Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 14K views

    Science Form 4 Nuclear Energy Notes

    Uploaded by

    laukhaisiang
    Radioactive substances contain unstable radioactive isotopes that decay through alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. Alpha particles have a positive charge and heavy mass but low penetration, while beta particles have a negative charge and can penetrate further. Gamma rays have no mass and highest penetration. Radioactive substances have many uses including detecting leaks, controlling thickness of materials, tracking fertilizer uptake in plants, inducing plant mutations, treating cancer, sterilizing medical equipment, preserving food through irradiation, and dating ancient remains through carbon-14 decay. Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus like uranium-235 is split by neutron bombardment, releasing a large amount of energy.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Science Form 4 Nuclear Energy Notes

    Uploaded by

    laukhaisiang
    14K views4 pages
    Radioactive substances contain unstable radioactive isotopes that decay through alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. Alpha particles have a positive charge and heavy mass but low penetration, while beta particles have a negative charge and can penetrate further. Gamma rays have no mass and highest penetration. Radioactive substances have many uses including detecting leaks, controlling thickness of materials, tracking fertilizer uptake in plants, inducing plant mutations, treating cancer, sterilizing medical equipment, preserving food through irradiation, and dating ancient remains through carbon-14 decay. Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus like uranium-235 is split by neutron bombardment, releasing a large amount of energy.

    Original Description:

    Science Form 4 Chapter 6

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Radioactive substances contain unstable radioactive isotopes that decay through alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. Alpha particles have a positive charge and heavy mass but low penetration, while beta particles have a negative charge and can penetrate further. Gamma rays have no mass and highest penetration. Radioactive substances have many uses including detecting leaks, controlling thickness of materials, tracking fertilizer uptake in plants, inducing plant mutations, treating cancer, sterilizing medical equipment, preserving food through irradiation, and dating ancient remains through carbon-14 decay. Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus like uranium-235 is split by neutron bombardment, releasing a large amount of energy.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    14K views4 pages

    Science Form 4 Nuclear Energy Notes

    Uploaded by

    laukhaisiang
    Radioactive substances contain unstable radioactive isotopes that decay through alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. Alpha particles have a positive charge and heavy mass but low penetration, while beta particles have a negative charge and can penetrate further. Gamma rays have no mass and highest penetration. Radioactive substances have many uses including detecting leaks, controlling thickness of materials, tracking fertilizer uptake in plants, inducing plant mutations, treating cancer, sterilizing medical equipment, preserving food through irradiation, and dating ancient remains through carbon-14 decay. Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus like uranium-235 is split by neutron bombardment, releasing a large amount of energy.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 4
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that radioactive substances emit radiation through radioactive decay and can be used for various applications like tracing, sterilization, cancer treatment and dating artifacts.

    The three types are alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Alpha has a positive charge, beta has a negative charge and gamma has no charge. Alpha has low penetration and high ionization. Beta has more penetration and ionization than alpha. Gamma has the highest penetration and lowest ionization.

    In industry, Geiger counters detect leaks, beta particles control thickness and filling levels, and gamma radiation sterilizes equipment.

    SCIENCE FORM 4

    Chapter 6 Nuclear Energy


    6.1 Radioactive Substances
    1. Radioactive substances are the materials which contain radioisotopes1.
    2. Examples of radioactive substances in hospital are carbon-14, cobalt-60 and iodine-131.
    6.1.1 Radioactive Decay
    1. Radioactive nuclei2 are unstable3, and will eventually break-up or decay.
    2. Radioactive decay is a decay process which transforms an unstable nucleus into more stable one
    together with the emission of radioactive radiation.
    6.1.2 Types of Radioactive Radiation
    1. The three types of radioactive radiation are alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ).

    Figure 6.1 The three common types of radioactive decay.


    2. Read the table below:
    Alpha Beta Gamma

    Nature Helium nucleus Electron Electromagnetic wave4

    Charge Positive Negative Neutral


    Penetrating power5 Low High Highest
    25 mm lead block or
    Can stopped by A sheet of paper 5 mm aluminium
    concrete wall
    Ionising power6 High Low Very low
    Mass Heaviest Heavy No mass

    Particle or Rays
    Two proton and two One atom
    neutrons Ray

    1
    Radioisotopes _____________________
    2
    Radioactive nuclei __________________
    3
    Unstable __________________________
    4
    Electromagnetic wave _______________
    5
    Penetrating power __________________
    6
    Ionising power ____________________
    6.1.3 Uses of Radioactive Substances
    6.1.3.1 In Industry
    1. Geiger-Müller counter can detected the leaking pipes in underground.

    Figure 6.2 Geiger-Müller counter Figure 6.3 Locating a leak in underground pipe
    2. Beta particles can be used to control the thickness of the paper, plastic or aluminium foil in the mills
    and also be used to ensure that bottles and containers are filled to correct level.

    Figure 6.4 The thickness of paper can be controlled by measuring how


    much beta radiation passes through the paper to Geiger counter.

    6.1.3.2 In Agriculture
    1. Radioisotope phosphorus-32 is used as a tracer to track the uptake of fertilisers7 in a plant.
    2. This can
    a. Help farmers to determine the amount of fertilisers needed for a crop8.
    b. Help scientists understand the detailed mechanism of how plants utilise phosphorus9 to grow and
    reproduce.
    3. Gamma radiation used to induce mutations10 in plants and animals.
    6.1.3.3 Medical Treatments
    1. In medical field, radioactive tracers used for check function of body organs.
    2. The location of blood clots11 can be easily traced by injecting sodium-24 into the blood stream and
    detecting where the flow stops.
    3. Gamma rays are used to kill cancer cells.
    4. Radiotherapy12 is highly concentrated beam of gamma rays from a cobalt-60 source use by doctors to
    treat cancer patients.
    5. Hospital equipment13, especially plastic syringes14 are sterilise15 by gamma rays.

    7
    Fertilisers _____________________
    8
    Crop _________________________
    9
    Phosphorus ____________________
    10
    Mutation _____________________
    11
    Blood clot ____________________
    12
    Radiotherapy __________________
    13
    Equipment ____________________
    14
    Syringe ______________________
    15
    Sterilise ______________________
    Figure 6.5 Radiotherapy
    6.1.3.4 Food Preservation
    1. Gamma rays can be used to kill bacteria, mould and insects in food even after it has been packaged.
    2. This process called food irradiation16.
    6.1.3.5 Radioactive Dating
    1. When animals and plants die, they stop taking carbon, the amount of carbon-14 begins to decline at a
    know rate.
    2. The age of the remains can be determined by measuring the amount of carbon-14 that remains.
    3. Method above called carbon-14 dating.
    4. Archaeologists use this method to estimate the age of ancient17 remains such as the age of a dinosaur.

    Figure 6.6 Remain of dinosaur


    6.2 Production of Nuclear Energy and Its Uses
    6.2.1 Nuclear Fission
    1. A heavy radioactive nucleus (uranium-235) is bombarded with a neutron, it split into two smaller
    nuclei18 of different elements. This process called nuclear fission19.
    2. An enormous20 amount of energy (electromagnetic radiation and kinetic energy) is release during
    nuclear fission.
    3. Observe Figure 6.7:
    92
    K
    Uranium-235 r

    Neutron

    Neutron 141
    Uranium-236 Ba
    Figure 6.7 Nuclear Fission

    16
    Food irradiation _______________
    17
    Ancient ______________________
    18
    Nuclei _______________________
    19
    Nuclear fission ________________
    20
    Enormous ____________________

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy