Sa 2 Chap 12 PDF

Chapter 12:
Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution
Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

Russell C. Hibbeler
General Principles & Definition

Moment distribution is a method of successive
approximations that may be carried out to any
desired degree of accuracy
The method begins by assuming each joint of a
structure is fixed
By unlocking and locking each joint in succession,
the internal moments at the joints are distributed
distributed
& balanced until the joints have rotated to their
final or nearly final positions
Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution
Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Member stiffness factor
K=
4 EI
L
Joint stiffness factor

The total stiffness factor of joint A is
K T = K = 4000 + 5000 + 1000 = 10000


Distribution Factor (DF)
That fraction of the total resisting moment supplied
by the member is called the distribution factor (DF)
DFi =
Mi
K i
=
M Ki
DF =
K
K


Member relative stiffness factor
Quite often a continuous beam or a frame will be
made from the same material
E will therefore be constant
KR =
I
L


Carry
Carry--over (CO) factor
4 EI
2 EI
M AB =
A ; M BA =
A
L
L
Solving for and equating these eqn,
M BA = 0.5M AB
The moment M at the pin induces a moment of M

M
= 0.5M at the wall
In the case of a beam with the far end fixed, the
CO factor is +0.5

Carry
Carry--over (CO) factor
The plus sign indicates both moments act in the
same direction
Consider the beam
4 E (120)(10 6 )
= 4 E (40)(10 6 ) mm 4 / m
3
4 E (240)(10 6 )
K BC =
= 4 E (60)(10 6 )mm 4 / m
4
4 E ( 40)
DFBA =
= 0.4
4 E (40) + 4 E (60)
4 E (60)
DFBC =
= 0.6
4 E (40) + 4 E (60)
K BA =


4 E (40)
=0
+ 4 E ( 40)
4 E (60)
=
=0
+ 4 E (60)
DFAB =
DFCB
Note that the above results could also have been

obtained if the relative stiffness factor is used
wL2
= 8000kNm
12
wL2
=
= 8000kNm
12
( FEM ) BC =
( FEM ) CB


We begin by assuming joint B is fixed or locked
The fixed end moment at B then holds span BC in
this fixed or locked position
To correct this, we will apply an equal but opposite
moment of 8000Nm to the joint and allow the joint
to rotate freely


As a result, portions of this moment are distributed
in spans BC and BA in accordance with the DFs of
these spans at the joint
Moment in BA is 0.4(8000) = 3200Nm
Moment in BC is 0.6(8000) = 4800Nm
These moment must be carried over since
moments are developed at the far ends of the
span

Using the carrycarry-over factor of +0.5, the results are
shown
The steps are usually presented in tabular form
CO indicates a line where moments are distributed
then carried over
In this particular case only one cycle of moment
distribution is necessary
The wall supports at A and C absorb
absorb the
moments and no further joints have to be
balanced to satisfy joint equilibrium


Example 12.2
Determine the internal moment at each support of the beam. The
moment of inertia of each span is indicated.

Solution
A moment does not get distributed in the overhanging span AB
So the distribution factor (DF)BA =0
Span BC is based on 4EI/L since the pin rocker is not at the far
end of the beam
K BC =
4 E (300)(10 6 )
= 300(10 6 ) E
4
K CD =
4 E (240)(10 6 )
= 320(10 6 ) E
3

Solution
DFBC = 1 ( DF ) BA = 1 0 = 1
DFCB =
300 E
= 0.484
300 E + 320 E
DFCD = 0.516;
DFDC = 0
Due to overhang, ( FEM ) BA = 2000 N (2m) = 4000 Nm

( FEM ) BC =
wL2
= 2000 Nm
12
wL2
= 2000 Nm
12
( FEM ) CB =

Solution
The overhanging span requires the internal moment to the left of
B to be +4000Nm.
Balancing at joint B requires an internal moment of 4000Nm to
the right of B.
-2000Nm is added to BC in order to satisfy this condition.
The distribution & CO operations proceed in the usual manner.
Since the internal moments are known, the moment diagram for
the beam can be constructed.

Solution

Stiffness--Factor Modifications
Stiffness
The previous e.g. of moment distribution, we have
considered each beam span to be constrained by a
fixed support at its far end when distributing &
carrying over the moments
In some cases, it is possible to modify the stiffness
factor of a particular beam span & thereby simplify
the process of moment distribution

Stiffness
Member pin supported at far end
As shown the applied moment M rotates end A by
an amt
To determine , the shear in the conjugate beam at
A must be determined
1 M 2
V ' A ( L ) L L = 0
2 EI 3
3L
3EI
V 'A = =
M =
EI
L
M B' = 0

Stiffness
Member pin supported at far end (cont
(contd)
The stiffness factor in the beam is
K=
3EI
L
The CO factor is zero, since the pin at B does not

support a moment
By comparison, if the far end was fixed supported,
the stiffness factor would have to be modified by
to model the case of having the far end pin
supported
10
Stiffness
Symmetric beam & loading
The bendingbending-moment diagram for the beam will
also be symmetric
To develop the appropriate stiffnessstiffness-factor
modification consider the beam
Due to symmetry, the internal
moment at B & C are equal
Assuming this value to
be M, the conjugate
beam for span BC is shown
Stiffness
Symmetric beam & loading (cont
(contd)
M L
M C ' = 0 - V ' B ( L ) + L = 0
EI 2
ML
2 EI
V 'B = =
M =
2 EI
L
2 EI
K=
Moments for only half the beam can be distributed

provided the stiffness factor for the center span is
computed
11
Stiffness
Symmetric beam with asymmetric loading
Consider the beam as shown
The conjugate beam for its center span BC is shown
Due to its asymmetric loading, the internal moment
at B is equal but opposite to that at C

Stiffness
Symmetric beam with asymmetric loading
Assuming this value to be M, the slope at each
end is determined as follows:
M C' = 0
1 M L 5 L 1 M L L
- V ' B ( L) + = 0
2 EI 2 6 2 EI 2 6
ML
6 EI
V 'B = =
M =
6 EI
L
6 EI
K=
L

12
Example 12.4
Determine the internal moments at the supports of the beam
shown below. The moment of inertia of the two spans is shown in
the figure.

Solution
The beam is roller supported at its far end C.
The stiffness of span BC will be computed on the basis of K =
3EI/L
We have:
K AB =
4 EI 4 E (120)(10 6 )
=
= 160(10 6 ) E
L
3
K BC =
3EI 3E (240)(10 6 )
=
= 180(10 6 ) E
L
4

13
Solution
DFAB =
160 E
=0
+ 160 E
DFBA =
160 E
= 0.4706
160 E + 180 E
DFBC =
180 E
= 0.5294
160 E + 180 E
180 E
=1
180 E
wL2 6000(4) 2
( FEM ) BC =
=
= 12000 Nm
8
8
DFCB =

Solution
The forgoing data are entered into table as shown.
The moment distribution is carried out.
By comparison, the method considerably simplifies the
distribution.
The beams end shears & moment diagrams are shown.

14
Moment distribution for frames:

No sidesway
Application of the momentmoment-distribution method for
frames having no sidesway follows the same
procedure as that given for beam

Example 12.5
Determine the internal moments at the joints of the frame as
shown. There is a pin at E and D and a fixed support at A. EI is
constant.

15
Solution
By inspection, the pin at E will prevent the frame will sidesway.
The stiffness factors of CD and CE can be computed using K =
3EI/L since far ends are pinned.
The 60kN load does not contribute a FEM since it is applied at
joint B.
K AB =
4 EI
4 EI
3EI
3EI
; K BC =
; K CD =
; K CE =
5
6
5
4
DFAB = 0
DFBA =
4 EI / 5
= 0.545
4 EI / 5 + 4 EI / 6
DFBC = 1 0.545 = 0.455

Solution
DFCB =
4 EI / 6
= 0.330
4 EI / 6 + 3EI / 5 + 3EI / 4
DFCD =
3EI / 5
= 0.298
4 EI / 6 + 3EI / 5 + 3EI / 4
DFCE = 1 0.330 0.298 = 0.372

DFDC = 1; DFEC = 1
( FEM ) BC =
wL2
= 135kNm
12
( FEM ) CB =
wL2
= 135kNm
12

16
Solution
The data are shown in table.
The distribution of moments successively goes to joints B & C.
The final moment are shown on the last line.
Using these data, the moment diagram for the frame is
constructed as shown.

Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway

To determine sidesway and the internal moments
at the joints using moment distribution, we will use
the principle of superposition
The frame shown is first held from sidesway by
applying an artificial joint support at C
Moment distribution is applied & by statics, the
restraining force R is determined

17

The equal but opposite restraining force is then
applied to the frame The moments in the frame
are calculated


Multistory frames
Multistory frameworks may have several
independent joints disp
Consequently, the moment distribution analysis
using the above techniques will involve more
computation

18

Multistory frames
The structure shown can have 2 independent joint
disp since the sidesway of the first story is
independent of any disp of the second story


Multistory frames
These disp are not known initially
The analysis must proceed on the basis of
superposition
2 restraining forces R1 and R2 are applied
The fixed end moments are determined &
distributed
Using the eqn of eqm, the numerical values of R1
and R2 are then determined
19

Multistory frames
The restraint at the floor of the first story is
removed & the floor is given a disp
This disp causes fixed end moment (FEMs) in the
frame which can be assigned specific numerical
values
By distributing these moments & using the eqn of
eqm, the associated numerical values of R1 and R2
can be determined

Multistory frames
In a similar manner, the floor of the second story is
then given a disp
With reference to the restraining forces we require
equal but opposite application of R1 and R2 to the
frame such that:
R2 = C ' R' 2 +C ' R"2
R1 = +C ' R '1 C ' R"1
20

Multistory frames
Simultaneous solution of these eqn yields the
values of C
C and C
C
These correction factors are then multiplied by the
internal joint moments found from moment
distribution
The resultant moments are found by adding these
corrected moments to those obtained for the frame

Example 12.6
Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown. EI is
constant.

21
Solution
First, we consider the frame held from sidesway
( FEM ) BC =
( FEM ) CB =
16(4) 2 (1)
(5) 2
16(1) 2 ( 4)
(5) 2
= 10.24kNm
= 2.56kNm
The stiffness factor of each span is computed on the basis of

4EI/L or using relative stiffness factor I/L

Solution
The DFs and the moment distribution are shown in the table.
The eqn of eqm are applied to the free body diagrams of the
columns in order to determine Ax and Dx
From the free body diagram of the entire frame, the joint restraint
R has a magnitude of
Fx = 0; R = 1.73kN 0.81kN = 0.92kN

22
Solution
An equal but opposite value of R = 0.92kN must be applied to
the frame at C and the internal moments computed.
We assume a force R is applied at C causing the frame to deflect
as shown.
The joints at B and C are temporarily restrained from rotating.
As a result, the FEM at the ends of the columns are determined.

Solution
Since both B and C happen to be displaced the same amount and
AB and DC have the same E, I and L, the FEM in AB will be the
same as that in DC.
As shown we will arbitrarily assumed this FEM to be
( FEM ) AB = ( FEM ) BA = ( FEM ) CD = ( FEM ) DC = 100kNm

The moment distribution of the FEM is shown below.

23
Solution
From the eqm, the horizontal reactions at A and D are calculated.
For the entire frame, we require:
Fx = 0; R ' = 28 + 28 = 56kN
R=56kN creates the moments tabulated below
Corresponding moments caused by R = 0.92kN can be
determined by proportion
M AB = 2.88 +
0.92
( 80) = 1.57kNm
56.0
M BA = 4.79kNm; M BC = 4.79kNm; M CB = 3.71kNm

M CD = 3.71kNm; M DC = 2.63kNm
24

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Chapter 12:

Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

General Principles & Definition

General Principles & Definition

Joint stiffness factor

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

General Principles & Definition

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

General Principles & Definition

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

General Principles & Definition

The moment M at the pin induces a moment of M

General Principles & Definition

Consider the beam

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

General Principles & Definition

Note that the above results could also have been

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

General Principles & Definition

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

General Principles & Definition

General Principles & Definition

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

General Principles & Definition

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Due to overhang, ( FEM ) BA = 2000 N (2m) = 4000 Nm

Structural Analysis 7th Edition

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

The CO factor is zero, since the pin at B does not

Moments for only half the beam can be distributed

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Moment distribution for frames:

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

DFBC = 1 0.545 = 0.455

DFCE = 1 0.330 0.298 = 0.372

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway

Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution

Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway

Moment distribution for frames: Sidesway