DSP Lab Manual

1. Illustrate Sampling theorem for the given frequency.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define pi 3.141592654

main()
{
int i,k,k1;
float term,term1,s[100],s1[100],fo,fs,fs1;
fo=1000.0;
fs=5000.0;
fs1=1000.0;
k=0;

term=(float)(fo+k*fs)/fs;
for(i=0;i<100;i++)
{
s[i]=sin(2*pi*term*i);
}

k1=10;
term1=(float)(fo+k1*fs1)/fs1;
for(i=0;i<100;i++)
{
s1[i]=sin(2*pi*term1*i);
}

return 0;

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT
 DSP Lab Manual

2. Conduct experiment to determine linear convolution, circular convolution & correlation

of two given sequences (sequences of 4 points each).verify the result using theoretical
computations.
x= { }, h = { }

#include<stdio.h>
#define NPT 4
int x[30],y[30],h[30],h1[30],m,n,i=0,j,k,l;

main()
{

for(i=0;i<30;i++)
{
x[i]=0;
h[i]=0;
y[i]=0;
h1[i]=0;
}

printf("enter the length of input seq\n");

scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter the length of impulse seq\n");
scanf("%d",&m);

printf("Enter i/p seq\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&x[i]);

printf("Enter impulse seq\n");

for(j=0,l=(NPT-1);j<NPT;j++,l--)
{
scanf("%d",&h[j]);
h1[l]=h[j];
}

for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
{
y[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)

y[i]+=x[j]*h[i-j];

printf("The result of Linear Convolution is:\n");

for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
printf("%d\t",y[i]);

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT
 DSP Lab Manual

printf(" output1 \n");

for(l=-(NPT-1),k=0;l<NPT;l++,k++)
{
y[k]=0;
for(n=0;n<NPT;n++)
{
if((n-l)>=0)
if((n-l)<NPT)
y[k]=y[k]+x[n]*h[n-1];

}
printf("%d\t",y[k]);
}

printf("The result of Circular correlation is:\n");

if((m-n)!=0)
{
if(m>n)
{
for(i=n;i<m;i++)
h[i]=0;
n=m;

}
for(i=m;i<n;i++)
x[i]=0;
m=n;
}

y[0]=0;
a[0]=h[0];
for(j=1;j<n;j++)
a[j]=h[n-j];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
y[0]+=x[i]*a[i];

for(k=1;k<n;k++)
{
y[k]+=x[i]*x2[i];

}
printf("The result of Cross correlation is:\n");
for(n=0;n<(2*NPT-1);n++)
{
y[n]=0;
for(k=0;k<NPT;k++)
{
if((n-k)>=0)
if((n-k)<NPT)
y[n]=y[n]+x[k]*h1[n-k];

}
printf("%d\t",y[n]);
}

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 DSP Lab Manual

Result :

3. Determine the linear convolution of two given 4 point sequences using FFT

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT
DSP Lab Manual

x= { }, h = { }

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define PI 3.142857142857
#define NPT 8
#define NSTAGE 3
#define NPT_BY_2 4

float ffr[NPT], ffi[NPT];

void fft(float*,float*);

int main()
{
float a1r[NPT]={2,1,2,1,0,0,0,0},a1i[NPT]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
float a2r[NPT]={1,2,3,4,0,0,0,0},a2i[NPT]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
float y1r[NPT],y1i[NPT];
float y2r[NPT],y2i[NPT];
float y3r[NPT],y3i[NPT];

int i;

fft(a1r,a1i);

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
y1r[i]=ffr[i];
y1i[i]=ffi[i];
}

fft(a2r,a2i);

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
y2r[i]=ffr[i];
y2i[i]=ffi[i];
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
y3r[i]=y1r[i]*y2r[i]-y1i[i]*y2i[i];
y3i[i]=y1r[i]*y2i[i]+y1i[i]*y2r[i];
y3i[i]=(-1)*y3i[i];
}
fft(y3r,y3i);

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
y3r[i]=ffr[i]/NPT;
y3i[i]=(-1)*ffi[i]/NPT;
}

for(i=0;i<NPT-1;i++)

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DSP Lab Manual

{
printf("%f\n",y3r[i]);
}

return (0);
}

void fft(float real[NPT], float imag[NPT])

{
int i,j,k,p,g,tob,bob;
float b,c,d;
float tr[NPT_BY_2], ti[NPT_BY_2];
int i1, work,j2,bb[NPT];

for(i=0;i<NPT_BY_2;i++)
{
tr[i]=cos(2*PI*i/NPT);
ti[i]=-sin(2*PI*i/NPT);
}

for(k=0;k<NSTAGE;k++)
{
if(k==0)
g=1;
else
g=pow(2,(k-1));
p=pow(2,k);

for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<(NPT_BY_2/p);i++)
{
tob=i+j*NPT_BY_2/g;
bob=tob+(NPT_BY_2/p);
b=real[tob]+real[bob];
c=imag[tob]+imag[bob];
real[bob]=real[tob]-real[bob];
imag[bob]=imag[tob]-imag[bob];
real[tob]=b;
imag[tob]=c;
d=real[bob]*tr[p*i]-imag[bob]-ti[p*i];

imag[bob]=imag[bob]*tr[p*i]+real[bob]-ti[p*i];
real[bob]=d;
}
}
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
work=0;

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DSP Lab Manual

i1=i;
for(j=0;j<NSTAGE;j++)
{
j2=i1%2;
work=2*work+j2;
i1=i1/2;
}
bb[i]=work;
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
ffr[i]=real[bb[i]];
ffi[i]=imag[bb[i]];
}
}

4. Determine the correlation of 4 point sequence using FFT.

x= { }, h = { }

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT
 DSP Lab Manual

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define PI 3.142857142857
#define ARRAYSIZE 16
#define NPT 8
#define NSTAGE 3
#define NPT_BY_2 4

float ffr[NPT], ffi[NPT];

void fft(float*,float*);

int main()
{
float a1r[NPT]={2,1,2,1,0,0,0,0}, a1i[NPT]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
float a2r1[NPT]={1,2,3,4,0,0,0,0}, a2i[NPT]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
float ansr[NPT],sar[NPT],sai[NPT],a2r[NPT];
float y1r[NPT],y1i[NPT],y2r[NPT],y2i[NPT],ar[NPT],ai[NPT];

int i,j;

for(i=0,j=NPT_BY_2;i<NPT_BY_2;i++,j++)
{
a2r[(NPT_BY_2-1)-i]=a2r1[i];
a2r[j]=0;

fft(a1r,a1i);
for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
y1r[i]=ffr[i];
y1i[i]=ffi[i];
}

fft(a2r,a2i);
for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
y2r[i]=ffr[i];
y2i[i]=ffi[i];
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
sar[i]=y1r[i]*y2r[i]-y1i[i]*y2i[i];
sai[i]=(-1)*(y1r[i]*y2i[i]+y2r[i]*y1i[i]);
}

fft(sar,sai);
for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
ar[i]=ffr[i]/8;
ai[i]=(-1)*ffi[i]/8;

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT
 DSP Lab Manual

for(i=0;i<NPT-1;i++)
{
printf("%f\n",ar[i]) ;
}

return (0);
}

void fft(float real[NPT], float imag[NPT])

{
int i,j,k,p,g,tob,bob;
float b,c,d;
float tr[NPT_BY_2], ti[NPT_BY_2];
int i1,work,j2,bb[NPT];

for(i=0;i<NPT_BY_2;i++)
{
tr[i]=cos(2*PI*i/NPT);
ti[i]=-sin(2*PI*i/NPT);
}

for(k=0;k<NSTAGE;k++)
{
if(k==0)
g=1;
else
g=pow(2,(k-1));
p=pow(2,k);

for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<(NPT_BY_2/p);i++)
{
tob=i+j*NPT_BY_2/g;
bob=tob+(NPT_BY_2/p);
b=real[tob]+real[bob];
c=imag[tob]+imag[bob];
real[bob]=real[tob]-real[bob];
imag[bob]=imag[tob]-imag[bob];
real[tob]=b;
imag[tob]=c;
d=real[bob]*tr[p*i]-imag[bob]-ti[p*i];
imag[bob]=imag[bob]*tr[p*i]+real[bob]-ti[p*i];
real[bob]=d;
}
}
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
work=0;
i1=i;
for(j=0;j<NSTAGE;j++)

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 DSP Lab Manual

{
j2=i1%2;
work=2*work+j2;
i1=i1/2;
}
bb[i]=work;
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
ffr[i]=real[bb[i]];
ffi[i]=imag[bb[i]];
}
}

5. Determine the spectrum of given sequence(minimum of 16 points) using FFT.

Generate the 16 point sequence for a sine wave of frequency 1000Hz sampled at 8000
Hz

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT
 DSP Lab Manual

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define PI 3.142857142857
#define NPT 16
#define NSTAGE 4
#define NPT_BY_2 8

float ffr[NPT], ffi[NPT];

void fft(float*,float*);

int main()
{
float ar[NPT]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1,2,2,2,2,2,7,8};
float ai[NPT]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};

int i;

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
ffr[i]=0;
ffi[i]=0;
}

fft(ar,ai);

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
printf("%f+(%fi)\n",ffr[i],ffi[i]);
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
printf("mag=%f,phase=%f\n",sqrt((ffr[i]*ffr[i])+
(ffi[i]*ffi[i])),atan2(ffi[i],ffr[i]));
}

return (0);
}

void fft(float real[NPT], float imag[NPT])

{
int i,j,k,p,g,tob,bob;
float b,c,d;
float tr[NPT_BY_2], ti[NPT_BY_2];
int i1,work,j2,bb[NPT];

for(i=0;i<NPT_BY_2;i++)

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 DSP Lab Manual

{
tr[i]=cos(2*PI*i/NPT);
ti[i]=-sin(2*PI*i/NPT);
}

for(k=0;k<NSTAGE;k++)
{
if(k==0)
g=1;
else
g=pow(2,(k-1));
p=pow(2,k);

for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<(NPT_BY_2/p);i++)
{
tob=i+j*NPT_BY_2/g;
bob=tob+(NPT_BY_2/p);
b=real[tob]+real[bob];
c=imag[tob]+imag[bob];
real[bob]=real[tob]-real[bob];
imag[bob]=imag[tob]-imag[bob];
real[tob]=b;
imag[tob]=c;
d=real[bob]*tr[p*i]-imag[bob]-ti[p*i];
imag[bob]=imag[bob]*tr[p*i]+real[bob]-ti[p*i];
real[bob]=d;
}
}
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
work=0;
i1=i;
for(j=0;j<NSTAGE;j++)
{
j2=i1%2;
work=2*work+j2;
i1=i1/2;
}
bb[i]=work;
}

for(i=0;i<NPT;i++)
{
ffr[i]=real[bb[i]];
ffi[i]=imag[bb[i]];
}
}

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT
 DSP Lab Manual

6. Design & test Butterworth I & II order low pass filter for the given cutoff frequency

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define pi 3.141592654

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT
 DSP Lab Manual

main()
{
int i;
float fs,T,t,x[256],y[256];

fs=10000.0;
T=1/fs;

for(i=0,t=0.0;i<256;i++,t+=T)
{
x[i]=sin(2*pi*2031.25*t)+sin(2*pi*2773.44*t)
+sin(2*pi*3906.25*t);
}

y[0]=0.0;
for(i=1;i<256;i++)
{
y[i]=0.15835*y[i-1]-0.4208*(x[i]+x[i-1]);
}

return(0);

Dept. of IT 14 KNSIT