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    Viruses and Other Acellular Microorganisms: Kristina C. Erasmo, M.D

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    Viruses and other acellular microorganisms include viruses, viroids, and prions. Viruses are small infectious particles that can infect all types of living organisms. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material, shape, size, presence of an envelope, type of host infected, and disease caused. Viruses multiply inside host cells and may cause cell lysis or remain dormant. Viroids and prions are smaller than viruses and lack a protein coat. Prions cause fatal neurologic diseases in humans and animals like scrapie, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

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    Viruses and Other Acellular Microorganisms: Kristina C. Erasmo, M.D

    Uploaded by

    cabralmd
    1K views28 pages
    Viruses and other acellular microorganisms include viruses, viroids, and prions. Viruses are small infectious particles that can infect all types of living organisms. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material, shape, size, presence of an envelope, type of host infected, and disease caused. Viruses multiply inside host cells and may cause cell lysis or remain dormant. Viroids and prions are smaller than viruses and lack a protein coat. Prions cause fatal neurologic diseases in humans and animals like scrapie, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

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    Acellular Organisms

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    Viruses and other acellular microorganisms include viruses, viroids, and prions. Viruses are small infectious particles that can infect all types of living organisms. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material, shape, size, presence of an envelope, type of host infected, and disease caused. Viruses multiply inside host cells and may cause cell lysis or remain dormant. Viroids and prions are smaller than viruses and lack a protein coat. Prions cause fatal neurologic diseases in humans and animals like scrapie, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

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    1K views28 pages

    Viruses and Other Acellular Microorganisms: Kristina C. Erasmo, M.D

    Uploaded by

    cabralmd
    Viruses and other acellular microorganisms include viruses, viroids, and prions. Viruses are small infectious particles that can infect all types of living organisms. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material, shape, size, presence of an envelope, type of host infected, and disease caused. Viruses multiply inside host cells and may cause cell lysis or remain dormant. Viroids and prions are smaller than viruses and lack a protein coat. Prions cause fatal neurologic diseases in humans and animals like scrapie, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

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    Viruses and Other

    Acellular
    Microorganisms

    Kristina C. Erasmo, M.D.


    Microorganisms

    Cellular Acellular

    Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
    Archaea Algae
    Bacteria Protozoa
    Cyanobacteria Fungi Viruses
    Prions
    Viroids
    VIRUSES

    Very small, acellular


    infectious agents
    Virions – complete virus
    particles
    10 to 300 nm in diameter
    Can infect virtually all
    organisms
    • Humans, animals, plants,
    fungi, protozoa, algae,
    and bacterial cells
    Specific Properties of Viruses
    Possess either DNA or RNA.
    Unable to replicate (multiply) on their own.
    Do not divide by binary fission, mitosis, or
    meiosis.
    Lack genes and enzymes necessary for energy
    production.
    Depend on ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites
    of the host cell for protein and nucleic acid
    production.
    Viral Structure
    DNA or RNA
    Protein coat (capsid)
    composed of many
    small protein units
    (capsomeres)
    Classification of Viruses
    Type of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
    Shape of capsid (icosahedral, helical)
    Shape of capsomeres
    Size of capsid
    Presence or absence of an envelope
    Type of host it infects
    Type of disease it produces
    Target cell
    Immunologic or antigenic properties
    DNA vs. RNA Viruses
    Herpes virus Arenavirus
    Calicivirus
    Hepadnavirus
    Coronavirus
    Adenovirus Filovirus
    Papovavirus Orthomyxovirus
    Parvovirus Paramyxovirus
    Poxvirus Picornavirus
    Reovirus
    Retrovirus
    Rhabdovirus
    Togavirus
    Icosahedral vs. Helical Viruses
    Polyhedral capsids (20 sides Mostly spherical in shape
    or facets) Rhabdovirus – bullet-shaped
    DNA or RNA viruses RNA viruses only
    Naked vs. Enveloped Viruses
    Outer envelope
    composed of lipids and
    polysaccharides
    Acquired as viruses
    escape from the
    nucleus or cytoplasm
    of the host cell by
    budding (derived from
    the host cell’s nuclear
    or cell membrane)
    Bacteriophages
    Viruses that infect bacteria
    Bacteriophages
    2 categories:
    • Virulent bacteriophages

    • Lytic cycle – ends with lysis of bacterial cell


    • Temperate bacteriophages

    • Do not immediately initiate lytic cycle

    • DNA remains integrated in bacterial cell


    chromosome after many generations
    Multiplication of Bacteriophages
    (Lytic Cycle)
    STEPS WHAT HAPPENS?

    1. Attachment Phage attaches to protein or polysaccharide


    (adsorption) molecule (receptor) on surface of bacterial cell

    2. Penetration Phage injects DNA into bacterial cell; capsid


    remains on the outer surface of the cell

    3. Biosynthesis Phage genes are expressed → production of phage


    DNA and proteins

    4. Assembly Phage parts (DNA, protein, etc.) are assembled to


    create complete phages

    5. Release Complete phages escape from bacterial cell by lysis


    of the bacterial cell
    Multiplication of Animal Viruses
    STEPS WHAT HAPPENS?

    1. Attachment Virus attached to a protein/polysaccharide molecule (receptor) on


    (adsorption) the surface of host cell

    2. Penetration Entire virus enters host cell (sometimes, it is phagocytized by cell)

    3. Uncoating Viral nucleic acid escapes from capsid

    4. Biosynthesis Viral genes are expressed → production of phage DNA and proteins

    5. Assembly Viral parts are assembled to create complete virions

    6. Release Complete virions escape from host cell by lysis or budding


    Inclusion Bodies
    Remnants or collections of viruses
    Used as diagnostic toll to identify certain viral
    diseases
    Cytoplasmic inclusions
    • e.g. Guarnieri bodies (smallpox),Negri bodies
    (rabies)
    Intranuclear inclusions
    • Herpes, poliomyelities
    Host Cell Outcome
    Resolution
    Death
    Transformation: oncogenes
    Latent infections
    Chronic infection
    Latent Viral Infections
    Virus remains in host in a “sleeping
    state”(surviving but not producing clinically overt
    infection)
    Viral is “re-activated’ by various factors (e.g.
    fever, stress, excessive sunlight)
    e.g. cold sores (herpes virus), shingles (herpes
    zoster)
    Herpes Zoster
    Causes shingles
    Initial: chickenpox
    (varicella zoster)
    Virus becomes latent in
    the nerve cell bodies
    Symptoms: flu-like
    symptoms followed by
    rash, pain, itching
    (dermatomal
    distribution)
    Oncogenic Viruses
    VIRUS CANCER

    Epstein-Barr virus Nasopharyngeal cancer


    Burkitt’s lymphoma
    B-cell lymphoma

    Human herpesvirus 8 Kaposi sarcoma

    Hepatitis B and C viruses Hepatocellular carcinoma

    Human papilloma virus Cervical cancer


    (HPV)
    HTLV-1 Adult T-cell leukemia
    Viruses and Viral Diseases
    VIRUS TYPE VIRUS DISEASE

    Poxvirus Variola Smallpox

    Herpesvirus Herpes simplex I Cold sores


    Herpes simplex II Genital herpes
    Herpes zoster Shingles
    Varicella Chickenpox

    Myxovirus Myxovirus parotidis Mumps


    Paramyxovirus Measles (rubeola)
    Rhabdovirus Rabies
    Orthomyxoviruses types A and B Influenza

    Retrovirus HTLV virus Leukemia


    HIV AIDS
    VIROIDS
    Short, naked
    fragments of single-
    stranded RNA
    No protein coat
    Interfere with the
    metabolism of plant
    cells
    PRIONS

    Small infectious
    proteins
    Cause fatal
    neurologic
    diseases in
    humans and
    animals
    PRIONS
    DISEASE AFFECTED CHARACTERISTICS
    Scrapie Sheep, goats Infected animals scrape themselves against object
    to relieve itching (pruritus)
    Bovine spongiform Cattle May be due to ingestion of cattle feed that
    encephalopathy contained group-up parts of prion-infected sheep
    (“mad cow disease”)
    Kuru Humans Caused by eating human brains infected with
    prions
    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Humans May be transmitted to human beings who eat the
    disease brain or spinal cord of infected carcasses
    Loss of coordination, dementia (impaired memory,
    judgment, and intellect)
    Fatal familial Humans Autosomal dominent
    insomnia Difficulty of sleeping followed by insomnia and
    dementia

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