form in one dimension:
!
d
du
AE
+B=0
dx
dx
weak form in one dimension:
Z L
Z L

dw
du
AE
dx =
wB dx + wAT
x=0
dx
dx
0
0
approximation in one dimension:
u(x)
u (x)
`x
`
x
`
i " 1 #
= Nd
2
1`
1
`
i " 1 #
= Hd
2
`x
`
elems
X
i " w1 #
= Nw
w2
x
`
x2
x1
plane strain:
x2
Z
HAEH dxd
plane stress:
w
0
1
`
1`
i " w1 #
= Hw
w2

NB dx NAT
x1
1
E 1
D=
1 2
0 0
0
0
1
2
1

E
D=
(1 + ) (1 2)
0
1
0
!
=0
x=0
0
0
1 2
2
triangular element shape functions:

Na =
1
((x1b x2c x1c x2b ) + (x2b x2c ) x1 + (x1c x1b ) x2 )
2A
1
((x1c x2a x1a x2c ) + (x2c x2a ) x1 + (x1a x1c ) x2 )
2A
1
((x1a x2b x1b x2a ) + (x2a x2b ) x1 + (x1b x1a ) x2 )
Nc =
2A
and derivative:
N
Nb
Nc
a
0
0
0
x
x1
x1
1
Nb
Nc
Na
H = 0
0
0
x
x
x
Na N2a Nb N2b Nc N2c
x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1
Nb =
or, with only the non-zero, non-repeating terms:

"
#
1 (x2b x2c ) (x2c x2a ) (x2a x2b )
H=
2A (x1c x1b ) (x1a x1c ) (x1b x1a )
rectangular element shape functions:
Na =
Nb =
1
x1 x1b x2 x2d
= (x1 x1b ) (x2 x2d )
x1a x1b x2a x2d
A
x1 x1a x2 x2d
1
= (x1 x1a ) (x2 x2d )
x1b x1a x2a x2d
A
x1 x1a x2 x2a
1
= (x1 x1a ) (x2 x2a )
x1b x1a x2d x2a
A
x1 x1b x2 x2a
1
Nd =
= (x1 x1b ) (x2 x2a )
x1a x1b x2d x2a
A
isoparametric shape functions:
Nc =
1
(1 + 1a 1 ) (1 + 2a 2 )
4
1
Nb4Q (1 , 2 ) = (1 + 1b 1 ) (1 + 2b 2 )
4
1
4Q
Nc (1 , 2 ) = (1 + 1c 1 ) (1 + 2c 2 )
4
1
Nd4Q (1 , 2 ) = (1 + 1d 1 ) (1 + 2d 2 )
4
Na4Q (1 , 2 ) =
strains:
u Hd
where:
Na4Q
x1
H =
Na4Q
x2
Jacobian matrix:
x
x2
1
1 1
J =
x
x2
1
2 2
N 4Q
a

1

=

4Q
Na
2
Nb4Q
x1
Nc4Q
x1
Nd4Q
x1
Nb4Q
x2
Nc4Q
x2
Nd4Q
x2
Nb4Q
1
Nb4Q
2

G =

Nc4Q
1
Nd4Q
1
Nc4Q
2
Nd4Q
2
H = J1 GN4Q
Gauss quadrature in two dimensions:
ngp X
X

ngp
I=
W j Wi J(i , j ) f (i , j )
j=1
i=1
global system:
Kg dg = f g + rg
X
Kg =
LT KL
elements
x1a
x1b
x1c
x1d
x2a
x2b
x2c
x2d

Principal Equations of AER 1403: F F F M

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Principal Equations of AER 1403

compliance matrix, unidirectional lamina:

stiffness matrix, unidirectional lamina:

Q11 = Q11 cos4 + Q22 sin4 + 2 (Q12 + 2Q66 ) sin2 cos2

the strains on the mid-plane are:

and the curvatures of the mid-plane are:

the extensional stiffnesses are:

and the coupling stiffnesses are:

and the bending stiffnesses are:

sandwich equivalent flexural rigidity:

E f btd2 E f bt3 Ec bc3

equivalent shear rigidity:

Eulers equation of variational calculus:

triangular element shape functions:

or, with only the non-zero, non-repeating terms:

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